Mutually suppressive roles of KMT2A and KDM5C in behaviour, neuronal structure, and histone H3K4 methylation

Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me) is extensively regulated by numerous writer and eraser enzymes in mammals. Nine H3K4me enzymes are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders to date, indicating their important roles in the brain. However, interplay among H3K4me enzymes during brain development remains largely unknown. Here, we show functional interactions of a writer-eraser duo, KMT2A and KDM5C, which are responsible for Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome (WDSTS), and mental retardation X-linked syndromic Claes-Jensen type (MRXSCJ), respectively. Despite opposite enzymatic activities, the two mouse models deficient for either Kmt2a or Kdm5c shared reduced dendritic spines and increased aggression. Double mutation of Kmt2a and Kdm5c clearly reversed dendritic morphology, key behavioral traits including aggression, and partially corrected altered transcriptomes and H3K4me landscapes. Thus, our study uncovers common yet mutually suppressive aspects of the WDSTS and MRXSCJ models and provides a proof of principle for balancing a single writer-eraser pair to ameliorate their associated disorders. Vallianatos et al. study the functional interactions of KMT2A and KDM5C, H3K4me enzymes known to be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. Using genetic mouse models, neuronal structure analysis, neurobehavior, and epigenomic profiling, they demonstrate a mutually suppressive relationship between KMT2A and KDM5C during neurodevelopment.

D ysregulation of histone methylation has emerged as a major contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities 1 . Histone methylation can be placed on a subset of lysines and arginines by histone methyltransferases (writer enzymes) and serves as a signaling platform for a variety of nuclear events including transcription 2 . Reader proteins specifically recognize methylated histones, thereby converting methylation signals into higher-order chromatin structures. Histone methylation can be removed by a set of histone demethylases (eraser enzymes). Pathogenic variants in all three classes of methyl-histone regulators cause NDDs, indicating critical, yet poorly understood roles of histone methylation dynamics in brain development and function 3 .
Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me) is one of the most well-characterized histone modifications. H3K4me is primarily found at transcriptionally permissive areas of the genome. The three states, mono-, di-, and tri-methylation (H3K4me1-3), uniquely mark gene regulatory elements and play pivotal roles in distinct steps of transcription. While H3K4me3/2 are enriched at transcriptionally engaged promoters, H3K4me1 is a hallmark of transcriptional enhancers 4,5 . At promoters, H3K4me3 contributes to recruitment of general transcription machinery TFIID and RNA polymerase II 6,7 . H3K4me1 at enhancers can be recognized by BAF, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex 8 .
H3K4me is extensively regulated by more than seven methyltransferases and six demethylases in mammals 9 . Consistent with the important roles of H3K4me in transcriptional regulation, genomic distribution of H3K4me appears highly dynamic during brain development 10 . However, the contributions of each of these enzymes in the dynamic H3K4me landscapes of the developing brain remain largely unknown. Strikingly, genetic alterations in nine H3K4me enzymes and at least two H3K4me readers have been associated with human NDDs to date, indicating the critical roles of H3K4me balance 10 (Fig. 1a). These human conditions can be collectively referred to as brain H3K4 methylopathies and point to non-redundant yet poorly understood roles of these genes controlling this single post-translational modification for faithful brain development. Of note, some of these enzymes can have non-enzymatic scaffolding function 11 as well as non-histone substrates 12 ; therefore, these disorders may potentially involve mechanism outside histone H3K4 methylation.
As histone modifications are reversible, one can, in theory, correct an imbalance by modulating the writers or erasers. Chemical inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been successfully used to rescue phenotypes in mouse models of NDDs. HDAC inhibitors were able to ameliorate learning disabilities in mouse models of Rubinstein-Taybi and Kabuki syndromes, which are deficient for CREBBP or KMT2D, writer enzymes for histone acetylation or H3K4me, respectively 13,14 . However, the HDAC inhibitors, such as SAHA and AR-42, used in these studies interfere with multiple HDACs 15 , which could potentially result in widespread side effects. Given the nonredundant roles of the H3K4me enzymes, a more specific perturbation is desirable.
In order to achieve specific modulation of H3K4me, an important first step is to delineate functional relationships between the H3K4 enzymes. Focus of the work is on a pair of NDD-associated writer/eraser enzymes: KMT2A and KDM5C. Haploinsufficiency of KMT2A underlies Weidemann-Steiner Syndrome (WDSTS), characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, short stature, and hypotonia 16 . Loss of KDM5C function defines Mental Retardation, X-linked, syndromic, and Claes-Jensen type (MRXSCJ), in which individuals display an intellectual disability syndrome with aggression, short stature, and occasional autism comorbidity 17 . Mouse models have provided experimental support for causative impacts of KMT2A and KDM5C deficiencies in impaired cognitive development [18][19][20][21][22] . Social behavior and neuronal structure in Kmt2a-KO mice however have not been characterized.
In the present work, we tested whether modulating a single H3K4me writer or eraser can ameliorate the neurodevelopmental symptoms observed in the WDSTS and MRXSCJ mouse models. We generated Kmt2a-, Kdm5c-double mutant (DM) mice, and performed systematic comparisons between wild-type (WT), single mutants, and DM mice.

