Essential role of the nuclear isoform of RBFOX1, a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorders, in the brain development

Gene abnormalities in RBFOX1, encoding an mRNA-splicing factor, have been shown to cause autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Since pathophysiological significance of the dominant nuclear isoform in neurons, RBFOX1-isoform1 (iso1), remains to be elucidated, we performed comprehensive analyses of Rbfox1-iso1 during mouse corticogenesis. Knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 by in utero electroporation caused abnormal neuronal positioning during corticogenesis, which was attributed to impaired migration. The defects were found to occur during radial migration and terminal translocation, perhaps due to impaired nucleokinesis. Axon extension and dendritic arborization were also suppressed in vivo in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cortical neurons. In addition, electrophysiology experiments revealed significant defects in the membrane and synaptic properties of the deficient neurons. Aberrant morphology was further confirmed by in vitro analyses; Rbfox1-iso1-konckdown in hippocampal neurons resulted in the reduction of primary axon length, total length of dendrites, spine density and mature spine number. Taken together, this study shows that Rbfox1-iso1 plays an important role in neuronal migration and synapse network formation during corticogenesis. Defects in these critical processes may induce structural and functional defects in cortical neurons, and consequently contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders with RBFOX1 abnormalities.

Cell culture, transfection, immunofluorescence and western blotting. COS7, mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neurons were cultured essentially as described 30,31 . Cells were transfected by Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies Japan, Tokyo) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Immunofluorescence analyses were done as described 32 . Alexa Fluor 488-or 568-labeled IgG (Life Technologies Japan) was used as a secondary antibody. Fluorescent images were captured using an FV-1000 confocal laser microscope. Quantitative analyses of fluorescent signal intensity were done with ImageJ software. Western blot analyses were conducted and immunoreactive bands were visualized as described 28 . Relative protein level was quantified with NIH Image software based on densitometry.
In utero electroporation. Pregnant ICR mice were purchased from SLC Japan (Shizuoka, Japan). In utero electroporation was performed essentially as described 33 . Briefly, 1 μ l of nucleotide solution containing expression plasmids and/or pSuper-RNAi plasmid (1 μ g each) were introduced with pCAG-EGFP or pCAG-RFP (red fluorescent protein) into the lateral ventricles of embryos, followed by electroporation using CUY21 electroporator (NEPA Gene, Chiba, Japan) with 50 ms of 35 V electronic pulse for 5 times with 450 ms intervals. At least 3 brains were used for each experiment.
Quantitative analysis of neuronal migration. Distribution of GFP-positive cells in brain slices were quantified as follows. The coronal sections of cerebral cortices containing the labeled cells were classified into 5 bins and the intermediate zone (IZ) as described previously 34 . The number of labeled cells in each region of at least 3 slices per brain was calculated.
Time-lapse imaging. After in utero electroporation, organotypic coronal slices (250 μ m thick) from the interventricular foramen were prepared with a microtome, placed on an insert membrane (pore size, 0.4 μ m; Millipore, Bedford, MA), mounted in agarose gel and cultured. The dishes were then mounted in an incubator chamber (5% CO2 and 40%O2, at 37 °C) fitted onto an FV1000 confocal laser microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), and the primary somatosensory cortex was examined as described 35 . Approximately 8-15 optical Z sections were acquired automatically every 8 to 15 min for 24 h, and about 10 focal planes (~50 μ m-thickness) were merged to visualize the entire shape of the cells.
Quantitative analysis of axon growth. For estimation of axon growth, RFP signal intensity of the callosal axons was measured in a 170 × 150 μ m rectangle on both the ipsilateral (before entering the corpus callosum (CC)) and contralateral (after leaving the CC) sides at the positions indicated. The ratio of the axonal RFP signals in the contralateral side to the corresponding ipsilateral side was calculated using Adobe Photoshop software.
Quantitative analysis of spine morphologies in vitro. Transfected neurons were visualized by immunostaining of GFP and chosen randomly. Images were obtained using an FV-1000 confocal microscope. We usually took 0.5 μ m-z series stacks to generate image projections for quantitative analysis. To analyze spine morphology, 150-250 spines (from 16-21 neurons) were measured for each condition. For the analysis of spine density, spines were defined as 0.5-6 μ m-length, with or without a head, and measured by counting the number of protrusions at 10 μ m-length of primary dendrites. Spine density was first averaged per neuron and means from multiple individual neurons were calculated. Morphological assessments of spine density and shape were conducted blindly.
