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  • Perspective
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The X-Age Project to construct a Chinese aging clock

Nature Aging volume 5, pages 1669–1685 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

The global surge in the population of people 60 years and older, including that in China, challenges healthcare systems with rising age‐related diseases. To address this demographic change, the Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC) has launched the X-Age Project to develop a comprehensive aging evaluation system tailored to the Chinese population. Our goal is to identify robust biomarkers and construct composite aging clocks that capture biological age, defined as an individual’s physiological and molecular state, across diverse Chinese cohorts. This Perspective outlines the core objectives, methodological framework and key deliverables of the X-Age Project, including cohort recruitment, standardized sample collection, multimodal data acquisition and clock model development. By integrating interdisciplinary expertise, we aim to provide a practical and scalable platform for understanding aging complexity and heterogeneity, early detection of accelerated aging and evaluation of aging interventions.

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Fig. 1: Overview of the X-Age Project.
Fig. 2: Basic Guidance Framework of the X-Age Project.
Fig. 3: Multilevel framework for biological aging assessment.
Fig. 4: Four pillars for building the X-Age Project.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge all members of the ABC for their invaluable support, input and suggestions that helped to shape this Perspective and discussions on X-Age Project planning. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82488301, 82125011) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1103700).

Author information

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Jiaming Li, Mengmeng Jiang, Qiaoran Wang, Zikai Zheng, Jianghua Shen, Jingyi Li, Muzhao Xiong, Yandong Zheng, Xiaoyong Lu.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing, China

