Broad spiral bandwidth of orbital angular momentum interface between photon and memory

The complex interactions between orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light and atoms are particularly intriguing in the areas of quantum optics and quantum information. Building a versatile high-dimensional quantum network needs broad spiral-bandwidth for preparing higher-quanta OAM mode and resolving the bandwidth mismatch in spatial space. Here, we demonstrate a broad spiral-bandwidth quantum-interface between photon and memory. Through twisted fields of the writing and reading, the correlated OAM distribution between photon and memory is significantly broadened. This broad spiral-bandwidth quantum-interface could be spanned in multiplexing regime and could work in high-quanta scenario with capability of ∣l∣=\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\vert l\vert =$$\end{document} 30, and we demonstrate the entanglement within 2-D subspace with a fidelity of 80.5 ± 4.8% for high l\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$l$$\end{document}. Such state-of-the-art technology to freely control the spatial distribution of OAM memory is very helpful to construct high-dimensional quantum networks and provides a benchmark in the field of actively developing methods to engineer OAM single photon from matters. The interaction between orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light and atoms can be used to store and retrieve high-dimensional information and hence has been proposed as an efficient way for quantum information networks. The authors present a scheme to store photons with a large OAM by implementing classical write and read pulses in higher OAM states.

L ight beams with orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) 1 have a helical phase structure, where the phase winds azimuthally around the optical axis resulting in a characteristic null intensity at the center due to destructive interference. The interaction between OAM structured light and matters has many intriguing applications 2 , including trapping of particles 3,4 and measuring rotation angular 5,6 , OAM-based imaging 7 and optical communications 8 . In quantum information, light carried with OAM could significantly enhance the information capacity, thus advancing the developments of the high-dimensional (high-D) quantum networks, especially in OAM entanglement generation [9][10][11][12] , OAM-based quantum memory [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] , and OAM-based teleportation 20 . One block of constructing a high-D quantum network is how to establish a versatile high-D OAM quantum interface between photon and memory 21 .
Building a high-D OAM quantum interface could be based on the protocol of Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller (DLCZ) 22 where the probabilistically generated OAM photon is entangled with memory 13,23 . There are many parameters to characterize the performance of the interface between photon and memory 24,25 , such as lifetime, efficiency, and fidelity [25][26][27] . The most unique parameter of high-D OAM quantum interface could be the spiralbandwidth δl, which characterizes the mode-matching bandwidth window 28,29 . The adjacent nodes in high-dimensional quantum networks may be diverse and different in spatial mode, spiralbandwidth, etc., for example, one is encoded in ± l OAM spaces and the other one is in ± ðl þ mÞ OAM spaces, here l and m represent the topological number of orthogonal OAM modes; or one mode can be encoded in the spacial bandwidth of δl and another in δðl þ mÞ, requiring a technology to make the quantum interface be more flexible and controllable in order for the nodes to be connected freely 30 . There are many efforts towards shaping the spatial bandwidth or spectrum of photon pairs, for example, increasing the pump beam waist, shaping the pump beam, and changing the OAM spectrum of pump 28,[31][32][33][34][35] in spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process, but no reports on shaping the spectrum of photon-atom interface. Shaping the OAM spectrum of the photon-atom interface from the thirdorder spontaneously four-wave mixing (SFWM) process is different from the second-order SPDC process, because there are two pumps in the SFWM process that we can individually modulate.
In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a broad spiralbandwidth OAM interface between photon and memory in a delayed SFWM process by shaping the write-and read-laser beams individually, it makes the joint of correlation against l modes broadened because the interaction length is increased in transverse azimuthal direction. This offers the ability to control the spatial distribution, including entangled OAM eigenmode ± l and the spiral bandwidth δl. Based on that, we demonstrate a potential application for OAM multiplexing, and obtain an obvious contrast data with inputting Δl ¼ 10. We also have achieved high-D entanglement with l up to 16 and high-l 2-D OAM entanglement with l up to 30, all of which obey the entanglement properties. The reported results are useful for realizing broad spiral bandwidth and high-D quantum memory and increasing the capacity of quantum communication, and also is a benchmark of searching ways to explore versatile quantum interfaces.

