A positive charge region of Salmonella FliI is required for ATPase formation and efficient flagellar protein export

The FliH2FliI complex is thought to pilot flagellar subunit proteins from the cytoplasm to the transmembrane export gate complex for flagellar assembly in Salmonella enterica. FliI also forms a homo-hexamer to hydrolyze ATP, thereby activating the export gate complex to become an active protein transporter. However, it remains unknown how this activation occurs. Here we report the role of a positively charged cluster formed by Arg-26, Arg-27, Arg-33, Arg-76 and Arg-93 of FliI in flagellar protein export. We show that Arg-33 and Arg-76 are involved in FliI ring formation and that the fliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A/R93A) mutant requires the presence of FliH to fully exert its export function. We observed that gain-of-function mutations in FlhB increased the probability of substrate entry into the export gate complex, thereby restoring the export function of the ∆fliH fliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A/R93A) mutant. We suggest that the positive charge cluster of FliI is responsible not only for well-regulated hexamer assembly but also for substrate entry into the gate complex.

T he flagellum of Salmonella enterica (hereafter referred to as Salmonella) is a supramolecular motility machine consisting of the basal body, the hook, and the filament 1 . For construction of the flagellum on the cell surface, a specialized protein export apparatus uses ATP and a proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane to transport flagellar building blocks from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure 2 . The flagellar export apparatus is composed of a PMF-driven transmembrane export gate complex made of FlhA, FlhB, FliP, FliQ, and FliR and a cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex consisting of FliH, FliI, and FliJ ( Fig. 1) 3,4 .
The PMF-driven export gate complex is located inside the basal body MS ring formed by a transmembrane protein, FliF (Fig. 1) 5 . FliP, FliQ, and FliR form a tubular structure with a stoichiometry of five FliP, four FliQ, and one FliR with a helical symmetry similar to those of the rod, hook, and filament, and the central pore of this FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 complex is thought to be a polypeptide channel for the translocation of flagellar building blocks across the cytoplasmic membrane [6][7][8] . The N-terminal transmembrane domain of FlhB (FlhB TM ) associates with the FliP 5 -FliQ 4 FliR 1 complex to form the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 FlhB 1 complex and is proposed to coordinate opening of the export gate for substrate entry into the polypeptide channel 9 . FlhA assembles into a homo-nonamer through its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain (FlhA C ) 10,11 and forms a pathway for the transit of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane 12,13 . FlhA C and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhB (FlhB C ) project into the cytoplasmic cavity of the basal body C ring and form a docking platform for the cytoplasmic ATPase complex, flagellar export chaperones, and flagellar building blocks 14 .
The cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex is composed of 12 copies of FliH, 6 copies of FliI, and a single copy of FliJ ( Fig. 1) 15,16 . FliI forms a homo-hexamer to hydrolyze ATP at an interface between FliI subunits [17][18][19] . The FliI ring structure is localized to the flagellar base through interactions of the extreme N-terminal region of FliH (FliH EN ) with FlhA and a C ring protein, FliN [20][21][22] . FliJ binds to the center of the FliI ring 15 and plays an important role in an ATP-dependent gate activation mechanism 23,24 .
FliI also exists free in the cytoplasm as a heterotrimeric complex formed with a FliH dimer (Fig. 1) 25 . This FliH 2 FliI complex binds to FliJ, export substrates and flagellar chaperone/substrate complexes, and facilitates their docking to the FlhA C -FlhB C docking platform for efficient and robust flagellar protein export [26][27][28][29] . This has been verified by in vitro reconstitution experiments using inverted membrane vesicles 30 . High-resolution live cell imaging using FliI labeled with a yellow fluorescent protein (FliI-YFP) has shown that not only the FliI ring structure but also several FliH 2 FliI complexes bind to the flagellar base through interactions of FliH with FliN and FlhA ( Fig. 1) 31 . Because FliI-YFP shows turnover between the basal body and the cytoplasmic pool, the FliH 2 FliI complex is thought to act as a dynamic carrier to escort FliJ and export substrates and chaperone/substrate complexes from the cytoplasm to the FlhA C -FlhB C docking platform 31 .
The N-terminal domain of FliI (FliI N ) is responsible not only for the interaction with FliH but also for FliI 6 ring formation 32 . The C-terminal domain of FliH (FliH C ) binds to the extreme Nterminal α-helix consisting of residues 2-21 of FliI (FliI EN ) and a positively charged cluster formed by Arg-26, Arg-27, Arg-30, Arg-33, Arg-76, and Arg-93 of FliI N (Fig. 2a) 16 . Because the binding of FliH C to FliI EN not only inhibits FliI 6 ring formation but also reduces the FliI ATPase activity considerably 25,33 , FliH seems to play a regulatory role in the energy coupling mechanism of the flagellar protein export apparatus. However, it remains unknown how FliH regulates ATP hydrolysis by the FliI ATPase for flagellar protein export. To clarify this question, we performed mutational analysis of the positively charged cluster of FliI N . We show that Arg-33 and Arg-76 of FliI N are involved in wellregulated FliI ring formation. We also show that this positive charge cluster is required for efficient entry of flagellar building blocks into the transmembrane export gate complex.

