Proteasomes generate spliced epitopes by two different mechanisms and as efficiently as non-spliced epitopes

Proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing represents an additional catalytic activity of proteasomes contributing to the pool of MHC-class I-presented epitopes. We here biochemically and functionally characterized a new melanoma gp100 derived spliced epitope. We demonstrate that the gp100mel47–52/40–42 antigenic peptide is generated in vitro and in cellulo by a not yet described proteasomal condensation reaction. gp100mel47–52/40–42 generation is enhanced in the presence of the β5i/LMP7 proteasome-subunit and elicits a peptide-specific CD8+ T cell response. Importantly, we demonstrate that different gp100mel-derived spliced epitopes are generated and presented to CD8+ T cells with efficacies comparable to non-spliced canonical tumor epitopes and that gp100mel-derived spliced epitopes trigger activation of CD8+ T cells found in peripheral blood of half of the melanoma patients tested. Our data suggest that both transpeptidation and condensation reactions contribute to the frequent generation of spliced epitopes also in vivo and that their immune relevance may be comparable to non-spliced epitopes.

Scientific RepoRts | 6:24032 | DOI: 10.1038/srep24032 for the hypothesis that PCPS proceeds via a transpeptidation reaction [11][12][13][14] . PCPS involves the formation of an O-acyl-enzyme intermediate consisting of a N-terminal peptide fragment linked to the Thr1 residue of one of the β-subunit active sites. In the course of the transpeptidation reaction, this acyl-enzyme intermediate is subjected to a nucleophilic attack by the amino-terminus of another peptide fragment leading to the creation of a new peptide containing two non-contiguous fragments of a protein 11,12,15 . Theoretically, spliced peptides may also be produced without the formation of a semi-stable O-acyl-enzyme intermediate by a so-called condensation reaction. Condensation reactions forming de novo peptide bonds have been described for some proteases to occur in vitro under conditions disfavoring diffusion of peptides from the active sites 16,17 . However, whether such a condensation reaction can take place in cellulo in the barrel-shaped proteasome controlling peptide diffusion and whether this can contribute to epitope production has yet to be shown.
PCPS represents a genuine catalytic activity of proteasomes competing with the normal proteasomal hydrolysis event 14 . Initial estimations of epitope splicing efficacy were calculated to range between 0.0002% and 0.01% of the total proteasome-dependent epitope generation. Therefore, epitope production by PCPS was thought to be an extremely rare event 12,13,16 . However, performing in vitro experiments we showed that PCPS may be a relatively frequent process controlled by certain sequence requirements guaranteeing that PCPS is also a highly reproducible reaction 14 . In fact, in vitro experiments suggested that potential MHC-class I epitopes are relatively more frequent among spliced peptides than among the "canonical" non-spliced proteasome cleavage products 14,23 . The limited number of spliced tumor epitopes identified most likely resides in the fact that identification of immune-relevant spliced peptides has so far been limited by the serendipitous availability of patient-derived CTLs and the concomitant considerable experimental effort to identify the cognate epitopes.
To close this gap, we here report an algorithm-aided reverse immunology approach permitting the facilitated identification of spliced peptides from a given protein sequence thereby overcoming the need for patient-derived CTLs. By applying this method we here identified a new spliced peptide derived from melanocytic protein gp100 mel . This peptide can be generated in vitro and in cellulo by a condensation reaction. This epitope is presented by patient-derived melanoma cells and triggers activation of CD8 + T cells found in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients. Importantly, we show that spliced epitopes are presented at the cell surface and trigger CTL responses with efficacies similar to non-spliced epitope underlining that PCPS may play an important role in anti-tumor immune responses.

Results
The gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 antigenic peptide is generated by a new proteasomal catalytic mechanism. For identification of new spliced peptides and/or epitopes we subjected the gp100 mel -derived synthetic polypeptide substrate gp100 mel 40-52 [RTKAWNRQLYPEW] to in vitro digestion by purified human 20S proteasomes. By applying SpliceMet 23 we identified three spliced peptides among the proteasomal processing products. These were the previously reported spliced antigenic peptide gp100 mel  24 . Therefore, we decided to analyze the formation of this potential new spliced tumor epitope in more detail.