    Jiaming Li, Mengmeng Jiang, Qiaoran Wang, Zikai Zheng, Jianghua Shen, Jingyi Li, Muzhao Xiong, Yandong Zheng, Xiaoyong Lu, Yusheng Cai, Yanling Fan, Lingling Geng, Qianzhao Ji, Qianqian Peng, Shuhui Sun, Yuanyuan Wang, Zijuan Xin, Kaowen Yan, Yuanhan Yang, Jun Yu, Haoteng Yan, Ding Ai, Yongping Bai, Yan Bi, Xiu-Wu Bian, Pengcheng Bu, Jian-Ping Cai, Chun-Mei Cao, Feng Cao, Zhongwei Cao, Renjie Chai, Piu Chan, Chang Chen, Cheng-Shui Chen, Chunying Chen, Di Chen, Hou-Zao Chen, Lin Chen, Quan Chen, Xiao Chen, Xiaochun Chen, Yu Chen, Zi-Jiang Chen, Weimin Ci, Zhe Dai, Qiurong Ding, Birong Dong, Jiahong Dong, Jian-Gao Fan, Shiqing Feng, Xin Feng, Yun Feng, Xiaobing Fu, Xiaolong Fu, Feng Gao, Jiangang Gao, Qiang Gao, Shaorong Gao, Yonghao Gu, Youfei Guan, Feifan Guo, Jing-Dong J. Han, Haiping Hao, Jihui Hao, Fuchu He, Jinhan He, Ming He, Mingguang He, Qiyang He, Zhiying He, Zuhong He, Huashan Hong, Jiaxu Hong, Shengping Hou, Cheng Hu, Ping Hu, Zhibin Hu, Canhua Huang, Jun Huang, Kai Huang, Pengyu Huang, Xunming Ji, Yong Ji, Shunji Jia, Hong Jiang, Wenjian Jiang, Lingjing Jin, Zi-Bing Jin, Shenghong Ju, Zhenyu Ju, Qing-Peng Kong, Wei Kong, Wei-Jia Kong, Xiangqing Kong, Guanghua Lei, Geng-Lin Li, Ji Li, Jian Li, Mengfeng Li, Rong Li, Wei Li, Wei Li, Xiao-Jun Li, Xin Li, Qingfeng Liang, Zhen Liang, Haotian Lin, Baohua Liu, Cai-Yue Liu, Changsheng Liu, Feng Liu, Jianfeng Liu, Jun-Ping Liu, Ke Liu, Lin Liu, Pingsheng Liu, Qiang Liu, Qiang Liu, Tiemin Liu, Wenwen Liu, Xingguo Liu, Yajun Liu, Yong Liu, Youhua Liu, Youshuo Liu, Zhili Liu, Xiao Long, Yao Lu, Jian Luo, Xianghang Luo, Chunhong Ma, Shuai Ma, Xinran Ma, Jianhua Mao, Zhiyong Mao, Shyh-Chang Ng, Guangjun Nie, Yuyu Niu, Yaojin Peng, Jun Pu, Jieyu Qi, Li Qiang, Jie Qiao, Yingying Qin, Aijuan Qu, Jing Qu, Jie Ren, Ruibao Ren, Xiong Z. Ruan, Anbing Shi, Haibo Shi, Jie Shi, Kwok-Fai So, Moshi Song, Weihong Song, Zhou Songyang, Jiacan Su, Aijun Sun, Liang Sun, Qiang Sun, Yi Eve Sun, Yu Sun, Peifu Tang, Qi-Qun Tang, Yi Tang, Jun Tao, Ling Tao, Mei Tian, Xiao-Li Tian, Ye Tian, Xiaolin Tong, Cong-Yi Wang, Haibo Wang, Hongmei Wang, Huating Wang, Jianan Wang, Jianwei Wang, Jianwei Wang, Jiqiu Wang, Liheng Wang, Lin Wang, Miao Wang, Qiang Wang, Si Wang, Sijia Wang, Songlin Wang, Wengong Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Yan Wang, Yan-Jiang Wang, Yuan Wang, Yunfang Wang, Zhenning Wang, Xiawei Wei, Jianping Weng, Haitao Wu, Jihong Wu, Xiaohuan Xia, Yang Xia, Andy Peng Xiang, Guozhi Xiao, Junjie Xiao, Yichuan Xiao, Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao, Zhengwei Xie, Wei Xiong, Aimin Xu, Hua Xu, Lingyan Xu, Ming Xu, Liying Yan, Jiayin Yang, Jichun Yang, Liu Yang, Yun-Gui Yang, Ze Yang, Zhenglin Yang, Hongjie Yao, Jing Ye, Chengqi Yi, Fan Yi, Honghua Yu, Yang Yu, Zhengrong Yu, Ti-Fei Yuan, Jirong Yue, Rui Yue, Chen Zhang, Chunxiang Zhang, Cuntai Zhang, Feng Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Hongjia Zhang, Huijie Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Licheng Zhang, Lingqiang Zhang, Luoying Zhang, Qingjiong Zhang, Wei Zhang, Weiping J. Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Yong Zhang, Yun-Wu Zhang, Zhanjun Zhang, Zhuohua Zhang, Bing Zhao, Guoguang Zhao, Jiajun Zhao, Meng Zhao, Tongbiao Zhao, Jialin C. Zheng, Junke Zheng, Zhuozhao Zheng, Huixia Zhou, Lili Zhou, Xiangtian Zhou, Yongsheng Zhou, Zhongjun Zhou, Lan Zhu, Yizhun Zhu, Zhiming Zhu, Wenjuan Zhuang, Weiguo Zou, Weiqi Zhang, Gang Pei & Guang-Hui Liu

  2. China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jiaming Li, Qiaoran Wang, Zikai Zheng, Muzhao Xiong, Xiaoyong Lu, Yanling Fan, Jie Ren, Yun-Gui Yang & Weiqi Zhang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Mengmeng Jiang, Jianghua Shen, Jingyi Li, Yusheng Cai, Zijuan Xin, Kaowen Yan, Yuanhan Yang, Wei Li, Shuai Ma, Shyh-Chang Ng, Yaojin Peng, Moshi Song, Hongmei Wang, Tongbiao Zhao & Guang-Hui Liu

  4. Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Yandong Zheng, Lingling Geng, Haoteng Yan & Si Wang

  5. Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China

    Qianzhao Ji

  6. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Qianqian Peng & Sijia Wang

  7. Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China

    Shuhui Sun

  8. State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

    Yuanyuan Wang, Rong Li, Jie Qiao & Liying Yan

  9. Pancreas Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, Tianjinʼs Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China

    Jun Yu & Jihui Hao

  10. State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

    Ding Ai

  11. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Coronary Circulation Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Yongping Bai

