High-quality III-nitride films on conductive, transparent (2̅01)-oriented β-Ga2O3 using a GaN buffer layer

We demonstrate the high structural and optical properties of InxGa1−xN epilayers (0 ≤ x ≤ 23) grown on conductive and transparent (01)-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrates using a low-temperature GaN buffer layer rather than AlN buffer layer, which enhances the quality and stability of the crystals compared to those grown on (100)-oriented β-Ga2O3. Raman maps show that the 2″ wafer is relaxed and uniform. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the dislocation density reduces considerably (~4.8 × 107 cm−2) at the grain centers. High-resolution TEM analysis demonstrates that most dislocations emerge at an angle with respect to the c-axis, whereas dislocations of the opposite phase form a loop and annihilate each other. The dislocation behavior is due to irregular (01) β-Ga2O3 surface at the interface and distorted buffer layer, followed by relaxed GaN epilayer. Photoluminescence results confirm high optical quality and time-resolved spectroscopy shows that the recombination is governed by bound excitons. We find that a low root-mean-square average (≤1.5 nm) of InxGa1−xN epilayers can be achieved with high optical quality of InxGa1−xN epilayers. We reveal that (01)-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrate has a strong potential for use in large-scale high-quality vertical light emitting device design.

current crowding due to lateral injection, which leads to poor current management and heat distribution, undermining device efficiency. For devices grown on SiC, micropipes are introduced during crystal growth, preventing the use of full wafers. In addition, SiC is very expensive and the incorporation of N 2 dopants diminishes its transparency 11 . Even though this substrate is characterized by a smaller lattice mismatch (3.1%) 12 compared to Al 2 O 3 and provides vertical current injection geometry, the lack of the transparency of this conductive SiC decreases the LED efficiency due to the substrate light absorption. Therefore, as additional processing steps are required, the device fabrication is made more complex. Efforts are being made to enhance the light efficiency of LEDs on SiC by using substrate transferring technique (substrate liftoff or introduction of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) between the nitride and the substrate to reflect the light back from the substrate are employed) 13 . Nonetheless, producing good quality nitride DBRs remains a challenge. Therefore, there is still a significant need for alternative substrates that can be employed in the fabrication of bright vertical light-emitting devices with good lattice match, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and high transparency in UV spectral regions.
The β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate combines the beneficial properties (low lattice mismatch, transparency and conductivity) of both Al 2 O 3 and SiC. β -Ga 2 O 3 is a promising candidate as a wide bandgap (4.8 eV) 14 substrate for fabricating tunable bright III-nitride vertical light-emitting devices because it satisfies these conditions and surpasses several other substrates. Conducting β -Ga 2 O 3 allows vertical current flow, reduces the forward operating voltage and series resistance, and improves current distribution and thermal management. Conductive substrates allow fabricating the contacts at both the top and the bottom surface, which simplifies device fabrication, integration process, and packaging. This approach also reduces the fabrication cost and increases the number of devices in a single chip, resulting in greater light extraction efficiency (LEE) compared to Al 2 O 3 substrates. Furthermore, the transparent nature of β -Ga 2 O 3 as a substrate provides a wider light-emitting area than do conductive SiC and Si substrates. Therefore, emission from vertical devices grown on β -Ga 2 O 3 is omnidirectional, which further increases the LEE, resulting in a bright-light-emitting device and supporting high power operations. Conversely, emission from that grown on SiC is permitted through the top side only. In addition, Ga 2 O 3 shows high stability at high growth temperatures of around 1100 °C 15 . Relative to GaN substrates, Ga 2 O 3 has a wider bandgap and is cheaper to grow and process.
Previous attempts to grow high-quality III-nitride quantum-well-based (100)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 have been unsuccessful, as the quality of these crystals is inadequate for high-performance devices [16][17][18] . The strong cleavage nature of the (100)-plane caused the GaN epilayer to detach and peel off from the (100) β -Ga 2 O 3 plane 19 , causing complications to the required step of separating wafers by dicing. In our previous study, we found that using monoclinic (201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate led to a high optical and structural quality GaN material using an AlN buffer layer 20 . Using this (201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate, we found that (0002) GaN rocking curve (RC) has a significantly enhanced full width at half maximum (FWHM) value (430 arcsec) 20 compared to that grown on (100)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 (1200 arcsec) 21 . We reported a relatively low lattice mismatch of ~4.7% and an in-plane epitaxial orientation relationship of (010) β -Ga 2 O 3 || (1120) GaN and (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 || (0001) GaN 20 . The growth of InGaN LEDs on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 with an AlN buffer layer is presently under investigation 22 .
