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Entry of glucose- and glutamine-derived carbons into the citric acid cycle supports early steps of HIV-1 infection in CD4 T cells

Nature Metabolism volume 1, pages 717–730 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

The susceptibility of CD4 T cells to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is regulated by glucose and glutamine metabolism, but the relative contributions of these nutrients to infection are not known. Here we show that glutaminolysis is the major pathway fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in T-cell receptor-stimulated naïve, as well as memory CD4, subsets and is required for optimal HIV-1 infection. Under conditions of attenuated glutaminolysis, the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) TCA rescues early steps in infection; exogenous α-KG promotes HIV-1 reverse transcription, rendering both naïve and memory cells more sensitive to infection. Blocking the glycolytic flux of pyruvate to lactate results in altered glucose carbon allocation to TCA and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, an increase in OXPHOS and augmented HIV-1 reverse transcription. Moreover, HIV-1 infection is significantly higher in CD4 T cells selected on the basis of high mitochondrial biomass and OXPHOS activity. Therefore, the OXPHOS/aerobic glycolysis balance is a major regulator of HIV-1 infection in CD4 T lymphocytes.

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Fig. 1: TCR stimulation of naïve and memory CD4 T cells results in a rapid induction of glucose and glutamine metabolism that is required for optimal T-cell proliferation and HIV-1 infection.
Fig. 2: Exogenous nucleosides promote the proliferation of glutamine-deprived CD4 T cells without enhancing HIV-1 infection.
Fig. 3: The metabolic state of activated human CD4 T cells is regulated by the relative utilization of extracellular glucose and glutamine.
Fig. 4: Inhibiting glycolysis results in increased susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection.
Fig. 5: Under conditions of glutamine deprivation, α-ketoglutarate rescues early steps in HIV-1 infection.
Fig. 6: Enhanced respiratory capacity is associated with increased levels of HIV-1 infection.
Fig. 7: Mitochondrial biomass regulates the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all members of our laboratories for discussions and scientific critique and are indebted to S. Kinet and V. Zimmermann for their continual support in this project. We are indebted to E. Gottlieb for his important input into metabolic experiments and to J. Mamede for his expertise and input into viral fusion assays. C. Goujon and C. June generously provided reagents, as indicated. We are grateful to M. Boyer and S. Gailhac of Montpellier Rio Imaging for support in cytometry experiments. I.C. and D.A.M. were supported by fellowships from Sidaction. Z.V. was supported by a fellowship from the Fondation de la Recherche Medicale (FRM). S.T. is supported by funding from Cancer Research UK (C596/A17196, Award 23982). L.O. was supported by a fellowship from the Ligue Contre le Cancer and the ARC Foundation. M.S. and N.T. are supported by Inserm and V.D. and C.M by the CNRS. This work was supported by generous funding from Sidaction, the ANRS, ARC, FRM, the French national (ANR) research grants (PolarATTACK and GlutStem) and the French laboratory consortiums (Labex) EpiGenMed and GR-EX.

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Author notes

  1. Naomi Taylor

    Present address: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

  2. These authors contributed equally: Isabelle Clerc, Daouda Abba Moussa, Zoi Vahlas.

  3. These authors jointly supervised this work: Cédric Mongellaz, Naomi Taylor.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France

    Isabelle Clerc, Daouda Abba Moussa, Zoi Vahlas, Leal Oburoglu, Marc Sitbon, Valérie Dardalhon, Cédric Mongellaz & Naomi Taylor

  2. Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK

    Saverio Tardito

  3. Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Saverio Tardito

  4. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Thomas J. Hope

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Contributions

I.C., C.M. and N.T. conceived the study. I.C., Z.V., D.A.M., C.M., S.T., T.J.H., M.S., V.D. and N.T. were involved in study design. I.C., Z.V., D.A.M., L.O. and C.M. performed experiments. All authors participated in data analysis and discussions. C.M. and N.T. wrote the manuscript with important critical input from I.C., Z.V., D.A.M., S.T., V.D. and M.S.

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Correspondence to Cédric Mongellaz.

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Competing interests

M.S. and N.T. are inventors on patent WO2010079208. M.S., C.M. and N.T. are inventors on patent WO/2004/096841 and M.S. is an inventor on patent WO/2012/035369. All patents are owned by the CNRS and cover the use of RBD ligands for metabolite transporter detection. N.T. no longer owns any patent rights. M.S. is a co-founder of METAFORA Biosystems.

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Clerc, I., Abba Moussa, D., Vahlas, Z. et al. Entry of glucose- and glutamine-derived carbons into the citric acid cycle supports early steps of HIV-1 infection in CD4 T cells. Nat Metab 1, 717–730 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0084-1

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