Results
Effect of alanine substitution in the positive charge cluster on motility. Arg-26, Arg-27, Arg-30, Arg-33, Arg-76, and Arg-93 of Salmonella FliI ATPase form a positive charge cluster on the molecular surface of the FliI hexamer 18 , and Arg-26, Arg-30, and Arg-33 are relatively well conserved among FliI homologs (Fig. 2b). To clarify the role of these Arg residues in flagellar protein export, we constructed the following nine fliI mutants: five mutants with a single mutation, fliI(R26A), fliI(R27A), fliI(R30A), fliI(R33A), and fliI(R93A), and four mutants with multiple mutations, fliI(R26A/ R27A), fliI(R26A/R27A/R33A), fliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A), and fliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A/R93A) (hereafter referred to as fliI-2A, fliI-3A, fliI-4A, and fliI-5A, respectively). All of these mutant variants except FliI-5A fully restored the motility of a Salmonella ΔfliI mutant when they were expressed even at a relatively low copy level from pET19b-based plasmids ( Supplementary Fig. 1a). In contrast, the motility of the fliI-5A mutant was lower than that of Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the flagellar protein export apparatus. The flagellar protein export apparatus is composed of a transmembrane export gate complex made of FlhA, FlhB, FliP, FliQ, and FliR and a cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex consisting of FliH, FliI, and FliJ. The export gate complex is located inside the MS ring and utilizes proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) to drive proton (H + )coupled flagellar protein export. FliP, FliQ, and FliR form a polypeptide channel complex. The N-terminal transmembrane domain of FlhB (FlhB TM ) associates with the FliP/FliQ/FliR complex, and its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain (FlhB C ) projects into the central cavity of the C ring. FlhA forms a homo-nonamer through interactions between the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhA (FlhA C ), and its N-terminal transmembrane domain (FlhA TM ) acts as a transmembrane H + channel. The cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex associates with the C ring through an interaction between FliH and a C ring protein, FliN. ATP hydrolysis by the FliI ATPase activates the export gate complex through an interaction between FliJ and FlhA C , allowing the gate complex to become an active protein transporter to couple the proton flow through the FlhA proton channel to the translocation of export substrates into the polypeptide channel of the FliP/FliQ/FliR complex. The FliH 2 FliI complex is thought to act as a dynamic carrier to bring export substrates from the cytoplasm to the export gate complex.
wild-type cells (Fig. 3a). Consistently, the fliI-5A mutation reduced the secretion level of FlgD (Fig. 3b). Because the fliI-5A mutation did not affect the steady cellular level of FliI ( Supplementary  Fig. 1b), we conclude that this mutation affects the protein export function of FliI.
To investigate whether the overexpression of FliI-5A improves the motility, we cloned this fliI allele into the pTrc99A vector. When FliI-5A was overexpressed from a pTrc99A-based plasmid, FliI-5A restored the motility of the ΔfliI mutant to the wild-type level (Fig. 3a). Consistently, the secretion level of FlgD was also at the wild-type level (Fig. 3b), indicating that the reduced export activity of FliI-5A is restored to the wild-type level by an increase in its expression level.
Effect of alanine substitution in the positive charge cluster on FliH-FliI interaction. The positive charge cluster of FliI N is involved in the interaction with FliH C (Fig. 2a) 16 . To test whether the fliI-5A mutation reduces the binding affinity of FliI for FliH, we carried out pull-down assays by Ni affinity chromatography ( Supplementary Fig. 2). Untagged FliH co-purified with His-FliI, in agreement with a previous report 25 . In contrast, the fliI-5A mutation reduced the binding affinity of FliI for FliH (Supplementary Fig. 2). Although the fliI-2A, fliI-3A and fliI-4A mutations did not affect motility at all ( Supplementary Fig. 1a), these three mutations also reduced the binding affinity of FliI for FliH ( Supplementary Fig. 2). Therefore, we conclude that electrostatic interactions between the positive charge cluster of FliI N and FliH C are dispensable for flagellar protein export although these interactions stabilize an interaction between FliI EN and FliH C . Because a complete loss of the positive charges by fliI-5A mutation reduced the protein transport activity (Fig. 3), we hypothesize that this positive charge cluster may be involved in the interaction with other export apparatus components for efficient flagellar protein export.
Multicopy effect of FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A on Salmonella cell growth. When FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A (R26A/R27A/R33A triple mutation) were expressed at a relatively high copy level from pTrc99A-based plasmids, the motility ring of these two fliI mutants were smaller than the wild-type ring ( Supplementary  Fig. 1c). However, they fully restored the motility of the ΔfliI mutant when they were expressed at a relatively low copy level from pET19b-based plasmids ( Supplementary Fig. 1a). As the motility ring size also depends on the growth rate of Salmonella motile cells, we investigated whether the higher expression level of FliI with either R33A or FliI-3A substitution reduces the growth rate of Salmonella cells. When FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A were expressed from pET19b-based plasmids, these two FliI mutants did not affect the cell growth at all ( Supplementary  Fig. 3a). In contrast, when FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A were expressed  Fig. 3a) even though their expression levels were lower than the wild-type level ( Supplementary Fig. 3b). To confirm this, we measured the growth rate of Salmonella cells overexpressing wild-type FliI, FliI(R33A), or FliI-3A (Fig. 4a). Overexpression of wild-type FliI slightly reduced the cell growth rate compared to the vector control. In contrast, cell growth was totally inhibited by induction of FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A (Fig. 4a), even though their expression level was lower than the wild-type level (Fig. 4b).