In this paper, we demonstrate high optical and structural quality of Si-doped GaN and In x Ga 1−x N epilayers grown on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate using a low-temperature GaN buffer layer by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Our results are a testament to the potential for producing InGaN vertical LEDs that are more efficient, of better quality, and more simply and cheaply produced than LEDs grown on Al 2 O 3 or SiC.

Growth and Characterization
The low-temperature undoped GaN buffer layer was grown to a thickness of ~9 nm at 500 °C under an N 2 and NH 3 atmosphere on (201)-oriented monoclinic conductive β -Ga 2 O 3 substrates using a low-pressure, vertical MOCVD reactor. The (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate was doped with Sn to increase its conductivity, whereby Hall measurements revealed an electron concentration in the order of 10 18 cm −3 . A low-temperature grown GaN buffer layer is known to decrease hillocks in the GaN epilayer surface 23-25 on the Ga 2 O 3 substrate and decrease the TDD compared to that on AlN buffer layer 20 . After changing the carrier gas from N 2 to H 2 , the temperature of the substrate was increased to 1020 °C to grow the Si-doped GaN (n-GaN) epilayer (with a carrier density of 4 × 10 18 cm −3 and a nominal thickness of ~1.75 μ m). The temperature was further increased to 1100 °C during the deposition of the remainder of the Si-doped GaN layer (of ~1.75 μ m thickness). This two-step growth process decreases the formation of epicracks by reducing dislocations between the GaN layers grown in the first and the second steps 26,27 . Current-voltage measurements confirmed that the interface between the Ga 2 O 3 substrate and the GaN epilayer is conductive. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that the total thickness of the GaN epilayer was 3.7 μ m. In x Ga 1−x N layers (5 ≤ x ≤ 23) with a nominal thickness of 40 nm were grown on n-GaN/ Ga 2 O 3 with a GaN buffer layer by MOCVD. During the In x Ga 1−x N layer growth, precursors of trimethylgallium (TMGa), trimethylindium (TMIn), and NH 3 were used as source gasses and N 2 as the carrier gas at a pressure 400 mbar. The growth temperature was varied for different x values: 0.01 (875 °C), 0.05 (820 °C), 0.1 (795 °C), 0.15 (775 °C), and 0.23 (720 °C). For the purpose of comparison, we grew In x Ga 1−x N films on Al 2 O 3 using similar optimization growth process.
Cross-sectional and plan-view TEM specimens were prepared using a lamellar lift-out procedure on an FEI Helios focused ion beam scanning electron microscope, and cross-sectional imaging was performed on a JEOL 4000 EX TEM operating at 400 kV. The plan-view TEM images were obtained using FEI Tecnai TWIN TEM operated at 120 kV. Atomic resolution High Angle Annular Dark Field-Scanning Transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) study was carried out with a Titan Cs-Probe Corrected (FEI Co.) microscope operated at 300 kV. In order to get the strain maps from the HAADF images, we used The Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA) plug-in package (HREM Research Inc.), which was implemented in the Digital Micrograph software (Gatan). The surface morphology and roughness of the InGaN epilayers were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the Agilent 5400 scanning probe microscope. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was performed on a Bruker D8 diffractometer system using a Cu K α1 radiation. The emission characteristics of this GaN epilayer were compared to a similar GaN epilayer grown by the same growth process but with an AlN buffer layer. Photoluminescence (PL) was measured to investigate the optical properties of the n-GaN film using a 325-nm He-Cd laser at different temperatures. The spectra were collected by an Andor monochromator attached to a charge-coupled device camera. The samples were mounted in a closed-cycle helium cryostat for low-temperature PL (6 K). Time-resolved PL (TRPL) experiments were carried out with a Hamamatsu Synchroscan streak camera. The samples were excited by the third harmonic UV (λ = 266 nm) pulses of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser (frequency was doubled using a barium borate crystal) with a pulse width of ~150 fs and a power density of 70 W/cm 2 (with 76 MHz repetition rate). A Coherent Verdi-V18 diode-pumped solid-state continuous wave laser was used to pump the Ti:sapphire laser. Emission of the sample was detected by a monochromator attached to a UV-sensitive Hamamatsu C6860 streak camera with a temporal resolution of 2 ps. The samples were mounted in a variable temperature open-helium cryostat for measurements between 2 and 300 K.