Results
KMT2A and KDM5C co-exist broadly in the brain. We first examined expression patterns of KMT2A and KDM5C using publicly available resources, and found the two genes are broadly expressed throughout brain regions of adult mice and humans ( Supplementary Fig. 1). Kmt2a and Kdm5c are expressed at comparable levels in all major excitatory and inhibitory neuron subtypes as well as glia cells in mouse visual cortices (Supplementary Fig. 1a), and also throughout mouse brains (Supplementary Fig. 1b). Consistently, developing and aging human brains express KMT2A and KDM5C at high, steady levels (Supplementary Fig. 1c). Thus, both writer and eraser are co-expressed across brain cell types, regions, and developmental stages in both humans and mice.
These mice were born at expected Mendelian ratios of 25% per genotype, demonstrating the DM mice were not synthetic lethal (Fig. 1c). Genotypes were confirmed at RNA and DNA levels ( Supplementary Fig. 1a-c), and protein level for KDM5C ( Supplementary Fig. 1d). Brain anatomy showed no gross deformities in any of the genotypes (Supplementary Fig. 1e). Both Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO mice showed significant body weight reduction compared to WT (Fig. 1d, Supplementary  Fig. 1f, one-way ANOVA: F 3,55 = 10.28, p < 1.0 × 10 -4 , Tukey's multiple comparison test: WT vs 2 A: p = 0.008, WT vs 5C: p = 0.008). DM body weight was significantly smaller compared to WT (DM vs WT: p < 1.0 × 10 -4 ). Thus, loss of Kdm5c and Kmt2a heterozygosity both led to growth retardation, which was not corrected but rather slightly exacerbated in DM mice. Note that for all the four-way comparisons in this study, we first represent the p-values from one-way ANOVA tests of genotype-phenotype interaction with histograms. We then report p-values from posthoc tests of all six genotype comparisons with 95% confidence intervals of group mean differences.  Fig. 1 The H3K4 methylopathies and generation of the Kmt2a-Kdm5c double-mutant (DM) mouse. a Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me) methyltransferases (writers) and demethylases (erasers) depicted by their ability to place or remove H3K4me. Reader proteins recognizing specific H3K4me substrates (arrows) are depicted below. Genes are listed next to their associated neurodevelopmental disorder. KMT2A and KDM5C are highlighted in purple and green, respectively. WDSTS Weideman-Steiner Syndrome, ID intellectual disability, ASD autism spectrum disorder, CPRF cleft palate, psychomotor retardation, and distinctive facial features, ARID autosomal recessive ID, MRXSCJ mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic, Claes-Jensen type. b Mouse breeding scheme crossing congenic 129S1/SvlmJ Kmt2a-heterozygous males with congenic C57/Bl6 Kdm5c-heterozygous females, resulting in F1 generation mice. Only males were used in this study. c Numbers of male offspring across 30 litters, showing Mendelian ratios of expected genotypes. d Left panel: body weight of adult mice >2 months of age (mean ± SEM, ****p < 0.0001 in One-Way ANOVA). Right panel: difference between group means of weight (mean ± 95% confidence intervals, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 in Tukey's multiple comparison test).