Whole-cell recording and data analysis. For recoding, a slice was transferred to the recording chamber, held submerged, and superfused with standard Krebs solution (bubbled with 95% O 2 -5% CO 2 ) at a rate of 3-4 ml/min. Neurons in layer II of the cortex were visualized with a 60× water immersion objective attached to an upright microscope (BX50WI, Olympus Optics, Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescent pyramidal neurons were visualized using the appropriate fluorescence filter (U-MWIG3, Olympus). Images were captured with a cooled CCD camera (CCD-300 T-RC, Nippon roper, Tokyo, Japan) and displayed on a video monitor. Patch pipettes for whole-cell recording were made from standard-walled borosilicate glass capillaries (Clark Electromedical, Reading, UK). For the recording of spontaneous or evoked synaptic currents, patch pipettes were filled with a cesium chloride-based internal solution of the following composition (mM): CsCl, 140; NaCl, 9; Cs-EGTA, 1; Cs-HEPES, 10; Mg-ATP, 2. For the recording of membrane potentials, a K-gluconate-based internal solution of the following composition (mM) was used: K-gluconate, 120; NaCl, 6; CaCl 2 , 5; MgCl 2 , 2; K-EGTA, 0.2; K-HEPES, 10; Mg-ATP, 2; Na-GTP, 0.3. Whole-cell recordings were made from fluorescent pyramidal neurons using a patch-clamp amplifier (Axopatch 200B, Molecular Devices, Foster City, CA). The cell capacitance and the series resistance were measured from the amplifier. The access resistance was monitored by measuring capacitative transients obtained in response to a hyperpolarizing voltage step (5 mV, 25 ms) from a holding potential of − 65 mV. No correction was made for the liquid junction potentials (calculated to be 5.0 mV by pCLAMP7 software, Molecular Devices). Synaptic currents were evoked at a rate of 0.2 Hz (every 5 s) by extracellularly delivered voltage pulses (0.2-0.4 ms in duration) of suprathreshold intensity via a stimulating electrode filled with 1 M NaCl. The stimulating electrode was placed within 50-120 μ m radius of the recorded neuron. The position of the stimulating electrode was varied until a stable response was evoked in the recorded neuron. Experiments were carried out at room temperature.
Data were stored on digital audio tapes using a DAT recorder (DC to 10 kHz; Sony, Tokyo, Japan). Evoked EPSCs were digitized off-line at 10 kHz (low-pass filtered at 2 kHz with an 8-pole Bessel filter) using pCLAMP9 software (Molecular Devices). The effects of drugs on the evoked IPSCs were assessed by averaging their amplitudes for 100 s (20 traces) after the effect had reached the steady state and comparing this value with the averaged amplitude of 20 traces just before the drug application. Spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) or sIPSCs were filtered at 2 kHz and digitized at 20 kHz using pCLAMP9 software and analyzed using N software (provided by Dr. S. F. Traynelis, Emory University).

Results
Roles of Rbfox1-iso1 in neuronal positioning during corticogenesis. Since neuronal migration is essential for corticogenesis, we examined the role of Rbfox1-iso1 in the migration of newly generated cortical neurons by RNAi experiments. We first confirmed that pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 efficiently knocked down exogenous mouse (m)Rbfox1-iso1 in COS7 cells and endogenous Rbfox1-iso1 in primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons (Fig. 1a,b). It should be noted here that we could not prepare another RNAi vector specific for mRb-fox1-iso1, since Rbfox1-iso1 is identical to Rbfox1-iso5 except for the C-terminal 66 aa. We thus had to use pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1/2 22 , which targets a common sequence with Rbfox1-iso5, as the second RNAi vector. Notably, neither pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 nor -iso1#2 silenced Rbfox1 homologous proteins, mRbfox2 and mRbfox3, in COS7 cells, indicating the specificity of these RNAi vectors (Fig. 1c).