Results and Discussion
Structural characterization of GaN 2″ wafer. It is important to obtain high quality and uniform wafers for large-size fabrication technology for use in vertical emitting devices. Raman spectroscopy and XRD measurements were used to examine the material quality and uniformity across the whole 2″ wafer. The strain in GaN/ (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 epilayer was estimated by Raman measurements. Figure 1(a) (top panel) indicates the Raman mapping E 2 (high) peak position across the 2′ ′ GaN/β -Ga 2 O 3 wafer. The E 2 (high) mode was confirmed to be sensitive to biaxial strain in GaN epilayers 28 . The Raman maps reveal a homogenous uniform stress distribution over the entire wafer with a negligible left shift of ~0.7 cm −1 observed between the center (567.3 cm −1 ) and the edge (568.0 cm −1 ) of the wafer, indicating that the stress is fully released to the edge. The E 2 (high) peak exhibits an average value of ~567.93 cm −1 with a very small left shift (− 0.07 cm −1 ) compared to that of bulk relaxed GaN (568 cm −1 ) 28 . This strain value indicates that the uniform GaN/Ga 2 O 3 wafer is nearly strain-free, whereby the presence of a very slight tensile strain suggests low TDD (It is noteworthy that the low lattice mismatch between (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 and the GaN film (~4.7%) can effectively reduce TDD). On the other hand, a high-quality GaN/ Al 2 O 3 2″ wafer (grown with the same structure) shows a considerable left shift of ~1.4 cm −1 ( Fig. 1(a) bottom panel). Furthermore, GaN grown on AlN buffer layer showed a compressive strain in the film with the E 2 (high) peak shifted to the right by 1.04 cm −1 compared to the bulk GaN 20 . The wafer uniformity of high-quality GaN grown on (201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 is enhanced significantly using GaN buffer layer by formation of nucleation centers, which is particularly beneficial for good quality two-dimensional lateral growth GaN layer 29 .
To study the reduction in TD, AFM and XRD measurements were conducted across the wafer. The XRD RC analysis of the GaN (0002) reflection peak was performed on the GaN/(201) β -Ga 2 O 3 wafer. The FWHM value showed a sharper peak of ~330 arcsec ( Fig. 1(b)), disclosing a better quality GaN epilayer grown on GaN buffer layer compared to that grown on AlN buffer layer (~430 arcsec), as shown in Fig. 1(b). To the best of our knowledge, this is the best RC FWHM value for GaN obtained for materials grown on a Ga 2 O 3 substrate. This FWHM of the RC confirms that (201) orientation of β -Ga 2 O 3 substrates improves the crystal quality significantly compared to the (100) orientation (1200 arcsec) 21 . The surface morphology of GaN epilayers was analyzed by examining the AFM images across the whole wafer. Figure 1(c) illustrates that the GaN grown on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 with GaN buffer layer confirms a decrease in TDD (> 50%) compared to that with AlN buffer layer ( Fig. 1(d)) using the same substrate. The average TDD count (obtained by averaging over > 20 AFM 5 × 5 μ m 2 images at different positions on the 2″ wafer) on GaN buffer layer is found to be 1.8 (± 0.2) × 10 8 cm −2 and that on AlN buffer is 4.5 (± 0.2) × 10 8 cm −2 . This low TDD confirms the Raman results, indicating that such substrate can be used for large-scale technology based on GaN vertical light emitting devices. TEM analysis and low TDD. TEM and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) must be carried out to investigate the actual TDD and analyze the dislocation mechanism. The interface between GaN/β -Ga 2 O 3 was studied by cross-sectional TEM, as shown in Fig. 2. The samples were examined by diffraction contrast, viewing close to the [1100] zone axis by tilting the sample to excite the g = (0002) and (1120) Bragg reflections. The electron diffraction pattern taken from the GaN epilayer (the top inset in Fig. 2(a)) shows a single crystal wurtzite (0001) structure with no zinc-blende regions or misoriented grains. Diffraction patterns pertaining to the labeled regions in Fig. 2 are taken near the interface (center inset), revealing a strong epitaxial relationship between the substrate and the GaN epilayer. The bottom inset of Fig. 2 shows an image taken along the GaN [1100] zone axis, parallel to the β -Ga 2 O 3 [110] direction.