  12. Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Yan Bi

  13. Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China

    Xiu-Wu Bian

  14. Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Pengcheng Bu

  15. The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China

    Jian-Ping Cai, Jian Li, Liang Sun & Ze Yang

  16. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Chun-Mei Cao

  17. National Research Center for Geriatic Diseases and Institute of Geriatic Medicine, 2nd Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Feng Cao

  18. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Zhongwei Cao

  19. State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

    Renjie Chai

  20. Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Piu Chan

  21. National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Chang Chen

  22. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou Peopleʼs Hospital, Quzhou, China

    Cheng-Shui Chen & Feng Zhang

  23. New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China

    Chunying Chen

  24. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Di Chen

  25. State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Hou-Zao Chen

  26. Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Lin Chen

  27. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Quan Chen

  28. Department of Orthopedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Xiao Chen & Jiacan Su

  29. Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

    Xiaochun Chen

  30. The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China

    Yu Chen

  31. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Shandong, China

    Zi-Jiang Chen

  32. Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Weimin Ci

  33. Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Zhe Dai

  34. CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Qiurong Ding

  35. West China Hospital of Sichuan University, the Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Chengdu, China

    Birong Dong

  36. Hepato–Pancreato–Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Jiahong Dong & Yunfang Wang

  37. Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jian-Gao Fan

  38. Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Shiqing Feng

  39. CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xin Feng

  40. Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China

    Yun Feng

  41. Tissue Repair and Regeneration Research Center, Medical Innovation Department, PLA General Hospital and Medical College, Beijing, China

    Xiaobing Fu

  42. Shandong Provincial Hospital, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China

    Xiaolong Fu

  43. Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xiʼan, China

    Feng Gao

  44. School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Jiangang Gao

  45. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Qiang Gao

  46. Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Shaorong Gao

  47. Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Yonghao Gu

  48. Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

    Youfei Guan

  49. Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disorders, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Feifan Guo

  50. Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Jing-Dong J. Han

  51. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

    Haiping Hao

  52. State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China

    Fuchu He

  53. The π-HuB Consortium, Beijing, China

    Fuchu He & Lingqiang Zhang

  54. Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Jinhan He

  55. Institute for Translational Medicine on Cell Fate and Disease, Shanghai Ninth Peopleʼs Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Orthopedic, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Ming He

  56. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

    Mingguang He

  57. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Qiyang He

  58. Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Zhiying He

  59. Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Zuhong He

  60. Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, China

    Huashan Hong

  61. Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Key Lab of Rare Disease Gene Editing and Cell Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Jiaxu Hong

  62. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Shengping Hou, Zi-Bing Jin & Qingfeng Liang

  63. Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Sixth Peopleʼs Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Cheng Hu

  64. Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China

    Ping Hu

  65. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    Zhibin Hu

  66. Department of Biotherapy, Oxidative Stress Research Center, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Canhua Huang

  67. Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

    Jun Huang

  68. Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Kai Huang

  69. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Engineering Research Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Technology and Device (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China

    Pengyu Huang

  70. Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Xunming Ji

  71. State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

    Yong Ji

  72. Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Shunji Jia & Ye Tian

  73. University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China

    Hong Jiang

  74. Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Wenjian Jiang & Hongjia Zhang

  75. Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Lingjing Jin

  76. Nurturing Center of Jiangsu Province for State Laboratory of AI Imaging and Interventional Radiology (Southeast University), Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China

    Shenghong Ju

  77. Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

    Zhenyu Ju

  78. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

    Qing-Peng Kong

  79. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Wei Kong

  80. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Wei-Jia Kong

  81. Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

    Xiangqing Kong

  82. Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Guanghua Lei

  83. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Geng-Lin Li

  84. Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Ji Li

  85. Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Mengfeng Li

  86. Guangzhou Women and Childrenʼs Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Wei Li

  87. Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xiʼan Jiaotong University, Xiʼan, China

    Xiao-Jun Li

  88. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xin Li

  89. Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

    Zhen Liang

  90. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China

    Haotian Lin

  91. Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

    Baohua Liu

  92. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth Peopleʼs Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Cai-Yue Liu