FliH suppresses FliI ring formation in solution, thereby suppressing the ATPase activity of FliI 25,33 . Therefore, we next tested whether FliH relieves the growth inhibition caused by the fliI(R33A) and fliI-3A mutations. When FliI(R33A) or FliI-3A was co-expressed with FliH from the pTrc99A-based plasmids, no growth inhibition occurred ( Supplementary Fig. 3a) although their expression levels were increased ( Supplementary Fig. 3b, c). As described above, the fliI-3A mutation reduced the binding affinity of FliI for FliH, whereas the R33A mutation did not (Supplementary Fig. 2). Because FliH strongly binds to FliI EN to suppress FliI ring formation 16,25,32 , we suggest that the binding of FliH to FliI EN inhibits premature FliI ring formation in the cytoplasm, thereby not only suppressing the growth inhibition caused by these two fliI mutations but also increasing the steady cellular level of FliI (R33A) and FliI-3A ( Supplementary Fig. 3b, c).
Multicopy effect of the fliI-3A and fliI-4A mutations on the ATPase activity of FliI. The ATPase activity of FliI displays a protein concentration-dependent positive cooperativity, indicating that FliI ring formation is required for efficient ATP hydrolysis by the FliI ATPase 17,33 . This raises the possibility that the fliI (R33A) and fliI-3A mutations increase the probability of premature FliI ring formation in the cytoplasm, thereby reducing the cytoplasmic ATP level enough to inhibit the cell growth. To test this, we measured the ATPase activity of FliI(R33A) and FliI-3A proteins at several distinct protein concentrations ( Fig. 4c and Table 1). The ATPase activity of FliI increased from 0.001 ± 0.0001 to 0.888 ± 0.222 [mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 3] nmol of phosphate min −1 μg −1 with an increase in the protein concentration from 17 to 680 nM. The ATPase activity of FliI (R33A) and FliI-3A also showed a protein concentrationdependent positive cooperativity ( Fig. 4c and Table 1) but was greatly higher than that of the wild type even at a very low protein concentration. At FliI concentration of 85 nM, the ATPase activity of wild-type FliI, FliI(R33A), and FliI-3A was 0.008 ± 0.001, 1.211 ± 0.09, and 1.898 ± 0.036 nmol of phosphate min −1 μg −1 , respectively.
To test whether FliI-3A forms homo-hexamer, we analyzed the ability of FliI ring formation in the presence of Mg 2+ -ADP-AlF 4 , which is a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (Fig. 5). At a FliI concentration of 1 μM, many ring-like particles were observed in the FliI-3A sample but not in the wild-type FliI one. Only end-on images were selected, aligned in a reference-free mode and averaged, which yielded a ring structure with an approximate sixfold symmetry (Fig. 5, inset). Because the fliI(R26A), fliI (R27A), and fliI-2A (R26A/R27A double mutation) mutations did not affect the cell growth, we suggest that the fliI(R33A) mutation increases the probability of autonomous FliI ring formation even at a low protein concentration.
FliI-4A also contains the R26A/R27A/R33A triple mutation in addition to the R76A substitution, but overexpression of FliI-4A did not inhibit the cell growth in a way similar to wild-type FliI (Fig. 4a), raising the possibility that the fliI(R76A) substitution may reduce the ring formation efficiency of FliI-3A. To clarify this possibility, we purified FliI-4A and measured its ATPase activity at different protein concentrations ( Fig. 4c and Table 1). The ATPase activity of FliI-4A was 0.021 ± 0.004 nmol of phosphate min −1 μg −1 at a protein concentration of 85 nM. This ATPase activity of FliI-4A was higher than the wild-type level at the same protein concentration but was much lower than that of FliI-3A. Consistently, FliI-4A formed a hexamer but the ring formation efficiency was lower than FliI-3A albeit higher than the wild type (Fig. 5). These suggest that the fliI(R76A) substitution partially suppresses efficient FliI ring formation caused by the fliI (R33A) mutation, thereby suppressing the growth inhibition caused by overexpression of FliI-3A. Because Arg-33 and Arg-76 are located at an interface between FliI subunits, and Arg-76 forms a hydrogen bond with Asn-73 of its neighboring subunit ( Fig. 2a), we suggest that Arg-33, Asn-73, and Arg-76 are critical for well-regulated FliI ring formation.
FliH deletion effect on motility of fliI mutants. To clarify the role of the positive charge cluster of FliI in flagellar protein export, we investigated motility of fliI mutants in the absence of FliH. Because overexpression of FliI bypasses the FliH defect to a significant degree 34,35 , we transformed a Salmonella fliH-fliI double null mutant (ΔfliH-fliI) with pTrc99A-based plasmids encoding the FliI mutant variants we studied above and analyzed the motility of the resulting transformants. Except for FliI(R30A) and FliI(R33A), single alanine substitutions in the positive charge cluster of FliI N reduced motility in soft agar ( Supplementary  Fig. 4a, left panel). Consistently, the secretion level of FlgD was lower than the wild-type level ( Supplementary Fig. 4b). Interestingly, the fliI-2A mutation reduced flagella-driven motility compared to the R26A and R27A single mutations, and the R33A mutation improved the motility defect of the fliI-2A mutant to a considerable degree ( Supplementary Fig. 4a, right panel). A complete loss of the positive charges of FliI by fliI-5A mutation inhibited motility of and the secretion of FlgD by the ΔfliH-fliI mutant (Fig. 3c, d), suggesting that FliI-5A exerts an inhibitory effect on flagellar protein export in the absence of FliH. These observations suggest that the positive charge cluster of FliI N is involved in well-regulated flagellar protein export.