Plan-view TEM analysis was performed to confirm the TDD on the epilayer by bright-field imaging in the vicinity of the [0001] zone axis. Figure 3(a) shows a plan-view TEM image taken under two-beam diffraction conditions, whereby g = (1120) to allow for accurate determination of the TD from an average of 40 images. The TDD obtained at the centers of GaN grains (of ~1-~2-μ m diameter) is considerably lower (~4.8 × 10 7 cm −2 ) for that grown on Ga 2 O 3 than that grown on a flat Al 2 O 3 using conventional MOCVD 30 . As can be seen in Fig. 3(a), TDs appear to migrate to the grain boundaries and are depicted in the image as chains of dark spots delineating the grain boundary. The total average TDD is found to be low (~1.9 (± 0.2) × 10 8 cm −2 ). This TDD value is in good agreement with the results obtained by Raman and AFM analysis.

HRTEM analysis and TD annihilation mechanism.
To investigate the TDD reduction mechanism, we carried out TEM and HRTEM analyses. The c-and a-components of the Burgers vectors of the TDs are visible, as shown in the cross-sectional images in Fig. 3(b,c), respectively. With diffraction condition g = (0002), only screw and mixed dislocations are visible, whereas edge and mixed components are visible in the g = (1120) condition 31 . The (a):(c+ a) dislocation ratio is observed to be approximately 1:2, thus differing from the 1:1 ratio typical for dislocation types in standard low TDD GaN grown on (0001) Al 2 O 3 32 . The TEM cross-sectional images ( Fig. 3(b,c)) for g = (0002) and g = (1120) show that the GaN/Ga 2 O 3 interface is abrupt and characterized by a high initial TDD followed by a gradual reduction in the GaN layer (at the distance < 200 nm from the substrate) in density as the film continues to grow. Figure 3(d) shows closed dislocation loops (pointed by yellow arrows, taken with g = (0002)). Figure 3(e,f) show a HRTEM cross-sectional view with g = (0002) reflections of TD loops. Figure 3(d-f) demonstrate that the TDs bend into the basal plane and react with dislocations of the opposite phase, and are eliminated by forming closed loops in the low-temperature GaN buffer layer and in the lower regions of the GaN epilayer. Therefore, the dislocation does not propagate to the upper part of the GaN epilayer. HRTEM and FFT analyses were carried out to investigate the origin of the TD annihilation mechanism. Figure 4(a) shows the HRTEM image of the overlying GaN epilayer, low-temperature grown undoped GaN buffer layer (9 ± 1 nm) and the interface between the buffer layer and the monoclinic β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate. The surface of the flat β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate is characterized by slightly irregular surface "nano hump-features" that reach < 4 nm height at the interface. As a result of this irregular feature, the dislocation was grown with an angle with respect to the [0001] direction 33 , as indicated by the dotted yellow arrow in Fig. 4(a). These dislocation types usually bend and propagate horizontally 33 . FFT images taken from the overlaying n-GaN epilayer, the buffer layer, and the interface are indicated in Fig. 4(b-d), respectively. FFT image (Fig. 4(d) of the interface reveals a complete distortion. This distortion extends to the buffer layer, as shown in the FFT image (Fig. 4(c)) of the low-temperature GaN buffer layer, followed by highly crystalline roughly relaxed n-GaN epilayer, depicted in the FFT image (Fig. 4b).
The distortion of the buffer layer may absorb the effect of misfit dislocations caused by lattice mismatch, leading  to TD bending in TD in the buffer layer 34 . These curved dislocations possess Burgers vectors of the same magnitude and opposite direction, which form pairs (Fig. 3(e,f)) and are eliminated near the interface. As a result, the TD propagation to the upper parts of the epilayer ceases. Figure 4(e) shows an HRTEM strain map along the vertical direction, produced by applying the Geometrical Phase Analysis (GPA) program on a dislocation loop with in the buffer layer, confirming the TD elimination near the interface. Furthermore, we observed TD defects grow vertically along the c-axis. Some of these defects stop propagating beyond the first 300 nm above the substrate, as shown in the HRTEM image (Fig. S1, supporting information) due to strain relaxation in the n-GaN epilayer above the distorted buffer layer 34 . This mechanism of low TDD is posited to be the reason behind the sharp (0002) RC peak of GaN grown on (201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 with GaN buffer layer.