  93. Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

    Changsheng Liu

  94. Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

    Feng Liu

  95. College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Jianfeng Liu

  96. Institute of Ageing Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China

    Jun-Ping Liu

  97. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Ke Liu

  98. College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Lin Liu

  99. Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Pingsheng Liu

  100. Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China

    Qiang Liu

  101. Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Qiang Liu & Wei Xiong

  102. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Tiemin Liu

  103. Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Wenwen Liu & Haibo Wang

  104. Institute of Development and Regeneration, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH–CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH–HKU Guangdong–Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, China–New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China

    Xingguo Liu

  105. Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, National Centre for Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Yajun Liu

  106. Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Yong Liu

  107. State Key Laboratory of Multi-organ Injury Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Youhua Liu

  108. Department of Geriatrics, the Second Xiangya Hospital and the Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Youshuo Liu

  109. Department of Geriatrics, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

    Zhili Liu

  110. Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China

    Xiao Long

  111. Clinical Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Yao Lu

  112. Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jian Luo

  113. Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

    Xianghang Luo

  114. Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China

    Chunhong Ma

  115. Institute for Aging, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China

    Xinran Ma

  116. Department of Nephrology, Children Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China

    Jianhua Mao

  117. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Zhiyong Mao

  118. CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China

    Guangjun Nie

  119. State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China

    Yuyu Niu

  120. Division of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Jun Pu

  121. Department of Radiology, Zhuhai Peopleʼs Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Institute of Technology, Advanced Technology Research Institute, School of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hearing and Balance Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

    Jieyu Qi

  122. Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Li Qiang

  123. State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Yingying Qin

  124. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Aijuan Qu

  125. Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jing Qu

  126. International Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China

    Ruibao Ren

  127. Centre for Lipid Research and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metabolism on Lipid and Glucose, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Xiong Z. Ruan

  128. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Anbing Shi

  129. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth Peopleʼs Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Haibo Shi

  130. National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Jie Shi

  131. Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

    Kwok-Fai So

  132. Center for Geriatric Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital and Oujiang Laboratory, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

    Weihong Song

  133. MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Zhou Songyang

  134. Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China

    Aijun Sun

  135. Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China

    Qiang Sun

  136. Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Yi Eve Sun

  137. Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Yu Sun

  138. Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital and National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China

    Peifu Tang & Licheng Zhang

  139. Key Lab of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (MOE), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Qi-Qun Tang

  140. Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China

    Yi Tang

  141. Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Jun Tao

  142. Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiʼan, China

    Ling Tao

  143. Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Mei Tian

  144. Human Aging Research Institute and School of Life Science, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Aging and Disease, Nanchang, China

    Xiao-Li Tian

  145. Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guangʼanmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xiaolin Tong

  146. Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shanxi Province, Shanxi, China

    Cong-Yi Wang

  147. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, InnoHK Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Huating Wang

  148. Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

    Jianan Wang

  149. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Jianwei Wang

  150. State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China

    Jianwei Wang

  151. Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jiqiu Wang

  152. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Liheng Wang

  153. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xiʼan, China

    Lin Wang

  154. State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Miao Wang

  155. Innovation Centre of the Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

    Qiang Wang

  156. Laboratory of Oral Homeostatic Medicine School of Medicine and SHMl, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Songlin Wang

  157. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

    Wengong Wang

  158. Airforce Military Medical University, Xiʼan, China

    Xiaoming Wang

  159. School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Xiaoning Wang

  160. State Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation in Complex Organisms, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Yan Wang

  161. Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Yan-Jiang Wang

  162. Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Yuan Wang

  163. Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China

    Zhenning Wang

  164. Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Xiawei Wei

  165. Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

    Jianping Weng

  166. Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Haitao Wu

  167. Department of Opthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Jihong Wu

  168. Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Xiaohuan Xia

  169. National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Yang Xia

  170. Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Andy Peng Xiang

  171. Department of Biochemistry, Homeostatic Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Guozhi Xiao

  172. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

    Junjie Xiao

  173. CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Yichuan Xiao

  174. Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao

  175. Peking University International Cancer Institute, PKU Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Zhengwei Xie