The FliI ATPase plays an important role in substrate recognition [26][27][28] . Addition of purified FliH 2 FliI complex at a final concentration of 1.5 μM to the in vitro assay solution increases the level of FlgD transported to the inside of inverted membrane vesicles by 20-fold, indicating that the FliH 2 FliI complex facilitates the export of FlgD 30 . To clarify why the fliI-5A mutation abolishes the secretion of FlgD in the absence of FliH, we analyzed the FliI-FlgD interaction by glutathione S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography. A very small amount of FlgD was detected in the elution fractions derived from GST alone presumably due to its non-specific binding to the column (Fig. 6a). In contrast to GST alone, much higher amounts of FlgD co-purified with GST-FliI (Fig. 6b), indicating a specific interaction between FliI and FlgD. The fliI-5A mutation did not inhibit the interaction of FliI with FlgD (Fig. 6c).
FliI also interacts with FlhA C , FlhB C , and FliJ during flagellar protein export 14 . To investigate whether the fliI-5A mutation Fig. 3 Characterization of the fliI-5A mutant. a Motility of MKM30 (ΔfliI) cells transformed with pET19b (indicated as Low copy, V), pTrc99A (indicated as High copy, V), pMM1701 (pET19b/His-FliI, indicated as Low copy, WT), pMM1702 (pTrc99A/His-FliI, indicated as High copy, WT), pMM1701-5A [indicated as pET19b/His-FliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A/R93A), Low copy, FliI-5A], or pMM1702-5A [pTrc99A/His-FliI(R26A/R27A/R33A/R76A/ R93A), indicated as High copy, FliI-5A] in 0.35% soft agar plates containing 100 μg ml −1 ampicillin. The plate was incubated at 30°C for 6 h. The diameter of the motility ring of five colonies of each transformant was measured. The average diameter of the motility ring of MKM30 cells harboring pMM1701 was set to 1.0, and then relative diameter of the motility ring was calculated. Dots indicate individual data points. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. Scale bar, 1.0 cm. b Effect of the fliI-5A mutation on flagellar protein export. The above transformants were exponentially grown in L-broth, and then whole cellular (Cell) and culture supernatant (Sup) fractions were prepared, followed by SDS-PAGE and finally immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FlgD (first row) or anti-FliI (second row) antibody. The positions of molecular mass markers are indicated on the left. The regions of interest were cropped from original immunoblots shown in Supplementary Fig. 9a. The density of each FlgD band on immunoblots is normalized for the cellular FlgD levels. These data are the average of four independent experiments. Dots indicate individual data points. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. c Effect of the fliI-5A mutation on motility in the absence of FliH. The diameter of the motility ring of 5 colonies of MMHI001 (ΔfliH-fliI) cells carrying with pTrc99A (V), pMM1702 (WT), or pMM1702-5A (FliI-5A) was measured. The average diameter of the motility ring of the vector control was set to 1.0, and then relative diameter of the motility ring of each transformant was calculated. Dots indicate individual data points. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. Scale bar, 0.5 cm. d Effect of the fliI-5A mutation on flagellar protein export in the absence of FliH. The above transformants were exponentially grown in L-broth, and then whole cellular and culture supernatant fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FlgD antibody. The regions of interest were cropped from original immunoblots shown in Supplementary Fig. 9b. Relative secretion levels of FlgD were measured. These data are average of seven independent experiments. Dots indicate individual data points. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. Comparisons between datasets were performed using a two-tailed Student's t test. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant difference. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001; ND, no statistical difference.
affects the interactions of FliI with these three proteins, we performed pull-down assays by GST affinity chromatography. Small amounts of FliI co-purified with GST-FlhA C , GST-FlhB C , and GST-FliJ but not with GST alone (Fig. 7a). Furthermore, compared to the GST control, elution of FliI was clearly observed as a delayed wash out, reflecting weak and highly dynamic interactions of FliI with GST-FlhA C , GST-FlhB C , and GST-FliJ (Fig. 7a). Two-tailed Student's t tests revealed that the amounts of FliI-5A co-purified with GST-FlhB C and GST-FliJ were significantly higher than those of wild-type FliI (p < 0.05; Fig. 7b), indicating that the fliI-5A mutation increases the binding affinities of FliI for FlhB C and FliJ. In contrast, this fliI-5A mutation reduced the binding affinity of FliI for FlhA C (p < 0.05; Fig. 7b). Because the level of FlgD secreted by the ΔfliH fliI-5A mutant was lower than that by the ΔfliH-fliI mutant (Fig. 3d), we suggest that FliI-5A may bind to FlhB C and FliJ to block the flagellar protein export process in the absence of FliH. Since the overexpression of FliI-5A restored motility to the wild-type level in the presence of FliH (Fig. 3a), we propose that an interaction between the positive charge cluster of FliI and FlhA C may be involved in the flagellar protein export process. Effect of the fliI-5A mutation on the ATPase activity of FliI. FliI 6 ring formation is required for efficient flagellar protein export by the PMF-driven export gate complex even in the absence of FliH 19 , raising the possibility that the fliI-5A mutation might suppress FliI oligomerization at the FlhA C -FlhB C docking platform. To clarify this possibility, we measured the ATPase activity of FliI-5A at various protein concentrations (Fig. 4c and Table 1). The ATPase activity of FliI-5A was higher than the   wild-type value at the same protein concentrations. Consistently, FliI-5A formed the ring-shaped hexamer at a protein concentration of 1 μM (Fig. 5). Therefore, we hypothesize that the fliI-5A mutation may affect the gating function of the PMFdriven export gate complex in the absence of FliH.