Results
Experimental setup details. The experimental media is an optically thick atomic ensemble of Rubidium 85 ( 85 Rb) that is trapped in two-dimensional magneto-optic trap (MOT). The involved schematic of the energy levels and the experimental setup are shown in Fig. 1a and b. We firstly establish the correlation between a collective spin excited state (spin wave, also called as atomic memory) and a single photon (Signal 1) through spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) in atomic ensemble. In this process, the write-laser is set to blue-detuned with atomic transition j2i ! j3i. After reflecting from spatial light modulator (SLM) 1 (Holoeye LETO LCoS, 1920 1080 pixel) as depicted in Fig. 1b, the write-laser has carried on the OAM phase message loaded by a computer. Then, a 4-f image system with unequal arms, which is consisted of two lenses L1 and L2 with focal length of 300 and 500 mm, respectively, is utilized to map the OAM phase of the write-laser to the center of atomic ensemble accurately. The Signal 1 photon emitted from atomic ensemble is mapped onto another SLM 2 for detecting the OAM modes. Due to the angular momentum is conserved in SRS process, hence the spatial modes of the spin wave and Signal 1 are entangled in OAM degree of freedom. This OAM correlation can be flexibly demonstrated by mapping and checking the OAM modes on SLM 1 and SLM 2, respectively.
The OAM-based DLCZ quantum memory is built when the entanglement between the spin wave and Signal 1 photon is created. After a storage time of Δt, we use another SLM 3 to load OAM structured light to read the spin wave out to Signal 2, the Signal 2 is also mapped onto another SLM 4. Ultimately, in order Δt S2 S1 b a Read Fig. 1 Overview of experiment. a The relevant energy level diagram. Write and Read represent write-laser pulse and read-laser pulse respectively; S1 and S2 are Signal 1 photon and Signal 2 photon. States j1i; j2i; j3i, and j4i correspond to 85 Rb atomic levels of 5S 1=2 ðF ¼ 2Þ, 5S 1=2 ðF ¼ 3Þ, 5P 1=2 ðF ¼ 3Þ, and 5P 3=2 ðF ¼ 3Þ, respectively. Δ represents the detuning of write-laser pulse, which is set to be þ2π 70 MHz. The part in below is the time sequence of experiment. b Experimental setup. MOT is magneto-optical trap, L1 À L8 represent a series of lenses, λ=4 is quarter-wave plate, λ=2 is half-wave plate and PBS is polarization beam splitter. SLM 1 $ 4 are spatial light modulators to check the quantum correlation between Signal 1 and atomic spin wave, we measure the coincidence counts between Signal 1 and Signal 2 by projecting them onto SLM 2 and SLM 4, respectively, in which the different phase structures on both of SLM 2 and 4 are loaded for measurement. Here, two couples of 4f systems with unequal arms are used to map the OAM phase of signal photons to SLM accurately, see "Method" sections. The reflected photons from SLMs are collected into two single-mode fibers, which are detected by two detectors (avalanche diode, PerkinElmer SPCM-AQR-16-FC, 60% efficiency, maximum dark count rate of 25/s), respectively.