Both the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 and gp100 mel 47-52/40-46 peptides were the result of the linkage between the gp100 Trp 52 and Arg 40 residues of the gp100-derived substrate (Fig. 1E). However, the Trp 52 residue of the N-terminal splice-reactant [QLYPEW] represents the C-terminal residue of the synthetic polypeptide substrate gp100 mel 40-52 . This excluded the formation of an O-acyl-enzyme intermediate with the proteasomal active site Thr 1 as a result of peptide-bond hydrolysis as demanded for the established transpeptidation reactions 12,14 . We therefore hypothesized that spliced peptides could also be produced in a proteasome-catalyzed condensation reaction.
To test this hypothesis we co-incubated purified 20S proteasomes with the two splice-reactant peptides gp100 mel 40-42 [RTK] and gp100 mel 47-52 [QLYPEW]. The resulting spliced peptide products were then analyzed by mass spectrometry. In support of our hypothesis, 20S proteasomes catalyzed the formation of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide in vitro when the two peptides were added individually (Fig. 1E, Fig. S3). In accordance with the results shown in Fig. 1D i-proteasomes derived from different cellular sources catalyzed the condensation reaction with higher efficiency than s-proteasomes (Fig. 1F).
In principle, all active sites of both proteasome isoforms are capable of catalyzing a transpeptidation reaction 14 . However, because condensation reactions require specific favorable conditions 16 we next asked whether any of the proteasome active sites were specifically involved in the condensation reaction. To do so, proteasome active site subunit specific inhibitors, whose active site specificity had been previously documented 25 were added to 20S proteasomes derived from T2 cells (s-proteasome) or LCLs (i-proteasome) together with the two splice-reactants [RTK] and [QLYPEW]. PR-893 (0.5 μM) was used to block the activity of the β 5 subunits of 20S s-proteasomes and PR-924 (0.5 μM) to inhibit the activity of the β 5i immuno-subunit 25 . Blockage of either the β 5 active site as in T2 cell-derived 20S proteasome or the β 5 and β 5i active sites as present in LCL-derived proteasomes led to a strong reduction of the condensation reaction (Fig. 1G). In contrast, blocking the β 1/β 1i and β 2/β 2i active sites with YU-102 (2 μM) and LU-102 (2 μM) proteasome inhibitors 25 , respectively, barely affected the production of the antigenic peptide, suggesting that the condensation reaction was mainly executed by the active sites of the β 5 subunit isoforms (Fig. 1G).

Cellular condensation reaction results in the presentation of the gp100 mel
47-52/40-42 peptide.
Although our in vitro experiments clearly demonstrated that proteasomes are able to generate spliced peptides in a condensation reaction, there still remained the possibility that the in vitro experiments as performed here may be artificially influenced by high enzyme and/or substrate concentrations. Therefore, to assess whether the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide is of any functional relevance and to study whether proteasomes could perform condensation reactions also in cellulo we established an immunological read-out system to monitor the generation and MHC class I presentation of gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 in HeLa cells. HLA-A binding affinity assays using HLA-A*03:01transfected HeLa and T2 cells lines ( Fig. 2A,B) as well as mature dendritic cells (data not shown) confirmed the predicted binding of the peptide to HLA-A*03:01 complex. We therefore generated a gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 The peptide gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 amount, generated by hydrolysis-independent ligation by i-and s-proteasomes is shown. Amounts below 10 fmol could be detected but not quantified and are symbolized with ♦ . (G) Absolute amounts of gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 generated in the hydrolysis-independent assay by T2 and LCL 20S proteasomes in the presence of the inhibitors YU-102 (2 μM; β 1/β 1i-specific), LU-102 (2 μM; β 2/β 2i-specific), PR-893 (0.5 μM; β 5-specific) and PR-924 (0.5 μM; β 5i-specific). Significant differences due to the effect of the inhibitors are detected by paired student t test and marked by * (T2 proteasome, control vs PR-893, p = 0.037; LCL proteasome, control vs PR-893, p = 0.050; control vs PR-924, p = 0.012). (F,G) The mean (fmol measured in 9 μl reaction) and the SD of independent experiments (n = 2-3), each measured in two duplicates are shown.
peptide-specific CTL clone from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a HLA-A*03:01 + healthy donor ( Fig. S4) allowing us to monitor the generation of this potential MHC class I-restricted epitope in cellulo.