pCAG-EGFP was coelectroporated with pSuper-H1.shLuc (control) or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1-RNAi vectors into progenitor and stem cells lining the ventricular zone (VZ) of embryonic day (E)14.5 mice brains by in utero electroporation. When harvesting and analysis at P3, it was found that control neurons were located in the superficial layers (bin 1; layers II∼ III) of the cortical plate (CP) (Fig. 2a, Control panel, and B). In contrast, Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons were abnormally distributed in the lower zone of the CP and intermediate zone (IZ) (Fig. 2a, iso1#1 and #2 panels, and B). Since cell morphology is closely associated with cell migration, we examined the shape of the deficient neurons with abnormal positioning in Fig. 2a. The deficient neurons frequently had a long process extending toward the VZ although these cells maintained bipolar morphology (Fig. 2c,d), suggesting that Rbfox1-iso1 may regulate cortical neuron morphology. We confirmed the knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 in cortical neurons with migration defects by performing immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 2e). Analysis of cortical migration at a later time point (P7) again demonstrated a migration delay with many Rbfox1-deficient cells failing to reach their target destination (layers II-III) (Fig. 2f,g).
We next examined if Rbfox2 and Rbfox3 are implicated in the cortical neuron positioning since these proteins are highly homologous to Rbfox1. pSuper-mRbfox2 and -mRbfox3 efficiently knocked down mRbfox2 and mRb-fox3, respectively, in COS7 cells (Fig. 4a). When endogenous Rbfox2 or Rbfox3 was silenced in stem and progenitor cells in VZ at E14.5, the neurons migrated normally to the superficial layer (bin 1; layers II~III) of CP as in the control experiment (Fig. 4b,c). These experiments strongly suggest that Rbfox2 and Rbfox3 are not involved in the positioning of cortical neurons under our experimental conditions. On the other hand, Rbfox2 is crucial  for cerebellar development and mature motor function 36 while gene abnormalities of RBFOX3 contribute to the generalized idiopathic epilepsy syndromes 37 . It remains to be clarified if RBFOX3 and RBFOX2 are involved in the establishment of cortical architecture and neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD.
As it has previously been shown that the expression of Rbfox2 (but not Rbfox3) is increased in the brain of Rbfox1-knockout mouse, we analyzed the expression of endogenous Rbfox2 in the Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons 6 . We found that the expression of endogenous Rbfox2 in cortical neurons was not affected by the acute knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 at P7 (Fig. 4d,e). These results strongly suggest that the abovementioned abnormal phenotypes were due to Rbfox1-iso1-silencing and not secondary effects due to changes in Rbfox2 levels.

Rbfox1-iso1 does not regulate neuronal progenitor proliferation. Previous study has shown that
cell cycle defects can result in neuronal migration delay 38 . We thus asked if the migration delay in this study was caused by cell cycle delay. To this end, we looked into the effect of Rbfox1-iso1-silencing on the cell cycle of stem and progenitor cells in VZ/subventricular zone (SVZ). E14.5 cortices were coelectroporated with pCAG-H2B-EGFP together with pSuper-H1.shLuc (control) or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1. To detect DNA replication, EdU incorporation was done as described in "Materials and Methods". After coronal sections were visualized for GFP and EdU, the ratio of EdU/GFP double-positive cells among GFP-positive cells was determined (Control, 20.3 ± 2.08 (n = 3); iso1#1, 18.3 ± 0.577(n = 4)). Numbers of cells used for each calculation were more than 100. These results indicate that Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cells entered S-phase to a similar extent when compared to control cells and that the rate of G1-progression was not statistically different between control and Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cells. We therefore assume that knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 did not affect cell division/proliferation at VZ/SVZ. Since Rbfox1-iso1 was not involved in the cell cycle of VZ cells and not expressed in VZ/ SVZ 28 , abnormal positioning of cortical neurons by Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown was most likely to be caused by migration defects.
Time-lapse imaging of migration of Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons in cortical slices. Newborn cortical neurons are primarily multipolar and exhibit slow and irregular movement in the lower IZ. After a certain period (~24 h), they transform into a bipolar shape with a leading process and an axon in the upper IZ, move into CP and exhibit radial migration toward pial surface 39,40 . We performed detailed analyses of Rbfox1-iso1 in neuronal migration and morphology in IZ and CP by time-lapse imaging. To this end, VZ cells were coelectroporated with pCAG-EGFP together with the control vector or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 at E14.5. At the beginning of imaging (E16.5), control and Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cells appeared to be multipolar while some cells were transforming into bipolar neurons (Fig. 5a). However, when time-lapse imaging was continued, differences in radial migration  were observed between control and the deficient cells. In the control experiments, GFP-positive neurons normally transformed from multipolar to bipolar in the upper IZ, smoothly migrated into CP and then moved toward the pial surface (Fig. 5b,c and Supplementary video 1). In contrast, the deficient cells frequently remained stranded in the upper IZ -lower CP after shape change into bipolar status (Fig. 5b,c and Supplementary video 2). These results suggest that Rbfox1-iso1-silencing has no effects on multipolar-bipolar transition and abrogates the initiation of radial migration.