Memory impairments in
Learning and memory was measured by two independent tests, contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and novel object recognition (NOR). In CFC, we observed a significant effect of genotype (CFC: F(3,60) = 4.133, p = 0.010). In accordance with previous findings 21, 22 , Kdm5c-KO showed significant deficits in associative fear memory in CFC (Fig. 2a, WT vs 5 C: p = 0.017, 2A vs 5C: p = 0.0.024). Previous work reported that homozygous deletion of Kmt2a in excitatory hippocampal neurons leads to impaired fear memory in the CFC 20 . In contrast, Kmt2a-HET mice showed no deficits in either CFC or NOR (Fig. 2a, b) (CFC: p = 1.000), indicating that Kmt2a-heterozygosity does not lead to learning impairment measured in these assays. Importantly, DM mice did not differ from WT mice ( Fig. 2a)  A similar pattern emerged in NOR, where we observed a significant main effect of genotype (F(3,64) = 3.20, p = 0.030). Here, Kdm5c-KO mice showed significantly less preference for the novel object than other genotypes (Fig. 2b) (WT vs 5C: p = 0.041; 2a vs 5C: p = 0.091). Consistent with our CFC results, neither Kmt2a-HET mice nor DM mice differed from WT mice (p = 1.000), suggesting that Kmt2a heterozygosity does not impair memory, but can rescue impairments of Kdm5c-KO. Importantly, WT, Kmt2a-Het, and DM mice showed preference for the novel object (Z = 2.029; p = 0.041). Nevertheless, as this was not a strong preference, it is likely that non-mnemonic effects, including anxiety processes, also contributed to avoidance-like behavior in Kdm5c-KO mice. Differences between genotypes in memory tasks were not attributable to locomotor activity or shock responsiveness, as none of these parameters showed significant differences among the genotypes (Fig. 2c, d).
Social behavior in the single and double mutants. We next examined social behavior using the three independent behavioral paradigms. First, social interaction was tested with the threechambered preference test, with an overall effect of genotype (F (3,60) = 3.726, p = 0.016). WT mice showed a robust preference for the novel mouse over the toy mouse (Z = 2.97, p = 0.003). Consistent with previous studies 21 , Kdm5c-KO mice exhibited significantly less preference for the stranger mouse compared with WT (WT vs 5C: p = 0.023); whereas Kmt2a-HET mice showed no differences from WT (Fig. 3a, WT vs 2A: p = 0.563) 20 . Similar to Kdm5c-KO, DM mice showed a strong trend towards less time with stranger mice compared to WT (WT vs DM: p = 0.077). No difference was detected between Kdm5c-KO and DM (5C vs DM: p = 1.000), indicating that Kmt2a heterozygosity does not alter social preference or rescue the deficit of Kdm5c-KO.
In tests of social dominance (Fig. 3b), both Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO mice won more frequently against WTs (2A vs WT: 60.9%, p = 0.091, 5C vs WT: 68.4%, p = 0.008). In contrast, DM animals lost more than 80% of their bouts against WT (DM vs WT: p = 1.47 × 10 -5 ). Although DM mice were slightly smaller compared to single mutants (Fig. 1d), this is unlikely to drive submissive behaviors, as body mass has been shown to have minimal impact on social hierarchy unless excess difference (>30%) is present between animals 24 , which is not the case in our study ( Fig. 1d; 2A vs WT:11%, 5C vs WT: 17%, DM vs WT: 25%). These results indicate that the two single mutants share heightened social dominance and the double mutation reverses the social dominance.
Lastly, in the resident-intruder test, similar to other behavioral paradigms, overall effects of genotype were evident in both aggressive and submissive behavior (Fig. 3c, aggressive behavior: F(3,60) = 3.642, p = 0.018; aggression × genotype: F (12,240) = 1.853, p = 0.041; submissive behavior: (F(3,60) = 4.335, p = 0.008). The genotype effect on aggressive behaviors inversely correlated with that of submissive behavior, reinforcing the changes in specific behaviors rather than general locomotor activity. Both Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO showed a trend of increased aggression and decreased submission when we combined frequency of all aggressive or submissive behavior types compared to WT (Fig. 3c).
DM mice showed significantly reduced overall aggression compared to the two single mutants (Fig. 3c    submissive compared to single mutants (DM vs 5C: p = 0.006, DM vs 2A: p = 0.059). Comparison between DM and WT mice did not yield any significant differences. The decreased aggression and increased submission of DM relative to the single mutants were also observed in multiple behavior types, including mounting, chasing for aggression ( Supplementary Fig. 3a), and cowering and running away for submission ( Supplementary Fig. 3b). Thus, these results suggest that double mutations alleviate aggressive behavior of both Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO mice.
Together, the behavioral studies revealed more pronounced deficits in Kdm5c-KO animals compared to Kmt2a-HET mice in terms of memory and social interaction, while Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO mice shared increased social dominance and aggression. The consequences of double mutations varied between the tests, with clear rescue effects on cognitive tasks, dominant behavior, and aggression, and no effect on social interactions. No behavioral traits were exacerbated in DM. These results establish common and unique behavioral deficits of Kdm5c-KO and Kmt2a-HET mice and mutual suppression between the two genes in some of the traits.
Roles of KMT2A, KDM5C, and their interplay in neuronal morphology. Altered dendrite morphology is a hallmark of many human NDDs, as well as animal models of NDDs 25 . We previously found reduced dendritic length and spine density in basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons of Kdm5c-KO adult male mice 21 . Assessment of dendritic morphology in Kmt2a-HET has not been reported. We first performed comparative dendrite morphometry of pyramidal neurons in the BLA using Golgi staining for the four genotypes (Fig. 4). For Kdm5c-KO neurons, we recapitulated our previous findings of reduced dendrite lengths ( Fig. 4a, b, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test, WT vs 5C: p = 0.034) and lower spine density (Fig. 4a, c, WT vs 5C: p = 0.008). Similar to Kdm5c-KO neurons, Kmt2a-HET cells exhibited a reduction in spine density (Fig. 4b, c, WT vs 2A: p = 0.005) but not in dendritic length (WT vs 2A: p = 0.177).
Dendrite lengths of DM did not differ significantly from that of WT ( Fig. 4b, WT vs. DM: p = 0.550); however, these lengths were also not different from that of Kdm5c-KO (Kdm5c-KO vs. DM: p = 0.534), representing a weak restorative effect. In contrast, dendritic spine density of DM showed a significant increase that surpassed a rescue effect (Fig. 4c). As morphology of dendritic spines progressively changes during synaptogenesis and development, we also asked whether developmental subtypes of dendritic spines were altered in any genotype. We did not find dramatic changes in spine morphology among the four genotypes (Fig. 4d, Supplementary Fig. 4), indicating selective requirement of Kdm5c and Kmt2a for regulation of spine numbers.
In DM vCA1, spine density showed a trend of degrease compared to WT, yet this did not reach statistical significance (WT vs DM: p = 0.066). DM spine density was significantly higher than Kdm5c-KO (DM vs 5C: p = 0.021) but similar to Kmt2a-HET (DM vs 2A: p = 0.223). These analyses indicate reduced spine density in both Kdm5c-KO and Kmt2a-HET vCA1 neurons and its partial correction in DM.
Overall, we conclude that Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO share a reduced spine density in both BLA and vCA1. Double mutations led to reversal of spine phenotype in BLA and partial restoration in vCA1, supporting mutually suppressive roles of KMT2A and KDM5C in dendritic spine development.