OAM conservation. In previous work 18 for high-D OAM quantum interface with Gaussian mode input, it is difficult to generate higher-D entanglement because the correlated coincidences decrease dramatically against l. Here, we modulate the OAM quanta of write-and read-beams to change the OAM spectrum of the interface. We input the write-laser with OAM quanta of l W . Due to the fact that SRS process conserves angular momentum, we have created OAM entanglement between Signal 1 and atomic memory, which can be specified by the formula here, jc l j 2 represents excitation probability, jli S1 is the OAM eigenmode of Signal 1 with quanta of l. jl W À li a is the OAM eigenmode of atomic memory with quanta of l W À l. The spiralbandwidth δl defined as the full width at half maximum of the correlated OAM spectrum describes how many orthogonal modes could be entangled. Through this method, the atomic memory could carry the arbitrary OAM topological charge with the term of l W À l, thus resulting in the redistributed quantum interface, that is an asymmetric distribution because jl a j≠jl S1 j with nonzero l W . After a programmed time of storage, we check photon-atom entanglement by inputting read-laser with OAM quanta of l R , and checking the entanglement between Signal 1 and Signal 2. The entanglement between Signal 1 and Signal 2 can be written as jψi here jc ′ l j 2 represents overall probability depending on write and read processes. At first, we set l W ¼ 2 and l R ¼ 0, it means using OAM quanta of 2 and 0 to write and read, respectively. Thus, the photonic entangled state is a sum of jli S1 j2 À li S2 with different l, this is a modulated asymmetric OAM entangled state. Here, we only post-select the OAM mode of entangled state into 2-D subspace j0i S1 j2i S2 and j2i S1 j0i S2 , that is To characterize the OAM entanglement between Signal 1 and Signal 2, we reconstruct the density matrices by projecting Signal 1 and Signal 2 onto OAM bases of j0i, j2i, j0i À ij2i ð Þ =2 1=2 , j0i þ j2i ð Þ =2 1=2 for demonstrating quantum tomography. Then we use the obtained 16 coincidence rates to reconstruct the density matrix of state as shown in Fig. 2a and b. According to the formula which compares the constructed density matrix ρ with the ideal density matrix ρ ideal , we obtain the fidelity of 83:3 ± 3:5%. We also try another data set of l W ¼ 1 and l R ¼ 2, and detect the photonic entangled state Similarly, we reconstruct the density matrix of this state, the real and imaginary parts of reconstructed density matrix are shown in Fig. 2c and d, with fidelity of 81:1 ± 4:2%.
Spiral-bandwidth broadening. Due to the broadening effect of spiral bandwidth with larger l laser beam input, the distribution of generated OAM signal 1 and memory would be redistributed in more flat range. This is because the generated OAM modes are dependent on the interaction length and the waist of the writeand read-beams 36 . The vector mismatching Δk from transverse azimuthal phase would increase the value of Δk Á L, where L is the interaction length. This effect is very promising because it is regarded as a concentration operation. In order to achieve a broad spiral-bandwidth OAM interface, we utilize the above method to extend the quanta of write-laser, we set l W ¼ 10. In addition, we set l R ¼ À10 for reading process. The writing and reading process of DLCZ quantum memory is essentially a delayed SFWM process. Based on the unique advantages of individually modulating write-and read-beams of SFWM (not like a single pump field used in SPDC process), the write-and read-laser beams can be individually loaded OAM modes with opposite signs whilst the input total angular momentum can be zero, thus making the joint spectrum of correlation broadened. We map different OAM phases onto SLM 2 and SLM 4, and record the coincidence between Signal 1 and Signal 2 photons. The spiral bandwidth of OAM entanglement is measured in the red line in Fig. 3a. The spiral bandwidth of generated single photons becomes much flater than the scheme with inputting Gaussian mode. The spiral bandwidth of Gaussian mode is δl ¼ 11:4 ± 2:3, whilst for l W ¼ Àl R ¼ 10 the spiral bandwidth is δl ¼ 27:0 ± 1:8 obviously enhanced by a factor of $ 2:2. This transverse vector mismatch would lead to decrements on detecting l S1 ¼ l S2 ¼ 0 when using larger-l OAM to write and read. In Fig. 3b, we use l W ¼ Àl R ¼ À30 to measure the correlated OAM spectrum of signal photons, we obtain a modulated OAM distribution in which the coincidence peak appears at l S1 ¼ Àl S2 ¼ À23 ± 7 not at l S1 ¼ l S2 ¼ 0. In addition, in this process, we found that the coincidence counts at l S1 ¼ Àl S2 ¼ 30 is very small; this is because the nonlinearity in the SRS process becomes weak when the vector mismatch between write and signal 1 photon is larger.