Although some deficient cells appeared to cross IZ in a smooth manner, they frequently showed abnormal migration in the CP. We monitored the migration and morphology of such cells. When compared to control neurons that exhibit normal locomotion toward the pial surface (Fig. 5d,e and Supplementary video 3), Rbfox1-deficient cells showed an unusual migration delay in CP; swelling formation and subsequent nucleokinesis (translocation of the nucleus into the leading process) were drastically delayed and cells displayed a characteristic "stepwise" migration phenotype (Fig. 5d,e and Supplementary Video 4). The average migration velocity in the CP was reduced for such cells (Fig. 5f). Collectively, Rbfox1-iso1 may regulate two steps of cortical neuron migration; smooth crossing of the IZ-CP border and subsequent radial migration in the CP. While migration defects might occur at the IZ-CP border when the RNAi effect is strong, delayed migration in the CP and defective terminal translocation (see below) might be observed when the RNAi effect is relatively weak. Since bioplar polarity was maintained in the deficient cells during radial migration (E17.5-18.5) (Fig. 5d), we suppose that the upside-down shape observed in Fig. 2c,d was formed at later migration stage or after abnormal positioning.

Rbfox1-iso1 regulates nucleokinesis of migrating cortical neurons during corticogenesis.
Radial migration is composed of leading process extension and nucleokinesis. Since the leading process appears to form normally in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons during radial migration (Fig. 6a,b), the defective "stepwise" migration observed in Fig. 5 may be due to defects in nucleokinesis. Nucleokinesis consists of 1) advancement of the centrosome, the site of microtubule emanation, into a proximal 'swelling' in the leading process, and 2) translocation of the nucleus, enveloped in a "cage"-like structure by centrosome-derived microtubules, towards the centrosome 41 . Since the relative position of the centrosome and the nucleus is critical for nucleokinesis 42 , we asked if the coupling of the nucleus to the preceding centrosome is dependent on Rbfox1-iso1. To this end, the distance between the nucleus and centrosome (N-C distance) in migrating neurons was measured with cortical slices. Consequently, N-C distance was significantly longer in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons (Fig. 6c). Further live-imaging analysis confirmed an abnormally elongated and prolonged N-C distance in the deficient neurons ( Fig. 6d and Supplementary videos 5 and 6).
At the end of migration process, the mode changes from radial migration to terminal translocation just beneath the marginal zone (MZ). Terminal translocation is a crucial step for the completion of neuronal migration 43 . Since correct nucleokinesis is also essential for the terminal translocation, we looked into the effects of Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown. As shown in Fig. 6e,f, terminal translocation was not completed for Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons; cells could not enter the outermost region of CP termed the primitive cortical zone (PCZ), although the tip of the process could attach to the MZ. Notably, RNAi-resistant mRbfox1-iso1R rescued the knockdown phenotype (Fig. 6e,f). We assume that the hampered terminal translocation was caused by mild Rbfox1-iso1-silencing conditions, where neurons migrated to the cortical surface but could not complete the whole migration process.
The above results indicate that nucleokinesis was hindered in the Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cells. Since microtubule organization is crucial for nucleokinesis, disrupted microtubule dynamics is considered to be an underlying mechanism for the migration defects.

Rbfox1-iso1 regulates axon and dendrite development in vivo.