Roles of KMT2A and KDM5C in mRNA expression. Kdm5c-KO mice exhibit aberrant gene expression patterns in the amygdala and frontal cortex 21 , and hippocampus 22 . Excitatoryneuron specific conditional Kmt2a-KO mice were also characterized with altered transcriptomes in the hippocampus and cortex 19,20 . However, the global gene expression of Kmt2a-HET, which is akin to the WDSTS syndrome genotypes, has not been determined. To compare the impact of Kmt2a-heterozygosity and Kdm5c-KO on the transcriptomes, we performed mRNA-seq using the amygdala and the hippocampus of adult mice with four animals per genotype. We confirmed the lack or reduction of reads from Kdm5c exons 11 and 12 and Kmt2a exons 8 and 9 ( Supplementary Fig. 2a, b). The accurate microdissection of brain regions was confirmed by co-clustering of our data with another published mRNA-seq 27 (Supplementary Fig. 5a). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that transcriptomic divergence was primarily driven by brain regions rather than genotypes ( Supplementary Fig. 6a).
In the amygdala, we identified 132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Kdm5c-KO (5C-DEGs) and no 2A-DEGs (p-adj < 0.1, n = 4, Fig. 5a, Supplementary Fig. 6). The hippocampus yielded a consistently higher number of DEGs across the mutant genotypes (344 5C-DEGs and 4 2A-DEGs). The small number of 2A-DEGs is likely due to the one remaining copy of Kmt2a. Given increased social dominance (Fig. 3b) and clear reduction of dendritic spines (Fig. 4) in Kmt2a-HET mice, we reasoned that such phenotypes might be associated with mild gene misregulation, which was not detected by DEseq2. To be able to analyze the gene expression in Kmt2a-HET, we set a relaxed cut off (p < 0.005) and retrieved 78 and 139 genes as 2A-DEG from the amygdala and hippocampus, respectively (Fig. 5b, Supplementary Fig. 6). We found an overall similarity in gene misregulation between the two brain regions for both Kdm5c-KO and Kmt2a-HET ( Supplementary Fig. 7a, b). Table S1 lists all DEGs found in the study.
We next compared the gene expression profiles between the single mutants. The majority of 5C-DEGs were upregulated and 2A-DEGs were downregulated (Fig. 5a, b, Supplementary Fig. 6). This result agrees with KMT2A's primary role as a transcriptional coactivator and KDM5C's suppressive activity on transcription, yet KDM5C can also act as a positive regulator of transcription 28 . If KMT2A and KDM5C counteract, DEGs would be oppositely misregulated between the single mutants. Indeed, we found that 28-29% of 5C-DEGs and 8-17% of 2A-DEGs show signs of opposite regulation in the other single mutant ( Supplementary  Fig. 8a, b). Substantial fractions of DEGs were misregulated in the same directions ( Supplementary Fig. 8a, b), which might be due to indirect consequences of gene manipulations and altered circuits.
Impact of double mutations on mRNA expression. If the double mutations fully restore the normal transcriptome, the DM transcriptome should resemble to that of WT over single mutants. However, the DM brain tissues had a similar number of DEGs as Kdm5c-KO (Fig. 5a). Many DM-DEGs overlap with 5C-DEGs (84 in the amygdala and in the hippocampus), and 41 DM-DEGs overlap with 2A-DEGs in the hippocampus ( Supplementary  Fig. 8c). Thus, the DM transcriptome still retains some mRNA misregulations of single mutants and does not fully return to the normal state.
To assess the rescue effect more quantitatively, we compared fold changes of single-mutant DEGs as a group between genotypes. Expression of 5C-up-regulated genes was significantly lower in the DM amygdala and hippocampus (Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 1.41 × 10 -8 , Fig. 5c). Reciprocally, expression of 2A-down-regulated genes was significantly higher in DM brain tissues (p < 1.26 × 10 -8 , Fig. 5c). We further examined how individual DEGs behaved in DM. The fold changes of 5C-DEGs and 2A-DEGs in single mutants clearly correlated with those in DM, indicating that single-mutant DEGs are similarly   Table S1). We analyzed amygdala and hippocampal tissues from four animals for each genotype. c Behavior of single-mutant DEGs in DM. Log2 fold change of DEGs relative to WT were plotted across the three mutants. Boxplot features: box: interquartile range (IQR), bold line: median, gray dots: individual genes. Associated p values result from Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. d Identification of rescue-driving genes and regression analysis. Blue fitting lines and slopes result from linear regression of log2 fold changes between the two genotypes. Gray shade: 95% confidence interval. P-values indicate probability of the null hypothesis that the fitting line does not differ from 1 (Warton et al. 48 ). Red circles: rescue-driving genes (see Methods). dysregulated in DM in general. However, the slopes of linear regression were lower than 1 with statistical significance, suggesting the partial rescue effect (Fig. 5d). The mildest rescue effect was observed in 5C-DEGs in the DM amygdala (linear regression slope = 0.91 ± 0.03), while 5C-DEGs in the hippocampus and 2A-DEGs exhibit more pronounced rescue effects (slope: 0.51-0.73). These results indicate that misregulation of genes in both Kdm5c-KO or Kmt2a-HET was partially corrected in the DM brain tissues.
We then sought to isolate genes that might have contributed to the rescue effects at cellular and behavioral levels. As shown by the red circles in Fig. 5d, some DEGs exhibit stronger rescue effects than others. We selected these genes as potential drivers of rescue effects (see Methods). While 10 genes in the amygdala and 81 genes in the hippocampus drove rescue effects of 5C-DEGs, 36 genes in the amygdala and 46 genes in the hippocampus contributed to the partial restoration of normal 2A-DEGs expression in DM (Supplementary Data 2). We then performed pathway analysis on these rescue-driving genes using the Enrichr program. While 2A-rescue genes did not yield any statistically significant enrichment (p-adj < 0.05), 5C-rescued genes showed an enrichment of a mouse KEGG pathway, "neuroactive ligandreceptor interaction" (p-adj = 5.60 × 10 -3 , Odds ratio: 6.01). The following 10 genes contributed to the enrichment: Pomc, Adcy2, Agt, Adora2a, Mc3r, Gabre, P2ry14, Tacr1, Trh, and Lhb. Except for P2ry14, all these genes have known roles in learning and memory or aggression ( Table 1). Many of these genes were expressed at low levels in the WT and were derepressed following the KDM5C loss (Supplementary Data 2), suggesting roles for KDM5C in suppressing aberrant gene expression.
Interestingly, most of these genes encode peptide hormones, their receptors, or downstream signaling molecules. For example, Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a peptide-hormone primarily known for its roles in regulating hypothalamic functions, such as feeding 29 . In addition to its high expression in the hypothalamus, Pomc is also expressed in the amygdala and the hippocampus 30 . POMC signaling in these regions has been implicated in the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease 31 . Another gene in the list, Mc3r, encodes a POMC receptor. Mc3r is expressed in the hypothalamus and limbic structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus 32 . Similar to Pomc, Mc3r's roles have been primarily studied in the hypothalamus, yet this gene has also been implicated in hippocampal memory consolidation 33 . Collectively, these results raise the possibility that aberrant peptide-hormone signaling and its normalization underlie phenotypic outcomes of Kdm5c-KO and DM mice.
H3K4me3 landscapes in WDSTS and MRXSCJ models. We sought to determine the impact of KMT2A-and KDM5Cdeficiencies and double mutation on the H3K4me3 landscape within the amygdala. In western blot analyses, global H3K4me1-3 levels were not altered dramatically in any mutant (Fig. 6a,  Supplementary Fig. 9). We thus performed H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) to probe local changes genome-wide. To assess the IP specificity, we spiked-in an array of recombinant nucleosomes carrying 15 common methylations along with DNA barcodes appended to the Widom601 nucleosome positioning sequence 34 (see Methods). The two recombinant H3K4me3 nucleosomes dominated the Widom601-containing DNA in all IP reactions with negligible signals from other methylation states such as H3K4me1 or H3K4me2 ( Supplementary Fig. 10a), demonstrating a superb specificity of the ChIP. Table 1 Rescued 5C-DEGs that drove enrichment of the KEGG pathway "Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction".

