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  • Primer
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Nature Reviews Methods Primers volume 1, Article number: 87 (2021) Cite this article

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Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive technique that enhances the Raman scattering of molecules supported by some nanostructured materials. SERS allows for the structural fingerprinting of low-concentration analytes through the plasmon-mediated amplification of electrical fields or chemical enhancement. Owing to its ultra-high sensitivity and selectivity, SERS has a vast array of applications in surface and interface chemistry, catalysis, nanotechnology, biology, biomedicine, food science, environmental analysis and other areas. This Primer aims to provide interdisciplinary readers with key points regarding SERS methods. We briefly introduce the basic theories of SERS enhancement mechanisms. Details about SERS equipment, SERS-active material preparation and SERS measurements are summarized, followed by results and typical methods for data analysis. Recent applications of SERS in multiple research fields are then highlighted, including probing surface reactions and interfacial charge transfer, structural characterization and chemical/biological sensing. Furthermore, spectral reproducibility, SERS technical limitations and possible optimizations are discussed to provide readers with methodological guidance for the rational design of related studies. The Primer ends with a discussion of promising opportunities for SERS-based research in the future.

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Fig. 1: SERS and its mechanisms.
Fig. 2: Schematic of the Raman instrumental set-up.
Fig. 3: Schematic of common surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy nanostructure fabrication strategies.
Fig. 4: SERS data analysis.
Fig. 5: Multivariate analysis of SERS data.
Fig. 6: Application of SERS to DSSCs.
Fig. 7: Intrinsic SERS for the investigation of biomolecule structures.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (grant nos. 21773079 (X.X.H.), 21773080 (B.Z.) and 21974054 (X.X.H.)) of P. R. China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China

    Xiao Xia Han & Bing Zhao

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Rebeca S. Rodriguez & Christy L. Haynes

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan

    Yukihiro Ozaki

Authors
  1. Xiao Xia Han
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  2. Rebeca S. Rodriguez
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  3. Christy L. Haynes
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  4. Yukihiro Ozaki
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  5. Bing Zhao
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Contributions

Introduction (B.Z.); Experimentation (R.S.R. and C.L.H.); Results (Y.O.); Applications (X.X.H.); Reproducibility and data deposition (X.X.H.); Limitations and optimizations (B.Z.); Outlook (B.Z.); Overview of the Primer (B.Z.).

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Correspondence to Xiao Xia Han, Christy L. Haynes, Yukihiro Ozaki or Bing Zhao.

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Nature Reviews Methods Primers thanks L. He, who co-reviewed with H. Dai, and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Glossary

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

The Raman scattering of a molecule is significantly enhanced when the molecule is either attached to or in proximity to a nanostructured surface.

Surface plasmons

A collective oscillation of conduction band electrons at the interface of two materials that occurs upon stimulation by incident light.

CT resonance

The charge transfer (CT) contribution to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy reaches the maximum when the incident laser energy matches the CT excitation energy.

Raman cross-sections

Dimensionally represents an effective area that is proportional to the Raman scattering rate at which a radiation–target interaction occurs.

Matrix effect

Complex matrices usually interfere with the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy signals of target molecules, reducing sensitivity and accuracy.

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Han, X.X., Rodriguez, R.S., Haynes, C.L. et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Methods Primers 1, 87 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00083-6

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