Optical properties of n-GaN epilayer. A time-integrated low-temperature PL spectrum of the Si-doped
GaN/(201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 epilayer (GaN buffer layer) is shown in Fig. 5(a). The spectrum displays an intense near-band-edge (NBE) emission under an excitation density of 6 W/cm 2 , centered at 3.47 eV, which has previously been attributed to band-to-band recombination and to bound and free exciton recombination 35,36 . The inset of Fig. 5(a) shows that a GaN epilayer grown on a GaN buffer layer rather than on an A1N buffer layer has a 12-fold higher PL intensity at RT with negligible yellow-band luminescence, suggesting a higher quality GaN epilayer and low TDD by using Low-temperature GaN buffer layer. The peak at 3.47 eV (Fig. 5(a)) can be attributed to direct transitions between the conduction and the valence band tail states, as well as random distribution of dopants, resulting in random fluctuations of the doping concentration on a microscopic scale 37,38 . At RT, a slight broadening in the FWHM of the NBE peak (74 meV) is observed, due to the presence of the Si dopant 39 . This broadening of the FWHM is expected as a result of high carrier concentration (at the low-energy side) introduced by Si impurities compared to undoped GaN and it can be explained by the tailing of the density of states caused by potential fluctuations introduced by the random distribution of Si dopants 39 . In addition, residual acceptors may contribute to the NBE peak broadening in the same way by introducing potential fluctuations 40 . Intensity power dependence studies show that decreasing the excitation intensity by three orders of magnitude produces no significant changes in the observed PL spectra, indicating that no band-gap filling or saturation of the defect level occurs and suggesting that these effects do not contribute to the broadening 41 . Peaks ascribed to donor-acceptor pair recombination accompanied by longitudinal optical (LO) phonon replicas were observed in the 3.28 − 2.98 eV energy range as shown in Fig. 5(a,b). The phonon replicas are observed in an energy difference of about 97 meV. Figure 5(b) shows a typical temperature-dependent PL spectrum of Si-doped GaN between 8 K and RT. As the temperature increases, the NBE peak weakens and becomes slightly red shifted. The LO phonon replicas weaken dramatically after 150 K and almost disappear at RT. Figure 5(c) shows the TRPL spectra of Si-doped GaN/(201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 epilayer (GaN buffer layer) at 4K and RT. The TRPL decay time of the Si-doped GaN epilayer can be described by a biexponential fitting. The biexponential decay process occurs in a multilevel system, which arises following the capturing of carriers at the deeper non-radiative centers either in the film or at the interface 42,43 . The biexponential decay can be described as 44 , Scientific RepoRts | 6:29747 | DOI: 10.1038/srep29747 1 2 where A1 and A2 are adjustable constants, and τ 1 and τ 2 are the fast and slow decay times, respectively. Decay times for τ 1 and τ 2 are measured as 51 ps and 189 ps, respectively, at 4 K, and as 71 ps and 352 ps, respectively, at RT. The radiative recombination lifetime of the donor-bound exciton in intentionally and unintentionally doped GaN is typically in the range of 30 to 100 ps 45 at RT, increasing to 530 ps at 4 K 41 . A high donor concentration (10 18 cm −1 ) in a high-quality n-GaN epilayer has previously been shown to lead to a fast decay and a broad spectrum 43 . Hence, even at low-temperature, it will be difficult to clearly distinguish between free and donor-bound excitons. By defining the internal quantum efficiency η int (T) as the ratio of the time-integrated PL intensity at each temperature relative to that at the lowest temperature (4 K) and by assuming that the non-radiative channels are inactive at the lowest temperature (in line with the approach used in Rashba's treatment 43 ), we estimated the values of radiative τ rad (T) and non-radiative τ nr (T) recombination lifetimes using the following equations: nr PL int where τ PL (T) is the total recombination lifetime. The radiative and non-radiative recombination lifetimes obtained are plotted in Fig. 5(d). The squares and the circles indicate estimated τ rad and τ nr , respectively. As the temperature increases from 4 K to RT, τ rad increases super-linearly from 51ps to 2.8 ns as shown in Fig. 5(d). Such behavior has been reported at different Si-doping concentrations of GaN 46 . The decay time behavior of highly Si-doped GaN may be explained by the fact that the recombination is governed by bound excitons at low-temperatures (< 10 K), whereas in the intermediate temperature range (20 to 100 K), the free exciton decay rate is largely weakened by the high electron background concentration (due to the presence of Si dopant atoms).