Gene symbol Encoded protein
Chromosome Description Tacr1  Tachykinin receptor 1  chr6 Tachykinin receptor (aka neurokinin-1 or Substance-P receptor). G-protein coupled receptors found across the brain. Elevated TACR1 mRNA levels in ASD patients with heightened aggression 49 . Decreased aggression in Tacr1-KO mice 50 .

Lhb
Beta subunit of luteinizing hormone (LH) chr7 Major roles of LH in testosterone production. Additional roles of LH in learning and memory functions, e.g. elevated LH impairs spatial memory of rodents 51 .

Trh
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) chr6 Primary TRH production in hypothalamic neurons. Some production and activity within the hippocampus. TRH stimulates GABA release within CA1 of the hippocampus 52 .

Gabre
The epsilon subunit of the GABA-A chrX The epsilon subunit of GABA-A Receptor, an inhibitory chloride channel. Agonistindependent activity produces a tonic inhibitory tone onto neurons 53 . Highest in the hypothalamus.

Adcy2
Adenylyl cyclase 2 chr13 Stimulated by G-protein signaling and PKC. High expression in the soma and dendrites of hippocampal neurons and a proposed role in coincidence detection 54 .

Adora2a
Adenosine A2a receptor chr10 A G-protein coupled receptor of extracellular adenosine. A regulator of neurogenesis and hippocampal volume. Modulatory roles of BDNF expression and GABA and glutamate signaling in the hippocampus 55 . Increased body mass, anxiety, and heightened aggression in Adora2a-KO mice 56 .

Pomc
Pro-opiomelanocortin chr12 A peptide-hormone regulating the hypothalamic function such as feeding. High expression in the hypothalamus, and lower expression in the amygdala and hippocampus. Implicated in the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease 31 .

Mc3r
Melanocortin 3 receptor chr2 MC3R is receptor for cleavage products of POMC. The hypothalamic function in weight and feeding. Roles in hippocampal memory consolidation 33 .

Agt
Angiotensinogen chr8 A peptide-hormone primarily produced by astrocytes and converted into Angiotensin, neuroactive peptides. Well-known roles in vascular regulation, such as blood pressure. Angiotensin II inhibits LTP in the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus 57 .

P2ry14
Purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled chr3 G-protein coupled receptor that binds UDP-glucose. PCA analyses of H3K4me3 distribution indicated that WT and Kmt2a-HET are close each other, while Kdm5c-KO and DM cluster separately from the WT-2a-HET cluster. Reminiscent of the transcriptome data (Fig. 5), we did not recover any differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in Kmt2a-HET, while Kdm5c-KO had 1147 hypermethylated regions (Fig. 6c, Supplementary Fig. 9, p-adj < 0.05, see Methods). In Kdm5c-KO, 583 loci are hypomethylated compared to WT, and these regions are highly methylated regions in WT ( Fig. 6c and Supplementary  Fig. 10). By relaxing the threshold, we obtained weak 2A-HET DMRs (Fig. 6c, 357 hypermethylated and 240 hypomethylated). We then examined how these single-mutant DMRs behaved in the other single mutant. Compared to the transcriptome data ( Supplementary Fig. 8), we were able to recover more DMRs that are misregulated in opposite directions between the single mutants (Fig. 6d). These results suggest that H3K4me3 changes represent the action of KMT2A and KDM5C more directly compared to mRNA expression. Comparable numbers of DMRs still show same-direction H3K4me3 changes, which may again reflect indirect consequences of gene manipulations.
Rescue effect of H3K4me3 landscapes in DM. We next examined the impact of double mutations on H3K4me3 distributions. Notably, in the PCA plot, the second replicate of DM showed a stronger rescued compare to other replicates, indicating that expressivity of rescue effect varies among individual animals (Fig. 6b). The number of DMRs in DM are smaller than those of single mutants, indicating a global rescue of aberrant H3K4me3 (Fig. 6c). We then assessed how single-mutant DMRs behaved in DM. Note that, we focused on hypomethylated loci in Kmt2a-HET and hypermethylated loci in Kdm5c-KO (colored loci in Fig. 6d) based on their enzymatic activities. The oppositedirection 2A-DMRs showed complete normalization in DM, while the same-direction 2A-DMRs were even more hypomethylated in DM (Fig. 6e). Likewise, the opposite-direction 5C-DMRs showed more pronounced rescue effect in DM compared to same-direction 5C-DMRs (Fig. 6e). This direction-dependent rescue effect persisted even when we omitted DM rep2 from the analysis (Supplementary Fig. 11). These results strongly support the idea that KMT2A and KDM5C counteract to normalize H3K4me3 levels in specific genomic loci.   Peak annotation revealed that rescued DMRs tend to be outside the promoters, such as distal intergenic regions, introns, and internal exons (Fig. 6f). ChIP-seq tracks of exemplary loci are represented in Supplementary Fig. 12. Finally, we tested whether the rescue effects in gene expression involve normalization of H3K4me3. We took all rescued 2A-DEGs and plotted DM vs 2A fold changes of H3K4me3 as a function of DM vs 2A mRNA changes (Fig. 6g). Rescued 2A-DEGs mostly showed an increase in mRNA levels in DM (Q2 and Q4). When mRNA expression increases from 2A-HET to DM, H3K4me3 levels also increase, which results in the larger number of genes within the upper right quadrant of the plot (Q2, 47 genes, p < 1.0 × 10 -4 , χ 2 test). Similarly, when mRNA expression decreases from 5C-KO to DM, the majority of genes are accompanied by decreased H3K4me3 nearby (Q3: 45 genes vs Q1: 20 genes, p < 1.0 × 10 -4 , χ 2 test). Furthermore, the magnitude of mRNA and H3K4me3 changes show positive correlations (Pearson r = 0.16, and r = 0.27 for 2Aand 5C-DEGs, respectively). Thus, misregulation of mRNA expression and its partial correction involve corresponding restoration of the H3K4me3 levels.