To monitor the condensation reaction in cellulo, HeLa HLA-A*03:01+ cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing a HA-Ub-gp100 mel 40-52 fusion protein (Hela A*03:01+Ub/gp100mel 40-52 ). In the fusion protein the GG motif of the ubiquitin was directly linked to the first amino acid residue of the 13-mer gp100 40-52 peptide allowing the release of the unchanged full-length gp100 mel 40-52 peptide substrate after cleavage behind the GG motif by de-ubiquitinating enzymes (Fig. 2C). CTL assays using the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 specific CD8 + T cell clone demonstrated that proteasomes could indeed also perform a condensation reaction in cellulo (Fig. 2D,E), indicating that in addition to transpeptidation also condensation reactions may also contribute to the cellular pool of spliced epitopes.
The gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide is a tumor epitope presented by melanoma cells. This data raised the question whether the proteasome-catalyzed generation of gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 was solely determined by the biochemical nature of the 13-mer gp100 mel 40-52 substrate and/or the specific assay conditions applied in vitro and/or in cellulo. To further validate our reverse immunology approach, we next investigated whether the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide was also naturally produced from full-length gp100 mel antigen by patient-derived melanoma cells. Of the five different patient-derived melanoma cell lines tested for gp100 mel protein and HLA-A*03:01 expression only Mel63a cells proved to be HLA-A*03:01 + /gp100 mel + (Fig. 3A,B). Immunoblotting revealed that [RTKAWNRQLYPEW] sequence was directly fused in frame to the C-terminus of the Ub, which was N-terminally tagged with the YPYDVPDYA HA sequence. When expressed in cells, Ub hydrolases cleaved the fusion-polypeptide directly after the last amino acid (Gly 76 ) of Ub, liberating the gp100 mel 40-52 peptide from the first residue. (D) CTL response towards HeLa 33/2 cells transfected with HLA-A*03:01 individually or together with HA-Ub/gp100 mel 40-52 for 24 hrs. Their ability to present gp100 47-52/40-42 epitope was measured by using K631 1C CTL. After 16 hrs co-culture, the IFN-γ concentration in supernatants was determined by ELISA. Values are means and SD of 2 replicates in a representative assay of 6 independent experiments. Significant differences in the means of replicates are marked by * (student t-test; E:T ratio: 1:1, p = 0.003; 2:1, p = 0.050). (E) 10 μg of whole HeLa 33/2 cell extracts were resolved on a 15% SDS-PAGE for western blotting with anti-HA antibody to control the expression of the construct. The western blot is representative of 5 independent assays.
The gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope is generated by the ERAD pathway. To exclude the possibility that generation of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide was restricted to a specific cell type and to study the contribution of individual proteasome subunits in the production of the peptide, HeLa cells were transfected with plasmids encoding the HLA-A*03:01 protein and a full-length gp100 mel -myc/His fusion protein. As shown in Fig. 4A, HeLa cells efficiently presented the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope in a proteasome-dependent manner providing evidence that epitope generation was not dependent on a specific cell type. The in vitro experiments had indicated a driving role for the two different β 5 subunits in the generation of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope (see Fig. 1F,G). To study the role of the β 5-subunit isoforms in a cellular context, we monitored gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope presentation in HeLa 33/2 cells, which constitutively express i-proteasomes, using a siRNA approach. The siRNA-induced silencing of β 5i subunit expression resulted in its substitution by the standard β 5 subunit within the 20S proteasome complex (Fig. 4B). This subunit substitution led to a remarkable reduction of gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 presentation underlining the importance of the β 5i subunit for this splicing reaction (Fig. 4B). Corroborating this result, over-expression of the β 5i subunit in HeLa cells and concomitant formation of β 5i/ β 1/β 2 subunits containing intermediate type 20S proteasomes led to a strong increase in gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 presentation (Fig. 4C). Interestingly, the proteasome subunit composition found in Hela cells overexpressing β 5i subunit was similar to that observed in Mel63a cells suggesting that the intermediate type proteasomes carrying β 5i, β 2 and β 1 subunits are best equipped for the generation and presentation of this spliced epitope.