  176. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Aimin Xu

  177. Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Hua Xu

  178. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China

    Lingyan Xu

  179. Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Ming Xu

  180. Liver Transplant Center, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Jiayin Yang

  181. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

    Jichun Yang

  182. Department of Orthopaedics Institute, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xiʼan, China

    Liu Yang

  183. The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, the Department of Medical Genetics, the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial Peopleʼs Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

    Zhenglin Yang

  184. Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China

    Hongjie Yao

  185. International Laboratory in Hematology, Cancer, Aging and Hematology, Pôle Sino-Français de Recherches en Sciences du Vivant et Génomique, Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jing Ye

  186. State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Chengqi Yi

  187. Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Fan Yi

  188. Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Peopleʼs Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Honghua Yu

  189. Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

    Yang Yu

  190. Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China

    Zhengrong Yu

  191. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and School of Psychology, Shanghai, China

    Ti-Fei Yuan

  192. Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Jirong Yue

  193. State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Rui Yue

  194. College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China

    Chen Zhang

  195. Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China

    Chunxiang Zhang

  196. Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Cuntai Zhang

  197. The Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Hongbo Zhang

  198. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Huijie Zhang

  199. Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Jie Zhang

  200. National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China

    Jingjing Zhang

  201. State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China

    Lingqiang Zhang

  202. Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Luoying Zhang

  203. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Qingjiong Zhang

  204. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

    Wei Zhang

  205. National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

    Weiping J. Zhang

  206. Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China

    Xin Zhang

  207. Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Centre, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xuan Zhang

  208. State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Yong Zhang

  209. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Yun-Wu Zhang

  210. State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Zhanjun Zhang

  211. Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Zhuohua Zhang

  212. School of Basic Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

    Bing Zhao

  213. Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Guoguang Zhao

  214. Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China

    Jiajun Zhao

  215. Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Meng Zhao

  216. Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jialin C. Zheng

  217. Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Junke Zheng

  218. Department of Radiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Zhuozhao Zheng

  219. Department of Pediatric Urology, the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Huixia Zhou

  220. National Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Multi-organ Injury, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Lili Zhou

  221. State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth Peopleʼs Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Xiangtian Zhou

  222. Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China

    Yongsheng Zhou

  223. School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Zhongjun Zhou

  224. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Lan Zhu

  225. School of Pharmacy and R&D Centre for Drug Discovery from Natural Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China