Discussion
The present work, to our knowledge, represents the first genetic interactions between mammalian methyl histone writer and eraser in vivo. Interplay of opposing chromatin-modifying enzymes has been characterized in several biological processes and species. For example, DNMT3A DNA methyltransferase and TET2 dioxigenase, which oppose over DNA CpG methylation, can both counteract and cooperate to regulate gene expression in hematopoietic stem cells 35 . Set1 and Jhd2, the sole H3K4me writer-eraser pair in yeast, have been shown to co-regulate transcription 36 . However, a fundamental question remainedis there any specific writer-eraser pairing in highly duplicated gene families for a single chromatin modification? Mishra et al. showed that KDM5A antagonizes KMT2A, KMT2B, and KMT2D to modulate the transient site-specific DNA copy number gains in immortalized human cells 37 . Cao et al. 38 found that failed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells due to Kmt2d deletion can be rescued by Kdm1a knockdown. These pioneering efforts identified functional interplay between the opposing enzymes in vitro; however, no in vivo study has been reported. Thus, the present study substantially advances our understanding of how methyl-histone enzymes functionally interact.
Brain development is particularly relevant to the H3K4me dynamics, because a cohort of neurodevelopmental disorders has been genetically associated with impaired functions of these enzymes, as discussed earlier. Unlike previous studies using chemical approaches that block multiple chromatin regulators [13][14][15] , we demonstrated that manipulation of a single enzyme, KMT2A or KDM5C, is sufficient to reverse many neurological traits in both of the two single-mutant models. This study motivates interrogations of human populations to test if damaging mutations in writer and eraser enzymes can coincide in unaffected individuals. Our work also opens a new avenue for future studies to delineate the full interplay between the H3K4me-regulatory enzymes.
Several challenges remain, especially in linking molecular functions of KMT2A and KDM5C to cellular and behavioral outcomes. First, we measured gene expression and H3K4me3 in adult brain tissues, a mixture of many neuron and glia types, which may mask potentially important molecular changes. Increasing spatiotemporal resolution of the molecular study is an important future direction. Second, histone modifying enzymes, including KDM5C, can exert non-enzymatic function 11,39 . Although it has not been reported, there might be a non-histone substrate for KMT2A and KDM5C, as shown in other histone modifying enzymes 12 . Thus, our study does not rule out the impact of these non-canonical roles of the two enzymes. Finally, in a fly model of KMD5-intellectual disability 40,41 , impaired intestinal barrier and the altered microbiota contribute to abnormal social behavior, pointing to a non-tissue-autonomous mechanism 42 . Future studies are warranted to isolate the causal events for observed rescue effects. The first step would be to test the functional contribution of candidate genes, many of which encode peptide-hormone signaling factors (Table 1).
Increased social dominance is a novel behavioral trait we observed in both WDSTS and MRXSCJ mouse models. The amygdala is well known to mediate social behaviors. For example, lesions of BLA result in decreased aggression-like behavior and increased social interactions, and changes in transcriptional regulation in BLA are observed after social interactions 43 . The dorsal hippocampus CA1 is a direct recipient region of BLA inputs 26 . Decreased BLA and CA1 spine densities in Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO mice inversely correlate with increased social dominance and aggression (Figs. 3, 4). Together, these observations imply that decreased spine density is not a cause of increased social dominance, but rather reflects compensatory reduction of net synaptic strength due to increased excitation and/or a loss of inhibitory control in this circuit. Thus, determining the connectivity of the amygdala with other regions, including prelimbic, infralimbic, and orbitofrontal cortices as well as the ventral hippocampus, will be critical for understanding the changes in social behaviors in both WDSTS and MRXSCJ models.
It is important to note that the double mutations introduced in our mice were constitutive, and therefore a lifetime of adaptation to loss of these two major chromatin regulators may occur from early developmental stages. A more realistic therapeutic strategy may be acute inhibition of KDM5C or KMT2A in the juvenile or mature brain. Previous work characterizing mouse models with excitatory-neuron specific gene ablation via CamKII-Cre found that conditional Kmt2a deletion led to clear learning deficits 20 , while cognitive impairments in the conditional Kdm5c-KO mice were much milder than those of constitutive Kdm5c-KO mice 22 . These results suggest a developmental origin of phenotypes in Kdm5c-KO. Future investigations are needed to address whether the effects of acute inhibition of opposing enzymes in these mouse models can restore such neurodevelopmental deficits.