Since various neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD are thought to be "synapse" diseases, Rbfox1-iso1 should be involved in axon and dendrite network formation. We thus investigated whether Rbfox1-iso1-deficiency actually affects axon elongation and dendrite arborization during brain development. When Rbfox1-iso1 was silenced in VZ stem and progenitor cells at E14.5 and axons were visualized in the contralateral hemisphere at P3, axon density became lower after leaving the corpus callosum (Fig. 7a,b). The phenotype was at least partially rescued by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 7b). Although axons from the hemisphere containing the deficient cells reached efficiently the contralateral white matter at P7, such axons did not extend properly into the cortical layers on the contralateral side (Fig. 7c). These results strongly suggest that Rbfox1-iso1 is involved in the axon elongation of cortical neurons. calculation was more than 50. Error bars indicate SD. (c) The N-C distance between centrosome and the top of nucleus was measured. pCAG-EGFP was transfected with pCAG-PACKmKO1 together with pSuper-H1.shLuc (Control), pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 plus pCAG-Myc-mRbfox1-iso1R into E14.5 mouse brains, and fixed at E17.5. Numbers of cells for each calculation was 100 cells. Error bars indicate SD; * * p < 0.01 by Tukey-Kramer LSD (n = 3). (d) Time-course profiles of the N-C distance dynamics of control and the deficient neurons (iso1#1). (e) Effects of Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown for the terminal translocation. Cerebral cortices were electroporated with pCAG-EGFP with pSuper-H1.shLuc (Control), pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 plus pCAG-Myc-mRbfox1-iso1R at E15.5, and analyzed at P3. MZ, marginal zone; PCZ, primitive cortical zone. Rbfox1 expression was also analyzed (right panels). GFP-positive cells were indicated by arrowheads while Rbfox1-deficient cells were encircled by dotted line. Quantification of Rbfox1 expression was performed for the deficient cells as in Fig. 2e. (f) Statistical analyses of (e). Distance between the top of CP and the cell soma was measured. Error bars represent SD. * * p < 0.01 by Tukey-Kramer LSD (n = 3).
Scientific RepoRts | 6:30805 | DOI: 10.1038/srep30805 We next examined the role of Rbfox1-iso1 in dendritic arbor formation. Introduction of pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 at E14.5 into VZ cells resulted in highly abrogated dendritic arborization at P7 (Fig. 7d). Branch point number and total length of dendrites were significantly decreased in the deficient neurons compared to those in matching wild-type cells (Fig. 7e,f), suggesting that Rbfox1-iso1 participates in dendrite formation and maintenance. These abnormal phenotypes were rescued at least partially by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 7e,f).
Taken together, the functional loss of Rbfox1-iso1 may impair synaptic connectivity through defects in axon and dendrite network formation. The clinical symptoms of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders with RBFOX1 gene abnormalities may reflect the observed cellular phenotypes.

Role of Rbfox1-iso1 in neuronal morphology in vitro.
Since Rbfox1-iso1 was most likely to regulate the development of axon and dendrites in vivo, we further clarified if the observed phenomena are cell-autonomous or not by in vitro analyses. Knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 was conducted in primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, which exhibit highly polarized morphology 44 . The knockdown resulted in a reduction of primary axon length, which was rescued by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 8a,b). On the other hand, single primary axons were observed in both control and Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons (Fig. 8a). As for the dendrite extension, the branch point were obtained from E16 mice, followed by cotransfection of pCAG-EGFP with pSuper-H1.shLuc (Control), pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 plus pCAG-Myc-mRbfox1-iso1R. After 72 hr, cells were fixed and immunostained with anti-GFP (green) and anti-tau-1 (magenta). Scale bars, 20 μ m. (b) Quantification of the length of primary axon. Numbers of cells used for each calculation was more than 100. Error bars indicate SD (n = 3); * * p < 0.01 by Tukey-Kramer LSD. (c,d) Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown inhibits dendritic growth. pβ Act-GFP was electroporated with pSuper-H1.shLuc (Control), pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 or pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 plus pCAG-Myc-mRbfox1-iso1R into dissociated neurons at 0 div. After cells were fixed and stained for GFP (green) and MAP2 (red) at 7 div, number of dendritic branch points (c) or total dendritic length (d). Numbers of cells used for each calculation was more than 50. Error bars indicate SD (n = 3); * * p < 0.01 by Tukey-Kramer LSD. number and total length of dendrites in the deficient neurons were both significantly decreased (Fig. 8c,d). These phenotypes were again rescued by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 8c,d). Rbfox1-iso1 was shown to be involved in axon-dendrite network formation. We thus further explored whether Rbfox1-iso1 participates in the formation of synaptic structures, since ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with synaptic dysfunction. To this end, we assessed dendritic spine morphology in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons following Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown. When neurons were transfected with GFP vector together with pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 at 0 days in vitro (div) and cultured for 21 days, endogenous Rbfox1-iso1 was markedly silenced in the mature neurons (Fig. 9a). Under these conditions, spine density was significantly decreased in neurons transfected with pSuper-mRbfox1-iso1#1 and the phenotype was rescued by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 9b,c). We then analyzed spine morphogenesis in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons by counting 4 established spine morphology groups (i.e., mushroom, stubby, thin filopodia-like and branched spines) (Fig. 9d). The relative percentage of mushroom (mature) spines was significantly decreased (Fig. 9e, left panel). Meanwhile, the relative percentage of immature spine (stubby and thin filopodia-like spines) was increased although this was not statistically significant (Fig. 9e). The phenotype was again rescued by mRbfox1-iso1R (Fig. 9e). The ratio of the branched spine was less than 2% in these assay conditions. It should be noted here that we used fixed cells in these experiments and the results are considered as snapshots at the respective time points because spine structures vary in a matter of hours.