High-D OAM entanglement. We also check the high-D OAM entanglement with a broad spiral-bandwidth, and give a high-D entanglement properties with OAM quanta up to Δl ¼ 16. In order to demonstrate the high-D entanglement between Signal 1 and atomic memory at high-l, we avoid the crosstalk between neighboring OAM modes and select the modes of l ¼ 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 in which three modes between adjacent terms are removed for better isolation, see the correlated coincidence counts in Fig. 4a. We read the photon-atom entanglement out to photon-photon entanglement for verification. So, the entangled photonic state is jψi 10;À10 16 are the corresponding amplitudes of different terms j0i S1 j0i S2 $ jÀ16i S1 j16i S2 . To verify the high-D state, we use high-D entanglement dimensionality witness 12,37 to characterize the entanglement. The entanglement dimensionality witness is expressed as W d ¼ 3DðD À 1Þ=2 À DðD À dÞ, here, D is the number of measured OAM modes, and d is associated with the dimensions of entanglement. If W>W d , the two photons entangled in at least d þ 1 dimensions, where W is obtained from calculating the sum N ¼ V x þ V y þ V z of each visibility of two-photon interference in the diagonal/anti-diagonal σ x , left-circular/right-circular σ y and horizontal/vertical σ z bases respectively, in which V i ¼ jhσ i σ i ij; i ¼ x; y; z. Here, the OAM modes are selected from l = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16. We calculate the value W is 21:93 ± 0:55, which violates the bound W d of 20 revealing at least a 4-D OAM entanglement between Signal 1 and Signal 2 photons, the sum visibility in each 2 2 subspace is given in Fig. 4b. In these measurements, the atom-photon entangled states are both detected in photonic regime, we assume the fidelity of reading out from ensembles is near unit. Although there are definitely some noise or inefficient elements from reading process, making the degree of the measured entanglement lower than that existed in ensembles.
OAM multiplexing. Broad spiral-bandwidth interface allow us to demonstrate a potential application for OAM multiplexing. If we select l W ¼ 10 for writing and l R ¼ À10 for reading out, we can detect the correlated coincidence; while for l W ¼ 10, l R ¼ 0 given in Fig. 5a, there would be almost no coincidence counts exhibiting orthogonality-like property shown by Fig. 5b. The nonlinearity of the interleaved OAM modes is strongly dependent on the overlap of beam profiles of write-and read-beams, it would become small if the mismatch between write-and read-beams is large, then the coincidence counts would jump down. The detected contrast ðC same À C diff Þ=ðC same þ C diff Þ is 0:85 ± 0:03 (where C same and C diff are defined as coincidence counts with same (jl W j ¼ jl R j)  Fig. 3 The measured correlated orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) distribution under different OAM modes of write-and read-beams. a The correlated OAM distribution with l W ¼ Àl R ¼ 0 (black line) and l W ¼ Àl R ¼ 10 (red line). The black data are fitted by the function y ¼ y 0 þ 2bw=½πð4ðx À x c Þ 2 þ w 2 Þ with parameters (y 0 ¼ 15:8, w ¼ 11:4 ± 2:3, b ¼ 5501, x c ¼ 0). The red data are fitted by the function y ¼ A wÃ ffiffiffiffiffi ffi π=2 p exp½À2ð ðxÀx c Þ w Þ 2 with parameters (w ¼ 27:0 ± 0:7; A ¼ 8363, x c ¼ À1:0). b The correlated OAM distribution with l W ¼ Àl R ¼ À30, the red line is the smooth line guided for eyes. Error bars represent ± one standard deviation and different (jl W j≠jl R j) write-and read-beam OAM modes). In this process, the storage lifetime is almost the same for l W ¼ 0 and l W ¼ 10, see Fig. 5c. The atomic dephasing along the azimuthal direction in cold atomic cloud is not obvious, while the dephasing along the azimuthal direction is strong in hot vapor cell 38 . This is because the velocity of cold atoms is smaller than that of the hot atoms. Furthermore, we map the different OAM modes in the inner (l in ) and outer rings (l out ) to detect the multiplexing property along radial direction, see Fig. 5d. Since the nonlinearity of interleaved OAM modes (for example l W ¼ 0 and l W ¼ 10) in the center of ensemble can be distinguished by inputting distinct OAM modes (Fig. 5e), this may result in multiplexing along radial direction. For a superposition composite OAM state along radial direction, jφi ¼ αjli in þ βjli out , where α and β are mode weight coefficients obeying a relation of jαj 2 þ jβj 2 ¼ 1. We map the different OAM modes with Δl ¼ 1; 2 10 in inner and outer rings (Δl ¼ l out À l in ) and detect the correlation given in Fig. 