Methods
Statistics and reproducibility. The proposed study was conducted with varied numbers of individual animals depending on the experiments. Data acquisition and analysis were conducted blindly except for molecular measurements including western blots and genomics analyses. We did not remove any particular data points for their acquisition or analyses. Statistical tests were chosen based on the distribution of the data. Details of statistics and sampling are outlined below in each section.
All mouse studies complied with the protocols (PRO00008568: Iwase and PRO00008807: Tronson) by the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC) of The University of Michigan.
Brain histology. Mice were subjected to transcardial perfusion according to standard procedures. Fixed brains were sliced on a freeze microtome, yielding 30 μm sections that were then fixed, permeabilized, blocked, and stained with DAPI. Slides were imaged on an Olympus SZX16 microscope, with an Olympus U-HGLGPS fluorescence source and Q Imaging Retiga 6000 camera. Images were captured using Q-Capture Pro 7 software. Data were collected in a blind fashion, where samples were coded and genotypes only revealed after data collection was complete.
Behavioral paradigms. Prior to behavioral testing, mice were acclimated to the animal colony room for 1 week single-housing in standard cages provided with a lab diet and water ad libitum. A 12-h light-dark cycle (7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m.) was utilized with temperature and humidity maintained at 20 ± 2°C and >30%, respectively. The University of Michigan Committee on the Use and Care of Animals approved all tests performed in this research. Five tests, listed in order of testing, were performed: Novel Object Recognition (5 days), Context Fear Conditioning (2 days), Three-Chambered Social Interaction (2 days), Social Dominance Tube Test (3-4 days), and Resident-Intruder (2-3 days). All testing was conducted in the morning by experimenters blind to genotype. The cleaning agent used in every test between each trial was 70% ethanol. Data were collected in a blind fashion, where mice were coded and genotypes were only revealed after testing was complete.
Contextual fear conditioning: mice were placed into a distinct context with white walls (9¾ × 12¾ × 9¾ in) and a 36 steel rod grid floor (1/8 in diameter; ¼ spaced apart) (Med-Associates, St. Albans, VT) and allowed to explore for three minutes, followed by a 2-s 0.8 mA shock, after which mice were immediately returned to their home cages in the colony room. Twenty-four hours later, mice were returned to the context and freezing behavior was assessed with NIR camera (VID-CAM-MONO-2A) and VideoFreeze (MedAssociates, St Albans, VT). Freezing levels were compared between genotypes using a between-groups analysis (one-way ANCOVA) with genotype as the between-subjects factor, and "cohort" as the covariate, to reduce variability as a result of multiple cohorts. Planned comparisons between genotypes were conducted, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Novel object recognition: mice were first habituated to testing arenas (40 × 30 × 32.5 cm 3 ) in three, 10-min sessions over six consecutive days. Twenty-four hours later, mice were allowed to explore two identical objects (a jar or egg, counterbalanced across animals) for two, 10-min trials spaced 3 h apart. All animals were returned to the arena, tested 24 h after the first training session, and presented with one training object ("familiar" object: jar or egg) and one "novel" object (egg or jar). Exploration of the objects was defined as nose-point (sniffing) within 2 cm of the object. Behavior was automatically measured by Ethovision XT9 software using a Euresys Picolo U4H.264No/0 camera (Noldus, Cincinnati, OH). Preference was calculated as the time spent exploring novel object/total time exploring both objects. One-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests against 50% (no preference) was used to establish whether animals remembered the original objects.
Three-chambered social interaction: mice were placed into a three-chambered apparatus consisting of one central chamber (24 × 20 × 30 cm 3 ) and two identical side chambers (24.5 × 20 × 30 cm 3 ) each with a containment enclosure (8 cm diameter; 18 cm height; gray stainless steel grid 3 mm diameter spaced 7.4 mm apart) and allowed to habituate for 10 min. Twenty-four hours later, mice were returned to the apparatus that now included a 2-3-month-old stranger male mouse (C57BL/6 N) on one side of the box ("stranger"), and a toy mouse approximately the same size and color as the stranger mouse on the other ("toy"). Exploration of either the stranger or toy was defined as nose-point (sniffing) within 2 cm of the enclosure and used as a measure of social interaction. Behavior was automatically scored by Ethovision XT9 software as described above, and social preference was defined as time exploring stranger/total time spent exploring (stranger + toy). Onesample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests against 50% (no preference) was used to establish whether animals remembered the original objects. Differences between genotypes were analyzed using an ANCOVA with cohort as a covariate. Planned comparisons with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were used to assess differences between genotypes.
Social dominance tube test: twenty-four hours prior to testing, mice were habituated to a plastic clear cylindrical tube (1.5 in diameter; 50 cm length) for 10 min. During the test, two mice of different genotypes were placed at opposite ends of the tube and allowed to walk to the middle. The match concluded when the one mouse (the dominant mouse) forced the other mouse (the submissive mouse) to retreat with all four paws outside of the tube (a "win" for the dominant mouse). Each mouse underwent a total of three matches against three different opponents for counterbalancing. Videos were recorded by Ethovision XT9 software as described above, and videos were manually scored by trained experimenters blind to genotype. The number of "wins" was reported as a percentage of total number of matches. Data were analyzed using an Exact Binomial Test with 0.5 as the probability of success (win or loss).