Isolation of pseudorevertants from the ΔfliH fliI-5A mutant. To clarify our hypothesis described above, we isolated three pseudorevertants from the ΔfliH fliI-5A mutant. Motility of these pseudorevertants was better than that of their parental mutant (Fig. 8a). DNA sequencing revealed two insertion mutations, flhB SP2 and flhB SP3 , at the end of the C-terminal α-helix of FlhB CC and a P361A missense mutation, named flhB SP4 , in the flexible Cterminal tail of FlhB C (FlhB CCT ) (Fig. 8b). The inserted LKRWQ and WQLKR sequences of the ΔfliH fliI-5A flhB SP2 and ΔfliH fliI-5A flhB SP3 suppressor mutants, which are presumably caused by gene duplication, are located between Glu-349 and Leu-350 and between Arg-352 and Trp-353, respectively.
To test whether the flhB SP2 , flhB SP3 and flhB SP4 mutations display allele specificity, we transduced these flhB alleles into the ΔfliH-fliI mutant using P22 phage to produce the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP2 , ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP3 , and ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP4 mutants. Motility of these three mutants was better than that of the ΔfliH-fliI mutant (Supplementary Fig. 5a). Consistently, much larger amounts of FlgD were detected in the culture supernatants of the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP2 , ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP3 , and ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP4 mutants than in that of the ΔfliH-fliI mutant ( Supplementary  Fig. 5b). These results indicate that these flhB mutations are able to bypass both FliH and FliI defects. Overexpression of wild-type FliI enhanced the motility of the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP4 mutant (Fig. 8c). Consistently, FliI overexpression increased the secretion level of FlgD (Fig. 8d). In contrast, overexpression of FliI-5A reduced motility of and the secretion level of FlgD by the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP4 mutant (Fig. 8d), indicating that FliI-5A still exerts an inhibitory effect on flagellar protein export even in the presence of flhB SP4 mutation. Similar results were obtained with the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP2 and the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP3 mutants ( Supplementary  Fig. 6). The second-site flhB mutations by themselves displayed no phenotype (Supplementary Fig. 5c, d). Because FliI-5A was fully functional at a relatively high copy level in the presence of FliH but not in its absence (Fig. 3), we suggest that the docking of FliI-5A to FlhB C inhibits substrate entry into the polypeptide channel in the absence of FliH.
Effect of flhB mutations on the interaction between FlhB C and FlgD. The N-terminal export signal of FlgD binds to a conserved hydrophobic patch formed by Ala-286, Pro-287, Ala-341, and Leu-344 residues of FlhB C 36 . To test whether the flhB bypass mutations affect the interaction of FlhB C with FlgD, we carried out pull-down assays by GST affinity chromatography. FlgD copurified with GST-FlhB C (Fig. 8e, first row). The flhB SP2 , flhB SP3 , and flhB SP4 mutations did not reduce the binding affinity of FlhB C for FlgD (Fig. 8e), suggesting that these flhB mutations increase the probability of substrate entry into the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 polypeptide channel complex and that FlhB CCT may play a regulatory role in the substrate entry mechanism.
Membrane topology of FlhB and FlhA. The flhB(P13T), flhB (A21T/V), flhB(I27N), and flhB(P28T) mutations, which are postulated to be located in the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of FlhB (FlhB NCT ) (Fig. 8b), also bypass both FliH and FliI defects 34,37 . Recent genetic analysis has suggested that an interaction between FlhB NCT and FlhB CN may facilitate the entry of export substrates into the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 polypeptide channel complex 38 . However, it remains unclear whether FlhB NCT and FlhB C are close to the cytoplasmic entrance of the polypeptide channel because the densities corresponding to these two parts of FlhB in the cryo-electron microscopic (cryoEM) structure of the core of the type III export apparatus were not high enough to build their atomic models 9 . Therefore, we analyzed the topology of FlhB TM by PhoA fusion assays using L-broth agar plate containing a chromogenic substrate of alkaline phosphatase, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP). We constructed five FlhB-PhoA fusions, PhoA-FlhB, FlhB (1-59) -PhoA, FlhB (1-132) -PhoA, FlhB (1-184) -PhoA, and FlhB (1-212) -PhoA (Fig. 9a). We used a precursor form of PhoA (prePhoA) and its mature form (mPhoA) as the positive and negative controls, respectively, because prePhoA contains a signal peptide, allowing PhoA to be secreted via the Sec translocon into the periplasm to become the active form, whereas mPhoA does not. We also used a PhoA-FliQ fusion as a positive control because the cryoEM structure of FliQ has shown that the N-terminus of FliQ is located in the periplasm 6 . We used a Salmonella ΔphoN strain as a host. When prePhoA and the PhoA-FliQ fusion were expressed in the ΔphoN cells, the colonies became blue on the BCIP indicator plates (Supplementary Fig. 7). In contrast, the ΔphoN colonies expressing mPhoA remained white (Supplementary Fig. 7). These results indicate that the fusion of FliQ to the C-terminus of PhoA does not affect the PhoA activity. The ΔphoN cells expressing FlhB (1-59) -PhoA or FlhB (1-184) -PhoA formed blue colonies on  Supplementary Fig. 11. Three independent assays were performed.