    Yizhun Zhu

  226. Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China

    Zhiming Zhu

  227. Ningxia Eye Hospital, Peopleʼs Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China

    Wenjuan Zhuang

  228. Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Weiguo Zou

  229. The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

    Gang Pei

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Contributions

G.-H.L., G.P., Weiqi Zhang, D.A., Y. Bai, Y. Bi, X.-W.B., P.B., J.-P.C., C.-M.C., F.C., Z.C., R.C., P.C., Chang Chen, C.-S.C., Chunying Chen, D.C., H.-Z.C., L.C., Q.C., Xiao Chen, Xiaochun Chen, Y. Chen, Z.-J.C., W.C., Z.D., Q.D., B.D., J.D., J.-G.F., S.F., X. Feng, Y. Feng, Xiaobing Fu, Xiaolong Fu, F. Gao, J.G., Q.G., S.G., Y. Gu, Y. Guan, F. Guo, J.-D.J.H., H.H., J. Hao, F.H., J. He, Ming He, Mingguang He, Q.H., Zhiying He, Zuhong He, H. Hong, J. Hong, S.H., C. Hu, P. Hu, Z. Hu, C. Huang, J. Huang, K.H., P. Huang, X.J., Y.J., S. Jia, H.J., W.J., L.J., Z.-B.J., S. Ju, Z.J., Q.-P.K., W.K., W.-J.K., X.K., G.L., G.-L.L., Ji Li, Jian Li, M.L., R.L., Wei Li (Guangzhou Medical University), Wei Li (Institute of Zoology, CAS), X.-J.L., X.L., Q. Liang, Z.L., H.L., B.L., C.-Y.L., C.L., F.L., J. Liu, J.-P.L., K.L., L.L., P.L., Qiang Liu (Tianjin Medical University General Hospital), Qiang Liu (University of Science and Technology of China), T.L., W. Liu, X. Liu., Yajun Liu, Young Liu., Youhua Liu, Youshuo Liu, Z. Liu, X. Long, Y. Lu, J. Luo, X. Luo, C.M., S.M., X.M., J.M., Z.M., S.-C.N., G.N., Y.N., Y.P., J.P., J. Qi, L.Q., J. Qiao, Y.Q., A.Q., J. Qu, J.R., R.R., X.Z.R., A. Shi, H.S., J. Shi, K.-F.S., M.S., W.S., Z.S., J. Su, A. Sun, L.S., Q.S., Y.E.S., Y.S., P.T., Q.-Q.T., Y. Tang, J.T., L.T., M.T., X.-L.T., Y. Tian, X.T., C.Y.W., Haibo Wang, Hongmei Wang, Huating Wang, Jianwei Wang (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College), Jianwei Wang (Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem), Jiqiu Wang, Liheng Wang, Lin Wang, M.W., Q.W., Si Wang, Sijia Wang, Songlin Wang, W.W., Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Yan Wang, Y.-J.W., Yuan Wang, Yunfang Wang, Z.W., X.W., J. Weng, H. Wu, J. Wu, X.X., Y. Xia, A.X., G.X., J.X., Y. Xiao, Z.-X.J.X., Z. Xie, W.X., A.X., H.X., L.X., M. Xu, L. Yan, Jiayin Yang, Jichun Yang, L. Yang, Y.-G.Y., Ze Yang, Zhenglin Yang, H. Yao, J. Ye, C.Y., F.Y., H. Yu, Y. Yu, Z. Yu, T.-F.Y., J. Yue, R.Y., Chen Zhang, Chunxiang Zhang, Cuntai Zhang, F.Z., Hongbo Zhang, Hongjia Zhang, Huijie Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Licheng Zhang, Lingqiang Zhang, Luoying Zhang, Q.Z., Wei Zhang, W. J. Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y.-W.Z., Zhanjun Zhang, Zhuohua Zhang, B.Z., G.Z., J. Zhao, M.Z., T.Z., J. Zheng, Zhuozhao Zheng, H. Zhou, L. Zhou, X. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Z. Zhou, L. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhu, W. Zhuang. and W. Zou contributed intellectual insights and strategic recommendations to the conceptualization and design of this project. Jiaming Li, M.J., Qiaoran Wang, Zikai Zheng, J. Shen, Jingyi Li, M. Xiong, Y. Zheng and X. Lu drafted the initial manuscript. G.-H.L., G.P., Weiqi Zhang, M.S., J.R., Si Wang, S.M., Jiaming Li, M.J., Qiaoran Wang, Zikai Zheng, J. Shen, Jingyi Li, M. Xiong, Y. Zheng and X. Lu provided critical revisions to the manuscript. Y. Cai, Y. Fan, L.G., Q.J., Q.P., S.S., Yuanyuan Wang, Z. Xin, K.Y., Y. Yang, J. Yu and H. Yan contributed to the revisions. All authors participated in reviewing and editing the final version.