Since the sample is heavily doped, the effect of the free excitons is weakened, and donor-to-band transitions significantly contribute to the recombination events at intermediate and higher temperatures (~100 to 300 K). However, for undoped-and moderately-doped GaN epilayers, the radiative decay time is considerably enhanced by the free exciton transition 43 . When temperature increases, the radiative lifetime decreases from 300 to 72 ps and non-radiative lifetime decreases, reflecting the thermal activation of non-radiative recombination processes (Fig. 5(d)) 43 .
The quality of InGaN grown on the n-GaN epilayer. The growth of In x Ga 1−x N epilayers by MOCVD is influenced by the surface morphology of the underlying n-GaN layer, growth mode, indium incorporation, and carrier gas composition 47 . It is, therefore, necessary to demonstrate that the Ga 2 O 3 substrate can produce high structural and optical quality In x Ga 1−x N materials grown on this n-GaN/(201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 (using GaN buffer layer) that can be used in the development of single and multiple quantum well vertical devices. We investigated the morphology of In x Ga 1−x N samples through AFM ( Fig. 6(a-c) whereby the surface roughness can be represented by the root-mean-square (RMS) average. Figure 6( 48 . At least one pit (dislocation) located in the center of each spiral is observed for all InGaN epilayers, as shown in Fig. 6(a-c). Figure 6( 49 . Furthermore, PL emissions of all In x Ga 1−x N films grown on the (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate showed high peak intensity compared to those grown on Al 2 O 3 substrates (Fig. 6(e)), indicating that the β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate is a potential candidate for growing good quality InGaN materials. The blueshift of NBE peak (Fig. 6(e)) of the InGaN sample grown on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 compared to that grown on Al 2 O 3 can be due to a different degree of strain and InN compositional fluctuation.

Conclusion
We have reported high optical and structural quality In x Ga 1−x N epilayers (0 ≤ x ≤ 23) grown on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate using low-temperature undoped GaN buffer layer β -Ga 2 O 3 is a potential substrate material for III-nitrides, which incorporates the transparency of sapphire and the conductivity of SiC. Raman mapping and XRD RC show high-quality uniform and nearly strain-free 2″ wafer grown on (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate by using GaN buffer layer, confirming that this substrate can be used for large-scale technology for nitride-based vertical devices. TEM analysis confirms the low TDD of the single-crystalline epilayers. We found that the TD annihilation occurred near the interface between the substrate and the buffer layer, as a result of TDs bending into the basal plane and reacting with dislocations of the opposite phase, before eliminating each other. The TD bending can be ascribed to the combination of the nature of the (201) β -Ga 2 O 3 surface (nano-humps) and the buffer layer distortion, followed by roughly strain-free single crystal Si-doped GaN epilayer, preventing these TD continuing propagating to this epilayer. The PL measurements revealed a high-intensity NBE emission peak with a weak yellow band, whereas TRPL showed a low non-radiative contribution to the NBE emission. This work demonstrates that improved quality and stable III-nitride crystals grown on (201)-β -Ga 2 O 3 substrate can be obtained, relative to those grown on (100)-orientated β -Ga 2 O 3 . We showed that conductive β -Ga 2 O 3 promises better current distribution, thermal management and better light extraction compared to sapphire and testifies to its suitability as a substrate for manufacturing large scale high-efficiency vertical devices, which increases the lifetime and simplifies the fabrication process compared to lateral devices. Dislocation density in nitride films grown on (201)-oriented β -Ga 2 O 3 may be further reduced as crystal growth continues to be optimized either by lateral overgrowth or substrate patterning.