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  • Technical Review
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Entanglement certification from theory to experiment

Nature Reviews Physics volume 1, pages 72–87 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Entanglement is an important resource for quantum technologies. There are many ways quantum systems can be entangled, ranging from the two-qubit case to entanglement in high dimensions or between many parties. Consequently, many entanglement quantifiers and classifiers exist, corresponding to different operational paradigms and mathematical techniques. However, for most quantum systems, exactly quantifying the amount of entanglement is extremely demanding, if at all possible. Furthermore, it is difficult to experimentally control and measure complex quantum states. Therefore, there are various approaches to experimentally detect and certify entanglement when exact quantification is not an option. The applicability and performance of these methods strongly depend on the assumptions regarding the involved quantum states and measurements, in short, on the available prior information about the quantum system. In this Review, we discuss the most commonly used quantifiers of entanglement and survey the state-of-the-art detection and certification methods, including their respective underlying assumptions, from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view.

Key points

  • Entanglement detection and certification are of high significance for ensuring the security of quantum communication, improving the sensitivity of sensing devices, and benchmarking devices for quantum computation and simulation.

  • Recent years have seen continuous progress in the development of tools for entanglement certification and an increase in control over a wide variety of experimental setups suitable for entanglement creation.

  • Goals for the development of entanglement detection techniques are device-independence and assumption-free certification.

  • Current challenges include the extension of well-understood methods for two qubits to many-body and/or high-dimensional quantum systems and their application in entanglement experiments with ions, atoms and photons.

  • An important focus of recent research is the reduction in the number of measurements required for entanglement certification to cope with increasing system dimensions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through the START project Y879-N27 and from the joint Czech–Austrian project MultiQUEST (I3053-N27 and GF17-33780L). N.F. acknowledges support from the FWF through project P 31339-N27. M.M. acknowledges support from the QuantERA ERA-NET co-fund (FWF Project I3773-N36) and from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/P024114/1). G.V. acknowledges support from the FWF through the Lise-Meitner project M 2462-N27.

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  1. Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Nicolai Friis, Giuseppe Vitagliano, Mehul Malik & Marcus Huber

  2. Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences (IPaQS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

    Mehul Malik

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Friis, N., Vitagliano, G., Malik, M. et al. Entanglement certification from theory to experiment. Nat Rev Phys 1, 72–87 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-018-0003-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-018-0003-5

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