the BCIP indicator plates, whereas the cells expressing FlhB (1-132) -PhoA formed white colonies (Fig. 9a), in agreement with the cryoEM structure of FlhB 9 . The PhoA-FlhB and FlhB (1-212) -PhoA fusions showed no PhoA phosphatase activity (Fig. 9a), indicating that both FlhB NCT and FlhB C are located in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we suggest that they are in close proximity to each other in the export gate complex.

Discussion
FliI forms a homo-hexamer at the flagellar base and hydrolyzes ATP to activate the PMF-driven export gate complex to drive flagellar protein export in a PMF-dependent manner (Fig. 1) 24 . FliI shows an extensive structural similarity with the α and β subunits of F 1 -ATPase and hydrolyzes ATP with the mechanism similar to that of F 1 -ATPase 18 . The α 3 β 3 hetero-hexamer of F 1 -ATPase is stabilized by interactions between the N-terminal   Supplementary Fig. 13. Relative secretion levels of FlgD were measured. These data are average of three independent experiments. Dots indicate individual data points. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations. Comparisons between datasets were performed using a two-tailed Student's t test. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant difference. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ND, no statistical difference. e Effect of flhB mutations on the interaction of FlhB C with FlgD. Whole-cell lysates (L) prepared from Salmonella SJW1368 (ΔcheW-flhD) cells expressing GST-FlhB C , GST-FlhB C-SP2 , GST-FlhB C-SP3 , or GST-FlhB C-SP4 were mixed with those from E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells producing FlgD, followed by GST affinity chromatography. Elution fractions were analyzed by CBB staining (upper panel) and immunoblotting with anti-FlgD antibody (lower panel). The regions of interest were cropped from original CBB-stained gels and immunoblots shown in Supplementary Fig. 14. Three independent assays were performed.
domains of the α and β subunits 39 . The core structure of FliI N can be superimposed relatively well onto the N-terminal domains of the α and β subunits 18 . However, the FliI 6 ring model, which is generated by fitting the crystal structure of FliI onto the α and β subunits of the F 1 -ATPase, shows steric hindrances of FliI N at the subunit interface, suggesting that a conformational change of FliI N is required for FliI ring formation 32 . Here, we showed that the fliI(R33A) and fliI-3A (R26A/R27A/R33A triple mutation) mutations increased the probability of FliI 6 ring formation at a relatively low protein concentration compared to wild-type FliI and that the fliI(R76A) mutation partially reduced the FliI ring formation efficiency of FliI-3A (Figs. 4 and 5 and Table 1). These suggest that Arg-33 and Arg-76 are involved in well-regulated FliI ring formation (Fig. 2). The fliI-3A mutation reduced the binding affinity of FliH for FliI ( Supplementary Fig. 2). However, when FliH was co-expressed with FliI-3A, it suppressed the growth defect caused by FliI-3A (Supplementary Fig. 3). Because FliH C also binds to FliI EN , we suggest that the interaction between FliH C and FliI EN suppresses premature FliI ring formation in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we propose that FliI requires FliH for well-regulated conformational rearrangements of FliI N to form a homo-hexamer at the flagellar base and that Arg-33 and Arg-76 of FliI play important roles in the hexamer assembly. Fig. 9 PhoA fusion assays. a Membrane topology of FlhB. Salmonella TH12991 (ΔphoN) cells were transformed with pMKM10001 (pTrc99A/mPhoA), pMKM10002 (pTrc99A/prePhoA), pMKM10004 (pTrc99A/PhoA-FlhB, indicated as B1), pMKM10005 (pTrc99A/ FlhB (1-59) -PhoA, indicated as B2), pMKM10006 (pTrc99A/FlhB (1-132) -PhoA, indicated as B3), pMKM10007 (pTrc99A/FlhB (1-184) -PhoA, indicated as B4), or pMKM10008 pTrc99A/ FlhB (1-212) -PhoA, indicated as B5), and then fresh transformants were inoculated onto BCIP indicator plates containing 100 μg ml −1 ampicillin, followed by incubation at 30°C for 18 h. In the periplasm, PhoA adopts an active conformation to hydrolyze BCIP, thereby generating blue color colonies on BCIP indicator plates. In contrast, PhoA in the cytoplasm adopts an inactive form and hence cannot hydrolyze BCIP. As a result, the colonies remain white. FliI is not essential for flagellar protein export 37,40,41 , and the FliI defect can be overcome to a considerable degree by many factors, such as bypass mutations in FlhA and FlhB, an increase in the expression level of export substrates, and an increase in total PMF 37,41 . Recently, in vitro reconstitution experiments using inverted membrane vesicles have demonstrated that the FliH 2 FliI complex facilitates the docking of export substrates and flagellar chaperone/substrate complexes to the transmembrane export gate complex so that the gate complex can efficiently unfold and transport export substrates in a