Fig. 1: The circular economy-resilience framework for business models.

Based on the existing literature, the ticks on the left-hand side show which parts of the aggregated business model canvas are likely to align with the iReSOLVE categories. The right-hand side highlights the interactions between circular economy principles and the four resilience mechanisms (which are not specific to any one business model aspect). By using the business model canvas, key aspects of the company can be identified. Comparing key company aspects against the iReSOLVE categories can identify current alignment and areas for further improvement. A greater number of categories recovered means a greater level of circularity. Here, using the examples given in Table 1, the ticks highlight which aspects of the company are likely to align with the iReSOLVE category. By improving circularity, the use of iReSOLVE categories may also increase resilience. Synergies across the four resilience mechanisms are highlighted.