5e. The crosstalk between different OAM modes is detected by setting same/different phase structures. The contrast of coincidence counts is increased against with Δl because the different topological numbers l W , l R make the strong mismatch between writeand read-beams decreasing the correlation (Fig. 5f), which is in agreement with the above analysis. This whole process could be regarded as the multiplexing of two OAM spectra, which are created by inputting two distinct OAM writing and reading (l out ,  Write Read S2 S1 |l S1 ≥ |10> |l S2 ≥ |-10> ⎮Δl⎮ lW = 10 l R = 0 lR = -10 l S1 = 10 lW = 0 + 10 lW = 0 + 10 l R = -10 + 0 l S1 = 0 + 10 lS2 = -10 + 0 lS2 = 0 + -10 l S1 = 0 + 10 l R = 0 + -10 l S2 = 0 lS2 = -10 l S1 = 10 Fig. 5 Orthogonality and multiplexing orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modes. a The orthogonality with different OAM modes of write-and read-lasers. The cross and check marks in up/down equation shows the weak/strong correlation under the different (jl W j≠jl R j) /same OAM orders (jl W j ¼ jl R j). b The coincidence counts for the different situations of jl W i ¼ j0i=j10i, jl S1 i ¼ j0i=j10i, jl R i ¼ j0i=j À 10i, jl S2 > ¼ j0i=j À 10i. c The memory decay function with different OAM modes (black for jl W j ¼ 0, red for jl W j ¼ 10). The memory decays exponentially with storage lifetime of τ ¼ 1655 ns. The fitted functions are y ¼ y 0 þ Ae À t τ with parameters of y 0 ¼ À3:3, A ¼ 104:6, τ ¼ 1655 for black data and y 0 ¼ À7:6, A ¼ 73:5, τ ¼ 1655 for red data. d The multiplexing in radial direction with different OAM modes in inner and outer rings. When the OAM orders in the inner and outer rings are different (up equation), the correlation is weak; on the contrary, the correlation is strong when the OAM orders are same (down equation). e The normalized coincidence counts with jl W i ¼ j0i þ j10i, jl R i ¼ j À 10i þ j0i, and jl W i ¼ j0i þ j10i; jl R i ¼ j0i þ j À 10i in the left two bars. The right two bars are the corresponding OAM mode of jl W i ¼ j0i þ j9i, jl R i ¼ j À 9i þ j0i, and jl W i ¼ j0i þ j9i, jl R i ¼ j0i þ j À 9i. f The detected contrast of coincidence counts against different Δl, here Δl ¼ l W À l R . The storage time is set to be 500 ns. The different signs of OAM quanta set in (a) and (d) are required to maintain OAM conservation. Error bars represent ± one standard deviation COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-019-0201-1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS | (2019) 2:100 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-019-0201-1 | www.nature.com/commsphys l in ), thus achieving higher capacity quantum communications with one OAM spectra docking to another OAM spectrum.
Discussion. High-fidelity quantum memory for high OAM is indispensable element for establishing a quantum network in high-dimensional space. In addition, the unitary quantum efficiency and sufficient storage lifetime are required to establish a long distance quantum communication. In order to solve these benchmark problems, one needs increase the optical depth of atomic cloud to get a unitary quantum efficiency for different OAM modes. There are two limiting factors for storage time, including the residual magnetic field and atomic motion. Storage lifetime can be improved by compensating for the magnetic field or by using magnetic field-insensitive states. The transverse momentum from OAM would contribute the dephasing, which could be eliminated by reducing atomic motion with an optical lattice.
In this work, we demonstrate a broad spiral-bandwidth OAM interface between photon and memory, the OAM distribution and the quanta of OAM quantum interface are freely manipulated. In this state-of-the-art quantum interface, we have achieved high-D OAM entanglement with OAM modes difference Δl up to 16, the OAM quanta can be accessible to l ¼ ± 30 in 2-D subspace. The experiment reported here would be very promising to demonstrate high-quanta OAM quantum interface and study the fundamental physics in OAM-based light and matter interaction.

Methods
Experimental time sequence. The repetition rate of our experiment is 100 Hz, and the MOT trapping time is 8.7 ms. Besides, the operation window of 1.3 ms consists of 2600 cycles with a cycle time of 500 ns. Write-laser and read-laser are pulsed by acousto-optic modulator with pulse width of 50 and 200 ns, respectively in each cycle. The optical depth in MOT is about 40. The storage time is controlled by changing the delay time between write-and read-laser through an arbitrary function generator. The magnetic field for trapping is shut down in the experiment window.