Because gp100 mel is a membrane protein we also asked whether generation of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope from gp100 mel protein resulted from the ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway (ERAD). To test this, expression of the ubiquitin-receptor subunit Rpn10 residing in the 19S complex and of the ERAD component p97/VCP were silenced by siRNA. As shown in (Fig. 4D) silencing of either Rpn10 or p97/ VCP expression significantly impaired the endogenous gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope presentation providing evidence that PCPS takes place as part of normal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation and can also involve the ERAD pathway.

PBMCs of melanoma patients harbor spliced epitope-specific T cells.
Because the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope had been identified using an open unbiased algorithm-aided reverse immunology approach, the possibility still remained that its identification and generation may have been the result of the experimental set ups. Hence, it was important to validate whether the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide was also generated in vivo and that melanoma patients possessed CD8 + T cells directed against this epitope.
For proof of principal, we therefore tested whether HLA-A*03:01 + melanoma patients possessed CD8 + T cells directed against the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide (Fig. 5A) and/or the HLA-A*03:01-restricted spliced peptide gp100 mel 195-202/192 [RSYVPLAH][R] (Fig. 5B), which was previously shown to trigger a T cell response in melanoma patients 18 . In total, PBMCs from 20 randomly chosen melanoma patients and 4 healthy controls were analyzed. Interestingly, 6/12 untreated patients and 2/8 vaccinated patients displayed T cells reactive against the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope (Fig. 5A). Only 1 out of 4 healthy controls had a measurable specific response toward the same spliced epitope (Fig. 5A), as further confirmed by FACS analysis (Fig. 5C). On the other hand, 5/6 untreated and 2/8 vaccinated melanoma patients contained T cells recognizing the gp100 mel 195-202/192 peptide (Fig. 5B). This data demonstrated that our algorithm-based reverse immunology approach is a potent strategy to identify new spliced epitopes. They also suggested that proteasome-catalyzed generation of spliced antigenic peptides is not an isolated singular event but is part of the physiological proteasome-dependent epitope generation process, which elicits specific CD8 + T cell responses in vivo in melanoma patients.

Spliced and non-spliced epitopes are presented at the cell surface in comparable amount.
Despite being an important issue in judging the immune relevance of spliced epitopes, there exists no study comparing the relative presentation efficacy of different spliced epitopes with each other or with non-spliced epitopes. The gp100 mel antigen seemed be ideally suited for such an analysis because the spliced peptides gp100 mel  Values are means and SD of 2 replicates in a representative assay of 2 independent experiments. Significant differences (between the samples with or without epoxomicin) in the means of replicates are marked by * (student t-test; E:T ratio: 1:1, p = 0.002; 2:1, p = 0.001; 4:1, p < 0.001; 8:1, p < 0.001). (B) HeLa 33/2 cells were exposed to β 5i subunit or control siRNAs (30 nM for 24 hrs) and subsequently transfected with gp100 mel . Cell extracts were analyzed by western blotting (representative of 4 independent experiments). β 5i subunit-depleted HeLa 33/2 cells were subjected to a 16 hr CTL assay. Values are means and SD of 2 replicates in a representative assay of 4 independent experiments. Significant differences in the means of replicates are marked by * (student t-test; p = 0.047). (C) HeLa cells were transfected with plasmids encoding HLA-A*03:01, gp100 mel full-length protein, β 5i subunit or the empty vector. The HeLa cell ability to process the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 was assessed by CTL assay. Values are means and SD of 2 replicates in a representative assay of 4 independent experiments. Significant difference in the means of replicates is marked by * (student t-test; p = 0.001). (D) HeLa cells were exposed to 30 nM siRNA specific for the 19S Rpn10 subunit or p97/VCP (or control siRNA) prior to transfection with the HLA-A*03:01 and the full-length gp100 mel protein plasmids and pulsed or not pulsed with the synthetic peptide gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 (30 μM). Values are means and SD of 2 replicates in a representative assay of 3 independent experiments. Significant differences in the means of replicates are marked by * (student t-test) for Rpn10 siRNA (E:T ratio: 1:1, p = 0.038; 2:1, p = 0.029; 4:1, p = 0.047; 8:1, p = 0.002) and for p97/VCP siRNA (E:T ratio: 1:1, p = 0.016; 2:1, p = 0.020; 4:1, p = 0.024; 8:1, p = 0.001). The knock-down efficiencies were monitored by determining the steady-state level of Rpn10 or p97/VCP proteins by western blotting.