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ding Ai, Yongping Bai, Yan Bi, Xiu-Wu Bian, Pengcheng Bu, Jian-Ping Cai, Chun-Mei Cao, Feng Cao, Zhongwei Cao, Renjie Chai, Piu Chan, Chang Chen, Cheng-Shui Chen, Chunying Chen, Di Chen, Hou-Zao Chen, Lin Chen, Quan Chen, Xiao Chen, Xiaochun Chen, Yu Chen, Zi-Jiang Chen, Weimin Ci, Zhe Dai, Qiurong Ding, Birong Dong, Jiahong Dong, Jian-Gao Fan, Shiqing Feng, Xin Feng, Yun Feng, Xiaobing Fu, Xiaolong Fu, Feng Gao, Jiangang Gao, Qiang Gao, Shaorong Gao, Yonghao Gu, Youfei Guan, Feifan Guo, Jing-Dong J. Han, Haiping Hao, Jihui Hao, Fuchu He, Jinhan He, Ming He, Mingguang He, Qiyang He, Zhiying He, Zuhong He, Huashan Hong, Jiaxu Hong, Shengping Hou, Cheng Hu, Ping Hu, Zhibin Hu, Canhua Huang, Jun Huang, Kai Huang, Pengyu Huang, Xunming Ji, Yong Ji, Shunji Jia, Hong Jiang, Wenjian Jiang, Lingjing Jin, Zi-Bing Jin, Shenghong Ju, Zhenyu Ju, Qing-Peng Kong, Wei Kong, Wei-Jia Kong, Xiangqing Kong, Guanghua Lei, Geng-Lin Li, Ji Li, Jian Li, Mengfeng Li, Rong Li, Wei Li, Wei Li, Xiao-Jun Li, Xin Li, Qingfeng Liang, Zhen Liang, Haotian Lin, Baohua Liu, Cai-Yue Liu, Changsheng Liu, Feng Liu, Jianfeng Liu, Jun-Ping Liu, Ke Liu, Lin Liu, Pingsheng Liu, Qiang Liu, Qiang Liu, Tiemin Liu, Wenwen Liu, Xingguo Liu, Yajun Liu, Yong Liu, Youhua Liu, Youshuo Liu, Zhili Liu, Xiao Long, Yao Lu, Jian Luo, Xianghang Luo, Chunhong Ma, Shuai Ma, Xinran Ma, Jianhua Mao, Zhiyong Mao, Shyh-Chang Ng, Guangjun Nie, Yuyu Niu, Yaojin Peng, Jun Pu, Jieyu Qi, Li Qiang, Jie Qiao, Yingying Qin, Aijuan Qu, Jing Qu, Jie Ren, Ruibao Ren, Xiong Z. Ruan, Anbing Shi, Haibo Shi, Jie Shi, Kwok-Fai So, Moshi Song, Weihong Song, Zhou Songyang, Jiacan Su, Aijun Sun, Liang Sun, Qiang Sun, Yi Eve Sun, Yu Sun, Peifu Tang, Qi-Qun Tang, Yi Tang, Jun Tao, Ling Tao, Mei Tian, Xiao-Li Tian, Ye Tian, Xiaolin Tong, Cong-Yi Wang, Haibo Wang, Hongmei Wang, Huating Wang, Jianan Wang, Jianwei Wang, Jianwei Wang, Jiqiu Wang, Liheng Wang, Lin Wang, Miao Wang, Qiang Wang, Si Wang, Sijia Wang, Songlin Wang, Wengong Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Yan Wang, Yan-Jiang Wang, Yuan Wang, Yunfang Wang, Zhenning Wang, Xiawei Wei, Jianping Weng, Haitao Wu, Jihong Wu, Xiaohuan Xia, Yang Xia, Andy Peng Xiang, Guozhi Xiao, Junjie Xiao, Yichuan Xiao, Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao, Zhengwei Xie, Wei Xiong, Aimin Xu, Hua Xu, Lingyan Xu, Ming Xu, Liying Yan, Jiayin Yang, Jichun Yang, Liu Yang, Yun-Gui Yang, Ze Yang, Zhenglin Yang, Hongjie Yao, Jing Ye, Chengqi Yi, Fan Yi, Honghua Yu, Yang Yu, Zhengrong Yu, Ti-Fei Yuan, Jirong Yue, Rui Yue, Chen Zhang, Chunxiang Zhang, Cuntai Zhang, Feng Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Hongjia Zhang, Huijie Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Licheng Zhang, Lingqiang Zhang, Luoying Zhang, Qingjiong Zhang, Wei Zhang, Weiping J. Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Yong Zhang, Yun-Wu Zhang, Zhanjun Zhang, Zhuohua Zhang, Bing Zhao, Guoguang Zhao, Jiajun Zhao, Meng Zhao, Tongbiao Zhao, Jialin C. Zheng, Junke Zheng, Zhuozhao Zheng, Huixia Zhou, Lili Zhou, Xiangtian Zhou, Yongsheng Zhou, Zhongjun Zhou, Lan Zhu, Yizhun Zhu, Zhiming Zhu, Wenjuan Zhuang, Weiguo Zou, Weiqi Zhang, Gang Pei or Guang-Hui Liu.

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Li, J., Jiang, M., Wang, Q. et al. The X-Age Project to construct a Chinese aging clock. Nat Aging 5, 1669–1685 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00935-w

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