PMF-dependent manner 30,42 . Based on these observations, FliI is thought to be involved in at least three distinct steps. First, FliI recognizes export substrates in the cytoplasm and delivers them to the FlhA C -FlhB C docking platform along with FliH [26][27][28][29]31 . Second, ATP hydrolysis by FliI activates the export gate complex to become an active PMFdriven protein transporter 23,24 . Finally, FliI promotes export substrate entry into the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 polypeptide channel complex 37 . Here, we showed that the fliI-5A (R26A/R27A/R33A/ R76A/R93A) mutation caused a loss-of-function phenotype in the absence of FliH but not in its presence (Fig. 3). Interestingly, the level of FlgD secreted by the ΔfliH fliI-5A mutant was lower than that by the ΔfliH-fliI double null mutant (Fig. 3d). Furthermore, overexpression of FliI-5A reduced the secretion level of FlgD by the ΔfliH-fliI flhB SP4 mutant compared to the vector control (Fig. 8d). These observations indicate that FliI-5A exerts an inhibitory effect on flagellar protein export in the absence of FliH. The binding affinities of FliI-5A for FlhB C and FliJ were higher than that of wild-type FliI (Fig. 7). In contrast, the binding affinity of FliI-5A for FlhA C was lower than that of wild-type FliI (Fig. 7). Because FliI-5A retained the ability to bind to FlgD (Fig. 6c), we suggest that the binding of FliI-5A to FlhB C and FliJ inhibits the flagellar protein export process in the absence of FliH. Therefore, we propose that a positive change cluster of FliI may regulate the binding affinities of FliI for FlhA C , FlhB C , and FliJ to facilitate the subsequent entry of flagellar building blocks into the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 polypeptide channel complex and that the dissociation of FliI from FlhB C and FliJ may be required for efficient substrate entry into the polypeptide channel. Because FliI-5A was functional in the presence of FliH but not in its absence (Fig. 3), we also propose that an interaction between FliH C and FliI EN may allow the positive charge cluster of FliI to undergo its proper conformational changes coupled with the substrate entry process.
Gain-of-function mutations in FlhB CCT enhanced motility of the ΔfliH fliI-5A mutant cells (Fig. 8a). These flhB CCT mutations did not affect the binding affinity of FlhB C for FlgD (Fig. 8e). Furthermore, they did not display allele specificity (Supplementary Fig. 5c, d). These suggest that these flhB CCT mutations considerably increase the probability of export substrate entry into the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 polypeptide channel complex in the absence of FliH and FliI. Therefore, we propose that FlhB CCT may suppress spontaneous gate opening of the polypeptide channel to avoid undesirable leakage of small salts through the channel. How does FlhB CCT control gate opening? FlhB TM associates with the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 complex, and the cytoplasmic loop connecting helices 2 and 3 (FlhB Loop ) wraps around the cytoplasmic face of the FliP 5 FliQ 4 FliR 1 complex through interactions of FlhB Loop with each FliQ subunit, having proposed that FlhB Loop may be involved in the gating mechanism of the polypeptide channel 9 . The flhB(E230A) mutation in FlhB CN reduces the protein transport activity of the flagellar protein export apparatus, and the flhB (E11S) mutation in FlhB NCT restores the protein transport activity of the flhB(E230A) mutant to the wild-type level 38 , suggesting that an interaction between FlhB NCT and FlhB CN is required for flagellar protein export. We found that the flhB(E230A) mutation did not reduce the binding affinities of FlhB C for either FliI or FlgD (Supplementary Fig. 8). PhoA fusion assays showed that both FlhB NCT and FlhB C are in the cytoplasm (Fig. 9a), suggesting that they are close to FlhB Loop . Recent photo-crosslinking experiments have shown that Pro-28 of FlhB NCT is in very close proximity to FliQ 9 . These suggest that conformational rearrangements of FlhB NCT , FlhB Loop , and FlhB CN occur in a FliIdependent manner, allowing the polypeptide channel to be opened and that FlhB CCT may regulate the FlhB NCT -FlhB CN interaction to interfere with premature gate opening.
The flhB(P13T), flhB(A21V), flhB(A21T), flhB(I27N), and flhB (P28T) mutations in FlhB NCT; the flhA(I21T), and flhA(L22F) mutations in FlhA NCT ; and the flhA(V404M) mutation in FlhA C overcome both FliH and FliI defects 34,37 . PhoA fusion assays revealed that FlhA NCT is located in the cytoplasm (Fig. 9b), suggesting that FlhA NCT is in close proximity to FlhA C , FlhB NCT , and FlhB C . Therefore, we propose that gain-of-function mutations in FlhA and FlhB may mimic FliI-bound state of the cytoplasmic entrance of the polypeptide channel so that an interaction between flagellar building block and FlhB C may trigger the gate opening in the absence of FliH and FliI.