Scientific RepoRts | 6:24032 | DOI: 10.1038/srep24032 Therefore we first performed titration experiments with HeLa cells expressing the target HLA-A molecules, pulsed with the antigenic peptides and co-cultivated them with the respective peptide-specific CD8 + T-cell clones (Fig. 6A-E upper panels). By measuring the resulting IFN-γ release, informative titration curves where obtained for all antigenic peptides (Fig. 6B-E) but the non-spliced gp100 mel 209-217 epitope (data not shown). Because gp100 mel 209-217 is known be a poor HLA-A*02:01 binder, we consequently performed the titration experiments with the previously described M210 gp100 mel 209-217 peptide, in which the anchor residue T 210 of gp100 mel was exchanged with a Methionine for better HLA-A *02:01 binding. T cell assays were performed with transduced CD8 + T cells expressing the corresponding TCR. In this case satisfactory titration curves were obtained (Fig. 6A). We next transfected HeLa HLA-A*03:01+ cells with plasmids encoding the M210 gp100 mel variant, or the NY-ESO-1 proteins together with the three HLA-A*32:01, -A*02:01 and -A*03:01molecules. The transfected cells were then tested for their ability to activate CD8 + T-cells specific for each of the peptides as outlined above (Fig. 6A-E lower  panels).
We considered the measured IFN-γ release obtained with an 4:1 E:T ratio and determined the corresponding peptide concentrations on the basis of the titration experiments. We chose the 4:1 E:T ratio to obtain IFN-γ release values in the log-phase of the titration curves. By applying this method we obtained a semi-quantitative comparison of the amount of non-spliced vs spliced epitopes generated by proteasomes of HeLa cells and presented by MHC class I molecules and. As shown in Fig. 6F the amounts of the spliced gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 epitope and of the non-spliced epitope M210 gp100 mel 209-217 were comparable and the amounts of the spliced gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 epitope exceeded those of all other epitopes analyzed. In contrast, cell surface expression of the new spliced gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope was significantly lower, which is in agreement with our observation that s-proteasomes produce only relatively low amounts of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope. Interestingly, also the expression of the non-spliced NY-ESO-1 157-165 epitope was lower than that of the gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 and T210M gp100 mel 209-217 epitopes and comparable with the spliced gp100 mel 195-202/192 epitope, requiring C-terminal trimming. As a control, we compared the CD8 + T-cell response towards gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 and gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitopes in HeLa cells expressing the wild-type gp100 mel and the mutated T210M gp100 mel proteins in two independent experiments. No difference emerged confirming that the use of the T210M gp100 mel variant did not affect the generation of the distant spliced epitopes (Fig. S5).
In summary, these experiments demonstrate that generation and presentation of spliced epitopes occurs with efficacies similar to what is observed for canonical non-spliced epitopes and do not represent exceptions with respect to their immune relevance.