Resident-intruder aggression: resident-intruder tests were used to assess aggression. Tests were performed on consecutive days, where the resident mouse was exposed to an unfamiliar intruder mouse for 15 min. A trial was terminated prematurely if blood was drawn, if an attack lasted continuously for 30 s, or if an intruder showed visible signs of injury after an attack. Resident mice were assessed for active aggression (darting, mounting, chasing/following, tail rattling, and boxing/parrying), as well as submissive behaviors (cowering, upright, and running away). Intruder mice were assessed for passive defense (freezing, cowering, and digging). Behavior was recorded and videos scored manually by experimenters blind to genotype. A repeated measures analysis, with cohort as a covariate, was used for each aggressive (genotype × aggression measures ANOVA) and submissive behavior (genotype × submissive) to analyze aggressive behaviors. Planned comparisons for genotype, with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons were used to further analyze specific effects of genotype.
Neuronal Golgi-Cox staining and morphological analyses. Brains from adult (2-8 months) mice were dissected and incubated in a modified Golgi-Cox solution for two weeks at room temperature. The remaining procedure of Golgi-Cox immersion, cryosectioning, staining and coverslipping was performed as described previously 21 . Four animals were used for each genotype, and pyramidal neurons in the basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus CA1 per animal were quantified: N = 24 neurons for WT, Kmt2a-HET and Kdm5c-KO, and N = 27 neurons for DM. Quantification was done using commercially available software, NeuroLucida (v10, Microbrightfield, VT), installed on a Dell PC workstation that controlled a Zeiss Axioplan microscope with a CCD camera (1600 × 1200 pixels) and with a motorized X, Y, and Z focus for high-resolution image acquisition (×100 oil immersion) and quantifications. The morphological analyses included: dendritic lengths, spine counts, density of overall spine and subtypes. All sample genotypes were blinded to the analysts throughout the course of the analysis.
The criteria for selecting candidate neurons for analysis were based on 1 : visualization of a completely filled soma with no overlap of neighboring soma and completely filled dendrites 2 , the tapering of most distal dendrites; and 3 the visualization of the complete 3-D profile of dendritic trees using the 3-D display of the imaging software.
For quantitative analysis of spine subtypes (thin, stubby, mushroom, filopodia, and branched spines), only spines orthogonal to the dendritic shaft were included in this analysis, whereas spines protruding above or beneath the dendritic shaft were not sampled. This principle remained consistent throughout the course of analysis.
After completion, the digital profile of neuron morphology was extrapolated and transported to a multi-panel computer workstation, then quantitated using NeuroExplorer program (Microbrightfield, VT), followed by statistical analysis (one-and two-way ANOVAs, p < 0.05).
RNA-seq. Brains from adult (4.5-8 months) male mice were microdissected to obtain the amygdala and hippocampus from Bregma~4.80 mm regions. N = 4 animals were used per genotype. The ages of mice used for genomics study, RNAseq and ChIP-seq, are summarized in Supplementary Data 3. Tissue was homogenized in Tri Reagent (Sigma). Samples were subjected to total RNA isolation, and RNA was purified using RNEasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). ERCC spike-in RNA was added at this stage, according to manufacturer's instructions (Life Technologies). Libraries were prepared using the NEBNext® Ultra™ II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit with oligo-dT priming. Multiplexed libraries were pooled in approximately equimolar ratios and purified using Agencourt RNAClean XP beads (Beckman Coulter).
To validate the microdissection of hippocampus and amygdala, we compared our RNA-seq datasets with similar RNA-seq data from Arbeitman 27 datasets, which involved the cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Briefly, count data underwent variance stabilizing transformation via DEseq2 vst function and Euclidean distances of the transformed values were calculated by dist command and the heatmap was generated by the pheatmap function. Linear regression analysis was performed using the smtr v3.4-8 slope.test function with intercept = FALSE and robust = FALSE options. Rescue-driving genes were chosen as genes that satisfy two conditions using R, (1) abs (log2FC (single mutant vs DM) > 2, (2) abs (log2FC (DM vs WT) < 0.7.
ChIP-seq. Amygdala tissues were microdissected from adult (8-14.5 months) male mice. N = 2 animals were used for WT, and N = 3 animals were used for Kmt2a-HET, Kdm5c-KO, and DM as biological replicates. Nuclei were isolated using a Nuclei EZ prep Kit (Sigma, NUC-101), and counted after Trypan blue staining. Approximately 20,000 nuclei for each replicate were subjected to MNase digestion as previously described 46 . We essentially followed the native ChIP-seq protocol 46 with two modifications. One was to use a kit to generate sequencing libraries in one-tube reactions (NEB, E7103S). Another modification was to spike-in the panel of synthetic nucleosomes carrying major histone methylations (EpiCypher, SKU: 19-1001) 34 . For ChIP, we used the rabbit monoclonal H3K4me3 antibody (Thermo, clone #RM340, 2 μg).
Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, with singleend 75 base-pair sequencing, according to standard procedures. We obtained 20-59 million reads per sample. Reads were aligned to the mm10 mouse genome (Gencode) and a custom genome containing the sequences from our standardized, synthetic nucleosomes (EpiCypher) for normalization, using Bowtie allowing up to two mismatches. Only uniquely mapped reads were used for analysis. The range of uniquely mapped reads for input samples was 38-44 million reads. All IP replicates had a mean of 9.1 million uniquely mapped reads (range: 7.4-13.9 million). The enrichment of mapped synthetic spike-in nucleosomes compared to input was calculated and used as a normalization coefficient for read depth of each ChIP-seq replicate.
Peaks were called using MACS2 software (v 2.1.0.20140616) using input BAM files for normalization, with filters for a q-value < 0.1 and a fold enrichment >1. Common peak sets were obtained via DiffBind, and count tables for the common peaks were generated with the Bedtools multicov command. We removed "blacklist" regions that often give aberrant signals. Resulting count tables were piped into DEseq2 to identify DMRs incorporating the synthetic nucleosome normalization into the read depth factor. We used ChIPseeker to annotate H3K4me3 peaks with genomic features including mm10 promoters (defined here as ±1 kb from annotated transcription start site [TSS]). Normalized bam files were converted to bigwigs for visualization in the UCSC genome browser. Genes near peaks were identified by ChIPseeker. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data were integrated using standard R commands and rescued amygdala DEGs were chosen as genes that meet two criteria (1), abs (log2FC (single mutant vs DM) > 1, (2) abs (log2FC (DM vs WT) < 0.7. All scripts used in this study are available upon request.