4-F image system for four SLMs. The SLM 1 acts as a mask plane, and the center of atomic ensemble in MOT is the image plane. Two lenses L1 and L2 with focal length of 300 and 500 mm are utilized to map the phase message of SLM 1 to the atomic ensemble. Due to the phase matching condition k W À k S1 ¼ k R À k S2 , the imaging system can be easily optically aligned. The Signal 1 and Signal 2 fields are collinear, the Signal 1 beam is completely overlapped by the write beam through demonstrating electromagnetically induced transparency effect. Here, the writelaser carrying high OAM quanta diffracts very strongly and results in the waist of laser beam too large in the center of atomic ensemble, which results in weak interaction between write-laser and atomic ensemble. Through the 4-f image system with unequal arms, we can not only map the OAM phase message to the center of atomic ensemble accurately but also decrease the waist of write-laser with high OAM quanta. Similarly, the single photon carried with OAM phase message from the center of atomic ensemble is retrieved to project on SLM 1 via the other 4-f image system, and ultimately we collect photons by single-mode fibers.  . 6 The reconstructed density matrix for photonic entangled state jψi 30;À30 photonÀphoton . a, b are the real and imaginary parts of density matrix, respectively. Each data for reconstructing density matrices are recorded in 3000 s Theoretical analysis. In the interaction picture, despite the decay of spin wave, the effective Hamiltonian for the delayed four-wave mixing process is written as 36,43 where ε 0 is the vacuum permittivity, H:c: means the Hermitian conjugate, χ ð3Þ is the third-order nonlinear susceptibility for resonant signal 2 photon. For our experimental conditions, the distribution of atomic cloud is assumed to be Gaussian, so the effective nonlinearity 44 : χ ð3Þ $ exp½À r 2 w 2 a , here, w a is the effective size of the cloud of atoms in the transverse plane.
As the SLM planes are imaged to the center of the atomic cloud, the write, read, signal 1 and signal 2 fields in the the center of the atomic cloud can be expressed as where w x is the beam waist, k x r ! is the transverse wave vector of the x field, x represents write, read, signal 1 and signal 2 fields. Because a perfect Gaussian beam loading a helical phase expðÀilθÞ experiences the evolution of Collins diffraction 45 , this offers the fields with the ability of carrying transverse wave vector q s1 and q s2 . The spatial quantum state of the generated pair of photon can be written as the following expression 44,46 jΨi ¼ Z dq S1 dq S2 Φðq S1 ; q S2 Þjq S1 ijq S2 i; ð6Þ here, the mode function Φ here is $ R dq W dq R E ! W ðrÞ E ! R ðrÞexp½Àa 2 0 ðq S2 À q S1 Þ 2 =2; a 0 corresponds to the width of the Gaussian distribution. When the quantum number l of write and read fields is small, the Gaussian distribution of photon pairs dominates. While for the quantum number l is large, the mismatch between write and read fields would result in a dip in the spectrum distribution when detecting l S1 ¼ l S2 ¼ 0.
2-D high-l entanglement and state tomography. If we considered the OAM modes of a and b with l = 32 and 28, the Signal 1 and Signal 2 are entangled in OAM space and entangled state is expressed as here, j À 28i S1 represents the Signal 1 carrying with OAM quanta of −28. By using two computers, we project two photons onto two SLMs respectively and four state of jϕ 1$4 i (j À 28i, j À 32i, j À 28i À ij À 32i ð Þ =2 1=2 , j À 28i þ j À 32i ð Þ =2 1=2 ) are programmed onto SLM 2 and jφ 1$4 i (j28i, j32i, j28i À ij32i ð Þ =2 1=2 , j28i þ j32i ð Þ =2 1=2 ) are programmed onto SLM 4. Then, we obtain a set of 16 data for reconstructing the density matrix given in the main text. The error bars in our experiment are estimated by Poisson statistics and using Monte Carlo simulations with the aid of Mathematica software.

Data availability
The data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.