Discussion
Generation of spliced epitopes is an additional proteasome-dependent activity, contributing to the pool of MHC-class I presented antigenic peptides. A number of features of the proteasome-dependent splicing events By titrations (upper panels in A-E) we calculated the amount of synthetic peptide pulsed on to HeLa cells, which triggered the release of IFN-γ amount corresponding to the IFN-γ released by the specific CD8 + T cell clones exposed to HLA-A*03:01/-A*02:01/-A*32:01 + HeLa cells transfected with the target antigen and cultivated in an E:T ratio = 4:1 (see lower panels in A-E). Values are the means and bars the SEM of independent experiments (n = 2-7; each experiment with three independent replicates). Significant differences in the means are marked and the corresponding by p values are reported (we applied the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison). The IFN-γ -release in the medium was measured by ELISA after 16 hrs co-culture.
indicate that peptide splicing is not an accidental side reaction of proteasome activity but rather an authentic post-translational modification. One important aspect of PCPS is the fidelity of the process because to trigger a CD8 + T cell response a spliced peptide must be repeatedly generated from a given substrate protein. Thus, for a functional purpose of the resulting splicing products PCPS must be a finely tuned event 27 . However, a proteasome-catalyzed splicing event is difficult to detect because it requires the complementary information on gene sequence and processing events. Because of that, spliced epitopes have so far escaped wide spread identification using available databases in combination with mass spectrometric analyses. We here applied an algorithm aided reverse immunology approach, which a priori does not rely on available patient-derived CD8 + T cells and therefore greatly facilitates the identification of new spliced epitopes.
As part of our analyses the spliced gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide was identified as a new HLA-A*03:01-restricted tumor epitope expressed on patient-derived gp100 mel+ melanoma cells. Interestingly, the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide was generated in vitro from the same gp100 mel 40-52 13-mer polypeptide substrate as the previously reported spliced gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 epitope 12 but with the same peptide fragments being arranged in reverse order. This disclosed that in addition to the well-established transpeptidation reaction 11,12,14 PCPS could also involve condensation reactions that in vitro are independent of prior proteasomal peptide-bond hydrolysis. Production of the spliced antigenic peptide in a condensation reaction could also be observed in cellulo when the 13-mer gp100 mel 40-52 polypeptide substrate was expressed in HeLa cells as part of an ubiquitin fusion protein. Condensation reactions performed by proteinases have only been reported to occur in vitro under defined diffusion-limiting conditions. The gated barrel-shaped catalytic cavity of the 20S proteasome hindering rapid diffusion of the generated peptide as well as the catalytic activity of Thr1 via the formation of an ester-bond intermediate may however explain why proteasomes are able to perform condensation reactions also in a cellular environment with relative efficacy. In fact, in case the peptide ligands are held in the right orientation in close proximity, this does not even require catalysis. It is however not possible to determine the extent to which condensations reactions participate in cellulo to the overall production of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide from the full-length gp100 mel protein. Theoretically, only relatively few MHC-class I-peptide complexes have to be exposed at the cell surface to trigger an immune response 28 and T cells directed against spliced epitopes have been identified among a subset of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes 10 . Nevertheless, the notion that spliced epitopes represented a curiosity still prevailed and doubts remained whether PCPS was a sufficiently frequent event to play any significant role in MHC class I-restricted immune responses. Importantly, PCPS does not randomly produce an unlimited number of all theoretically possible spliced peptides 14,23 . Rather, PCPS seemed to be restricted by certain sequence characteristics of the substrate protein, guaranteeing a high reproducibility in the generation of spliced epitopes 14 . But similar to the well-characterized proteasome-generated non-spliced epitopes for which reliable rules are still missing, general sequence rules governing spliced epitope generation are so far unresolved.
An important issue with respect to their immune relevance and a still unresolved question was whether spliced epitope presentation is at all comparable with that of non-spliced conventional tumor epitopes. Therefore, in a semi-quantitative analysis we also compared for the first time the relative efficacy of endogenous presentation of three different gp100 mel derived spliced epitopes with that of two non-spliced tumor epitopes. Relative cell surface presentation efficacy of the three gp100 mel derived spliced epitopes analyzed here differed considerably among each other. In particular, cell surface expression of the spliced gp100 mel 40-42/47-52 epitope was significantly superior to the presentation of the newly identified gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope, which is composed of the same splice-reactants but in reverse order. This difference may be explained in that the reverse order peptide-ligation by either transpeptidation or condensation is less efficient and/or that the generation of the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope is not favored by s-proteasomes. Importantly, our data show for the first time that the overall relative cell surface expression levels of the spliced epitopes is comparable to that of the non-spliced gp100 mel 209-217 and NY-ESO-1 157-165 epitopes. This suggests that with regard to their relative presentation efficacy proteasome-generated spliced epitopes exert features almost identical to those known for non-spliced epitopes and do not greatly differ from what is known for canonical epitopes.
