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Deep reinforcement learning-designed radiofrequency waveform in MRI

Nature Machine Intelligence volume 3, pages 985–994 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

A preprint version of the article is available at arXiv.

Abstract

Carefully engineered radiofrequency (RF) pulses play a key role in a number of systems such as mobile phone, radar and magnetic resonance imaging. The design of an RF waveform, however, is often posed as an inverse problem with no general solution. As a result, various design methods, each with a specific purpose, have been developed on the basis of the intuition of human experts. In this work we propose an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered RF pulse design framework, DeepRF, which utilizes the self-learning characteristics of deep reinforcement learning to generate a novel RF pulse. The effectiveness of DeepRF is demonstrated using four types of RF pulses that are commonly used. The DeepRF-designed pulses successfully satisfy the design criteria while reporting reduced energy. Analyses demonstrate the pulses utilize new mechanisms of magnetization manipulation, suggesting the potentials of DeepRF in discovering unseen design dimensions beyond human intuition. This work may lay the foundation for an emerging field of AI-driven RF waveform design.

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Fig. 1: The design process of DeepRF.
Fig. 2: The results of the slice-selective excitation pulses and inversion pulses.
Fig. 3: The results of the B1-insensitive volume inversion pulses and selective inversion pulses.
Fig. 4: The analysis results of the DeepRF pulses.
Fig. 5: The comparison results between the SLR, OC and DeepRF pulses in the slice-selective excitation and inversion RF designs.

Data availability

All processed data shown in the figures and table are available at https://github.com/SNU-LIST/DeepRF/tree/master/data.

Code availability

The source code of DeepRF is available at https://github.com/SNU-LIST/DeepRF (ref. 50).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1A2B5B03002783), Samsung Research Funding and Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics (SRFC-IT1801-09), RadiSen, INMC and IOER at Seoul National University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

    Dongmyung Shin, Younghoon Kim, Chungseok Oh, Hongjun An, Juhyung Park, Jiye Kim & Jongho Lee

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Contributions

D.S. conceived the study, conducted the experiments, and wrote the paper together with J.L., whereas Y.K. implemented the algorithm. C.O. and J.L. assisted with the experimental data interpretation. H.A. helped with the problem formulation. J.P. and J.K. contributed to the development of the concept of the study. All authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jongho Lee.

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Competing interests

Two patents are disclosed (in the order of patent applicant, names of inventors, application number, status of application, specific aspect of manuscript covered in patent application). Seoul National University (D.S. and J.L.), US Patent No. 17/168,274, patent pending; see the 'RF refinement module' section in the Methods. Seoul National University (D.S. and J.L.), Korea Patent No. 10-2020-0106569, patent pending, see the 'RF refinement module' section in the Methods.

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Peer review information Nature Machine Intelligence thanks Peder Larson and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Discussion, Figs. 1–24, and Tables 1 and 2.

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Shin, D., Kim, Y., Oh, C. et al. Deep reinforcement learning-designed radiofrequency waveform in MRI. Nat Mach Intell 3, 985–994 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00411-1

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