Involvement of Rbfox1-iso1 in spine morphology in vitro.
Electrophysiological analyses. Since Rbfox1-iso1 was shown to regulate synaptic structure, this molecule seems to play a pivotal role in the synaptic function, of which dysregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. We thus examined the role of Rbfox1-iso1 in membrane property, spontaneous synaptic currents and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor function.
We first analyzed the effects of Rbfox1-iso1 on membrane properties of cortical neurons. Whole-cell recordings were made from a total of 72 layer II pyramidal neurons with fluorescence from control (n = 32) and Rbfox1-iso1 knockdown mice (n = 40). Both groups consist of pups of P4 or P7. Cell capacitance of neurons in control mice was 15.8 ± 0.78 pF (n = 27 ). On the other hand, cell capacitance in the knockdown mice was 11.4 ± 0.41 pF (n = 33), which was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than that in control mice. Firing properties were investigated by applying hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses through the recording pipette in the current-clamp mode. As shown in Fig. 10a, in control mice, the depolarizing current pulses produced multiple action potentials. Meanwhile, multiple action potentials were not produced in the knockdown mice by the same current pulses as in control mice (Fig. 10a). Such a property resembles that observed in immature neurons in the striatum 45,46 .
We then examined the effects of Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown on spontaneous synaptic currents of cortical neurons. Spontaneous synaptic currents were recorded from fluorescent layer II neurons in mice of P4. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded in the presence of bicuculline (10 μ M), strychnine (0.5 μ M) to block GABA A -and glycine receptor-mediated current component, respectively. The frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs in control mice was 0.17 ± 0.004 Hz (n = 5) and 15.8 ± 2.44 pA (n = 5), respectively (Fig. 10b,c). In the knockdown mice, sEPSC frequency was 0.16 ± 0.005 Hz (n = 8), which was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of control mice. On the other hand, the amplitude of sEPSCs of knockdown mice was 8.07 ± 1.31 pA (n = 8), which was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than that of control mice. Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in the presence of CNQX (5 μ M), strychnine (0.5 μ M) to block non-NMDA glutamate-and glycine receptor-mediated current component, respectively. The frequency and amplitude of sIP-SCs in control mice was 0.36 ± 0.03 Hz (n = 9) and 11.6 ± 1.53 pA (n = 9), respectively (Fig. 10c). In the knockdown mice, both the frequency (0.21 ± 0.004 Hz, n = 4) and amplitude (5.86 ± 0.47 pA, n = 4) of sIPSCs were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than the corresponding values in control mice (Fig. 10c).
Finally, the effects of Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown on NMDA/non-NMDA ratio of cortical neuron were analyzed with P7 mice. After making the whole-cell configuration, excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were evoked by focal extracellular stimulation in the presence of bicuculline (10 μ M) and strychnine (0.5 μ M) to bock GABA A -and glycine receptor-mediated current components, respectively. Outward currents were evoked at the holding potential of + 40 mV (Fig. 10d) at the stimulus frequency of 0.2 Hz (every 5 s). In control mice, bath application of D-AP5, an NMDA receptor blocker, at a concentration 25 μ M, reduced the slow component of the outward currents. The remaining fast components were blocked by additional application of CNQX, an AMPA/ kainite receptor blocker at a concentration of 5 μ M, suggesting the remaining fast components are non-NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs. NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic current components were then obtained by electrically subtracting the average of 10 consecutive currents after application of D-AP5 from those before D-AP5 application 47 . In control mice, the ratio of NMDA/non-NMDA components was 1.63 ± 0.55 (n = 4) (Fig. 10d, left). On the other hand, in Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown mice, it was generally very hard to evoke excitatory synaptic currents, probably attributable to the immature development of dendrites in the knockdown mice (Fig. 10d, right). Furthermore, the outward currents evoked at + 40 mV were very small, and D-AP5 had only little effect on the evoked synaptic currents. Thus, obtained NMDA receptor mediated current components were virtually negligible. Such characteristics in the knockdown mice were consistently observed in all 6 neurons examined.