Considering that the spliced gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 epitope was identified in an unbiased reverse immunology approach and the fact that the PBMCs from approximately 50% of randomly chosen untreated melanoma patients contained CD8 + T cells that were stimulated by the gp100 mel 47-52/40-42 peptide suggested that generation of spliced epitopes is indeed a rather frequent event. Corroborating this result, five out of six untreated patient samples turned out to contain memory CD8 + T cells responsive to the spliced HLA-A*03:01-restricted epitope gp100 mel 195-202/191 [RSYVPLAH][R] that had initially been identified through the analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes 18 . That a fewer number of samples obtained from melanoma patients having undergone vaccination with dendritic cells were responsive to the spliced antigenic peptides might be owed to the fact that they contained a relatively larger percentage of T cells directed against the non-spliced peptides, which were used for vaccination. Although our assay conditions are not designed to prime naïve T-cells in that dendritic cells were in low number and not activated, we can not completely exclude that the immune response towards the spliced epitopes may in part be due to priming and the activation of naïve CD8 + T cells during the in vitro assays Supporting the conclusion that generation of MHC-class I ligands by PCPS was not a rare event, we also identified, by applying our SpliceMet-supported reverse immunology approach, a significant number of potential spliced epitopes derived from human gp100 mel or Listeria monocytogenes LLO antigens and with high HLA-A and/or -B binding affinity, which warrant further immunological characterization (Table 1).
Our data also demonstrated that PCPS is intrinsically linked to ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal protein turnover and proteasomal hydrolysis events and that it was not a rare side reaction. Since peptide exhibiting features suitable for binding to MHC class I molecules seem to occur in among spliced peptides with a certain preference 14 , the relative probabilities for generation of a spliced epitope or a non-spliced epitope from a given substrate are most likely not very different. Therefore, the pool of spliced antigenic peptides available for selection by the antigen presentation machinery may be significantly larger than previously estimated. In fact, as shown here for the gp100 mel protein PCPS also seems to enlarge the HLA haplotype-restriction of antigenic peptides that can be produced from a single substrate protein thereby broadening the cellular immune response.

Materials and Methods
A detailed Material and Method section is disclosed in the Supplementary information.
Peptide synthesis and quantification. The 23 . LC-MS analyses were performed as previously described 14 . Database searching was performed using the SpliceMet's ProteaJ algorithm 23 . Quantification of proteasome-generated non-spliced and spliced peptides (Fig. 1, Fig. S2) was carried out by applying the QME method to LC-MS analyses as described elsewhere 14 (Fig. 1F,G), the heavy peptides QLYPE +6 WRTK and RTK +6 QLYPEW were used as internal standards. The limit of quantification was set to 10 fmol upon preliminary experiments with synthetic peptide titration In vitro processing of synthetic peptides. The synthetic peptide gp100 mel 40-52 (40 μM) was digested by 3 μg 20S proteasomes in 100 μl TEAD buffer over time at 37 °C. In the in vitro hydrolysis-independent proteasome-mediated experiments (Fig. 1F,G) 5 μg 20S proteasomes were incubated in 100 μl TEAD buffer in presence of 100 μM peptides for 20 hours. For the experiments with the inhibitor PR-893, PR-924 (Onyx Pharmaceuticals, US), YU-102 and LU-102 25 the specific binding to the proteasome subunits was monitored.
20S proteasome purification. 20S proteasomes were purified from LCLs and T2 cell line as previously described 29 . 20S proteasome purified from human erythrocytes and spleen were purchased from BioMol.