Methods
Bacterial strains, plasmids, transductional crosses, and DNA manipulations. Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Supplementary  Table 1. P22-mediated transductional crosses were performed with P22HTint. Sitedirected mutagenesis was carried out using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis method as described in the manufacturer's instructions (Stratagene). DNA sequencing reactions were carried out using BigDye v3.1 (Applied Biosystems), and then the reaction mixtures were analyzed by a 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
Motility assays in soft agar. Fresh colonies were inoculated into soft agar plates [1% (w/v) triptone, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl, 0.35% Bacto agar] with or without 100 μg ml −1 ampicillin and incubated at 30°C. A diameter of the motility ring was measured using the ImageJ software version 1.52 (National Institutes of Health). At least five different colonies were measured.
Secretion assays. S. enterica wild-type and mutant cells were grown at 30°C with shaking until the cell density had reached an optical density of 600 nm (OD 600 ) of ca. 1.4-1.6. Cultures were centrifuged to obtain cell pellets and culture supernatants. The cell pellets were resuspended in a sample buffer solution [62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10% glycerol, 0.001% bromophenol blue] containing 1 μl of 2-mercaptoethanol. Proteins in the culture supernatants were precipitated by 10% trichloroacetic acid and suspended in a Tris/SDS loading buffer (one volume of 1 M Tris, nine volumes of 1× sample buffer solution) containing 1 μl of 2-mercaptoethanol. Both whole cellular proteins and culture supernatants were normalized to a cell density of each culture to give a constant cell number. After boiling proteins in both whole cellular and culture supernatant fractions at 95°C for 3 min, these protein samples were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel (normally 12.5% acrylamide) electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad) using a transblotting apparatus (Hoefer). Then immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FlgD antibody was carried using iBand Flex Western Device (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as described in the manufacturer's instructions. Detection was performed with Amersham ECL Prime western blotting detection reagent (Cytiva). Chemiluminescence signals were captured by a Luminoimage analyzer LAS-3000 (GE Healthcare). The band intensity of each blot was analyzed using an image analysis software, CS Analyzer 4 (ATTO, Tokyo, Japan). All image data were processed with the Photoshop software (Adobe). At least three independent measurements were performed.
Pull-down assays by Ni affinity chromatography. The S. enterica SJW1368 strain carrying pTrc99A-based plasmids co-expressing of untagged FliH with His-FliI or its mutant variants were grown overnight at 30°C in 100 ml L-broth containing ampicillin. Cell lysates were loaded onto a nickel-nitriloacetic acid (Ni-NTA) agarose column (QIAGEN). After washing the column with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 500 mM NaCl, and 50 mM imidazole, proteins were eluted with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 500 mM NaCl containing imidazole by a stepwise increase in the imidazole concentration of 100, 250, and 500 mM. Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with Coomassie Brilliant blue (CBB).
Cell growth measurements. Overnight cultures of S. enterica cells were diluted 100-fold into fresh L-broth containing 100 µg ml −1 ampicillin, and the cells were grown at 30°C for 3 h with shaking. After adding IPTG at a final concentration of 0.1 mM, the incubation was continued for another 4 h. The cell growth was monitored at an OD 600 every hour. Three different cells were measured and averaged.
Purification of GST-tagged proteins. Cell lysates prepared from the S. enterica SJW1368 strain expressing GST-tagged proteins were loaded onto a Glutathione Sepharose 4B column (GE Healthcare). After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 8 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of KCl, 3.63 g of Na 2 HPO 4 •12H 2 O, 0.24 g of KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.4 per liter), proteins were eluted with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 10 mM reduced glutathione. Fractions containing GST-tagged proteins were pooled and dialyzed overnight against PBS at 4°C with three changes of PBS.
Pull-down assays by GST affinity chromatography. To investigate the effect of the fliI-5A mutation on interactions of FliI with FlhA C , FlhB C and FliJ pull-down assays by GST affinity chromatography were carried out as described previously 46 . Purified His-FliI or His-FliI-5A was mixed with purified GST, GST-FlhA C , GST-FlhB C , or GST-FliJ, and then each mixture was dialyzed overnight against PBS at 4°C with three changes of PBS. A 5 ml of each mixture was loaded onto a Glutathione Sepharose 4B column (bed volume, 1 ml) pre-equilibrated with 20 ml of PBS. After washing of the column with 10 ml PBS at a flow rate of ca. 0.5 ml min −1 , bound proteins were eluted with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 10 mM reduced glutathione. Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with CBB staining and immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FliI antibody. The band intensity of each blot was analyzed using an image analysis software, CS Analyzer 4.
To analyze the interactions of FlgD with FliI and FlhB C , cell lysates prepared from the S. enterica SJW1368 strain expressing GST, GST-FliI, GST-FliI-5A, GST-FlhB C , GST-FlhB C-SP2 , GST-FlhB C-SP3 , GST-FlhB C-SP4 or GST-FlhB C-E230A were mixed with those from the E. coli BL21 (DE3) Star strain overexpressing His-FlgD, and each mixture was loaded onto a Glutathione Sepharose 4B column. After extensive washing the column with 10 ml PBS, bound proteins were eluted with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and 10 mM reduced glutathione. Eluted fractions were analyzed by CBB staining and immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FlgD antibody.
Multiple sequence alignment. Multiple sequence alignment was carried out using CLUSTAL-Ω (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/). Statistics and reproducibility. Statistical tests, sample size, and the number of biological replicates are reported in the figure legends. Statistical analyses were done using the Excel software (Microsoft). Comparisons between datasets were performed using a two-tailed Student's t test. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant difference. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.