Discussion
Since high frequencies in alternative splicing are thought to contribute to the functional complexity of the brain 48 , abnormalities in genes encoding neuron-specific splicing factors may induce aberrations in alternative splicing profiles in neurons, leading to the neurodevelopmental disorders. While 5 isoforms of RBFOX1 have been reported in human, 7 isoforms have been identified in mice 1,23,49 . Recently, we analyzed the pathophysiological significance of Rbfox1-isoform5 (A2BP1-A30) 22 . In this study, we examined the role of Rbfox1-iso1 in the cortical lamination and synapse network formation. The primary stuctures of the 2 isoforms are different in their C-termini. The C-termnal region of Rbfox1-iso1 is 66 aa in length, whereas this is replaced with a 43 aa sequence in Rbfox1-iso5. The results of this study support the notion that disrupted RBFOX1-iso1 function accounts for the emergence of the clinical symptoms in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders caused by RBFOX1 gene abnormalities.
Central nervous system-specific Rbfox1-knockout mice, in which both nuclear and cytoplasmic isoforms are null, exhibited susceptibility to seizures and increase in neuronal excitability in the dentate gyrus but did not show gross morphological alteration in cerebral cortex 6 . It is notable that Rbfox2 expression was increased in the knockout mice 6 whereas its expression in Rbfox1-iso1-knockdown neurons was comparable to that in control cells. Acute transfer of RNAi vector in utero may avoid the changes of Rbfox2 expression observed in the knockout mice. We assume that the apparently mild phenotype observed in Rbfox1-knockout mice may be due to the compensatory effects by amplified Rbfox2 6 . It is our contention that acute knockdown by in utero electroporation may circumvent the compensatory effects. For example, knockout mice for Sept4 (Parkinson disease-related protein) and SIL1-deficient mice (a model for Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome) exhibited little architectural alteration in the cerebral cortex 50,51 whereas acute knockdown of these genes induced defects in neuronal migration 31,52 . Alternatively, the phenotype of Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons in this study could be highlighted in surrounding normal neurons since the deficient cells are present among non-transfected normal neurons while the neurons in the knockout mice are completely surrounded with the same Rbfox1-null cells. Meanwhile, we found decrease in spine density in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient hippocampal neurons in vitro, which was consistent with the phenotype of the knockout mouse 6 . Rbfox2 protein expression was reported to increase in acute Rbfox1-knockdown experiments with isolated hippocampal neurons 53 . Collectively, experimental conditions such as the cell environment and culture conditions used to suppress Rbfox1 expression may differently influence the Rbfox2 expression.
Electrophysiological analyses demonstrated significant changes in membrane and synaptic properties in knockdown mice when compared to the control. The membrane properties of the knockdown mice were similar to those of immature neurons in the developing or regenerated neurons in the striatum 45,46 . Less frequency and smaller amplitude of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents could be attributable to the reduced development of dendrites observed in the morphological studies. The reduced NMDA/AMPA ratio of evoked excitatory synaptic currents in the knockdown mice, as well as the abnormality in neuronal migration and morphology, is in agreement with a previous study showing that NMDA receptors are involved in neuronal migration and morphological changes into a bipolar shape 34 .
To elucidate the pathophysiological significance of RBFOX1 in ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, identification of RBFOX1 target molecules will be essential. Since neuronal migration requires the orchestrated remodelling of the cytoskeleton 54,55 , it is reasonable that genes important for cytoskeleton reorganization are among RBFOX1 target molecules 6 . Based on the results obtained here, RBFOX1 is most likely to regulate the radial migration and terminal translocation through the regulation of nucleokinesis, in which microtubules and the centrosome play central roles. In this context, a microtubule-binding protein, Doublecortin, is a candidate target for RBFOX1 56 . Another target molecule candidate, FilaminA (an actin-binding protein), is also involved in cortical neuron migration 57 . It is tempting to speculate that Doublecortin and/or FilaminA are downstream targets for Rbfox1 and regulate cortical neuron migration as well as spine morphology. In addition, transcriptome analyses revealed neurologically relevant genes such as SLC1A3, DCLK1, GABRB3, GAD2, KCNQ2, SCN8A, SLC12A5, DBN1, NLGN3, NLGN4X, SV2B and SYN1 as the spicing targets for Rbfox1 7,56,58 . These are known to be causal or candidate genes for various neurodevelopmental disorders such as ID, ASD and epilepsy. Further intensive analysis of the molecular machinery downstream of RBFOX1-mediated splicing should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders where RBFOX1 abnormalities are involved.
In this report, we focused on the pathophysiological relevance of Rbfox1-iso1. When the knockdown phenotypes were compared to those of cytosolic minor isoform, mRbfox1-iso5, inhibitory effects by mRbfox1-iso1-knockdown on the radial migration and axon elongation to the contralateral cortex were stronger under the same assay conditions 22 . Also, while the number of stubby-shaped immature spines increased when mRbfox1-iso5 was silenced in primary cultured hippocampal neurons 22 , filopodia-like immature spines in addition to stubby spines increased in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient cells. Overall, similar but not identical results were obtained in the knockdown phenotypes of the 2 isoforms. This similarity and difference in the phenotypes might be explained by distinct roles of nuclear and cytoplasmic Rbfox1 isoforms in convergent signaling pathways during cortical development. Interestingly, a recent study revealed different molecular functions of nuclear and cytoplasmic Rbfox1 isoforms. Matrin and colleagues clarified that nuclear Rbfox1 is involved in splicing changes while cytoplasmic Rbfox1 regulates the stability and translation of the target mRNAs 53 . As mentioned earlier, many Rbfox1 target candidates take part in cortical development and neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD. Although such candidate proteins are possible to be processed differently at different intracellular sites by Rbfox1 isoforms, signaling pathways where these molecules are involved may converge to regulate corticogenesis in a coordinate manner.
Rbfox1-iso1-deficiency caused defects in neuronal cell morphology, migration, synapse network formation and synapse physiology during brain development. The obtained results elucidated essential roles of Rbfox1-iso1 in brain development, and support the hypothesis that functional defects of RBFOX1-iso1 may be related to the etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders. As for an underlying mechanism in the migration defects, disrupted nucleokinesis caused by aberrant microtubule-centrosome interaction is considered to be a core event. While abnormal nucleokinesis causes hampered radial migration and terminal translocation, multipolar movement was apparently normal in Rbfox1-deficient cells, perhaps due to the crucial role of actin cytoskeleton in this movement. Abnormal actin reorganization is supposed to be responsible for the aberrant spine morphology, and indeed various actin-related molecules are target candidates for Rbfox1. Although disrupted spine function is thought to play an important role in pathophysiology of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, underlying molecular mechanism(s) remains to be elucidated.

Conclusions
With a sophisticated system biology analyses, RBFOX1 was recently shown to serve as a "hub" in ASD-gene transcriptome networks, strongly suggesting its crucial role in the pathophysiology of ASD. Since RBFOX1 gene abnormalities have also been found in other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders including ID, ADHD and schizophrenia, this gene product is supposed to have an essential role in neuronal function and corticogenesis.
Scientific RepoRts | 6:30805 | DOI: 10.1038/srep30805 To elucidate the pathophysiological relevance of RBFOX1, we here focused on the dominant neuronal isoform of Rbfox1 (Rbfox1-iso1) localized in the nucleus and examined its role during mouse corticogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of Rbfox1-iso1 in vivo caused defects in the radial migration and terminal translocation of cortical neurons. Rbfox1-iso1 was also involved in the synapse network formation and/or maintenance through the regulation of axon growth and dendritic arborization in vivo. In addition, electrophysiology analyses revealed significant defects in membrane and synaptic properties in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient neurons, indicating that Rbfox1-iso1 is essential for synapse functions. Further in vitro experiments revealed reduction of spine density and mature spine number in Rbfox1-iso1-deficient mouse hippocampal neurons. The abnormal phenotypes observed were similar but not the same as those in the deficient neurons of cytoplasmic minor isoform, Rbfox1-iso5.
In summary, we report an essential role of Rbfox1-iso1 in cortical development. Impairment of Rbfox1-iso1 function may induce structural and functional defects of the cerebral cortex, and consequently contribute to the clinical symptoms of ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders with RBFOX1 gene abnormalities.