Quantitative analysis of heparan sulfate using isotopically labeled calibrants

Heparan sulfate is a sulfated polysaccharide that displays essential physiological functions. Here, we report a LC-MS/MS-based method for quantitatively determining the individual disaccharide composition and total amount of heparan sulfate. Using eight 13C-labeled disaccharide calibrants and one 13C-labeled polysaccharide calibrant, we complete the analysis in one-pot process. The method is both sensitive and has the throughput to analyze heparan sulfate from mouse tissues and plasma. Wang et al. describe a strategy for quantitatively performing composition analysis of heparan sulfate using 13C-labeled disaccharides and polysaccharides that mimic the glycosaminoglycan chemical structure. They further show that these isotopically labelled small molecules can be used as internal standards for mass spectrometry analysis of heparan sulfate derived from mouse tissue and plasma.

H eparan sulfate is an essential glycan and present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, participating in a wide range of biological functions 1 . It is a highly heterogeneous polysaccharide that contains a disaccharide repeating unit of glucuronic acid (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA) and glucosamine (GlcN) residues, and each is capable of carrying sulfo groups. The sulfation patterns in heparan sulfate govern its binding to growth factors, protein inhibitors, and chemokines to regulate embryonic development 2 , and to control blood coagulation 3 and inflammatory responses 4 . A reliable and sensitive method to determine the structure and the quantity of heparan sulfate under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions is highly desirable. Disaccharide compositional analysis is the most widely used technique for the conformation of heparan sulfate structure and total content determination as the analysis is capable of handling saccharide sequence heterogeneity 5,6 . This process relies on a complete depolymerization of heparan sulfate polysaccharides into disaccharides. By measuring the amount of the resultant disaccharide building blocks, one can obtain disaccharide composition for structural information and the total amount of heparan sulfate by summing up the quantity of each disaccharide. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method and LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) have played increasingly significant roles in elucidating heparan sulfate disaccharide composition due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy 7,8 . Isotope-labeled Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide by inserting 13 C/ 15 N into disaccharide units has been developed for investigations of protein/heparan sulfate interactions 9 and quantification analysis of heparan sulfate disaccharides 10 . Isotope dilution mass spectrometry technique has been applied for the quantification analysis of heparan sulfate disaccharides from biological samples 11,12 . Nevertheless, it is often quite challenging to perform quantitative analysis using the LC-MS or LC-MS/MS method due to the lack of appropriate internal reference standards.

Results
Preparation of 13 C-labeled calibrants. Two types of 13 C-labeled calibrant standards were prepared for this study: eight disaccharide calibrants and one polysaccharide-recovery calibrant. The disaccharide calibrants were prepared from hexasaccharides (compounds 1 and 2) and heparan sulfate octasaccharides (compounds 3 and 4) after their digestion with heparin lyases (Fig. 1a). The site-specifically labeled [ 13 C]oligosaccharides were synthesized using a chemoenzymatic method as previously reported 13 . The molecular mass of disaccharide calibrants is 6 Da higher than their counterparts in heparan sulfate from biological sources. Chemical purity of each of the disaccharide calibrants and their isotopic purity were determined to be >95% and >99%, respectively (Supplementary Figs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The eight disaccharides prepared in the present study correspond to most of the disaccharides within heparan sulfate (Supplementary Table 1) 14 . The polysaccharide-recovery calibrant is N-sulfo heparosan containing a disaccharide repeating unit of -GlcA-GlcNS- (Fig. 1b). Within the recovery calibrant, the GlcA and GlcNS residues carry [ 13 C] carbons that were introduced metabolically by E. coli K5 strain (Fig. 1b). Recovery calibrant ΔIVS is the only product after heparin lyase digestion, and the molecular mass is 12 Da higher than the unlabeled counterpart in heparan sulfate (Supplementary Fig. 9).
Determination of linear dynamic range using calibrants. We evaluated the suitability of using isotopically labeled standards for quantitative analysis through the LC-MS/MS method. The entire protocol involves three steps: (1) heparan sulfate extraction step, (2) digestion of heparan sulfate by heparin lyase I-III followed by disaccharide derivatization, and (3) LC-MS/MS analysis (Fig. 2a). Disaccharide calibrants are added at step 2 to serve as internal standards. A chemical group, known as AMAC (3-aminoacridin-9-(10H)-one), is then coupled to disaccharides to form disaccharide-AMAC conjugates 15 . The results from the dynamic range study revealed that the method displays excellent linearity from the concentration of 1-800 μg ml −1 for the average of all eight disaccharides in the presence of 10 μg ml −1 of disaccharide calibrants (Fig. 2c). The linear dynamic range for each individual disaccharide calibrant is comparable to the average for the eight disaccharides . The wide dynamic range essentially eliminates the need for generating a standard curve to perform the quantitation analysis without compromising the accuracy and reproducibility.
Comparison of recovery yields after DEAE column. We next introduced the isotopically labeled polysaccharide-recovery calibrant at the extraction step, or Step 1 in Fig. 2a, to calibrate the recovery yield for purifying heparan sulfate from biological sources. A DEAE-column purification is the key point during extraction process that may result in sample loss. We compared the recovery yield of our recovery calibrant with heparan sulfate and heparin after DEAE-column purification to simulate the extraction process. The recovery yield after DEAE-column purification for the recovery calibrant was 93.9%, comparable to that for heparan sulfate (96.8%) and for heparin (97.9%), despite heparin having a higher sulfation level than heparan sulfate. These data suggest that the recovery calibrant is co-purified with heparan sulfate and heparin during the column purification, despite the differences in sulfation levels (Fig. 2d). The yield of the recovery calibrant is quantified by measuring the amount of disaccharide-recovery calibrant ΔIVS with a molecular mass that is 12 Da higher than unlabeled ΔIVS and 6 Da higher than disaccharide calibrant ΔIVS, offering a unique molecular mass marker in disaccharide analysis (Fig. 2b).
Quantification of heparan sulfate from biological samples. Next, we employed our method to measure the amount and composition of heparan sulfate from mouse tissues. We chose to compare heparan sulfate from the mice suffering from acute liver injury after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose and healthy mice. APAP is a widely used pain medication; however, overdose of acetaminophen leads to severe liver injury. APAP overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury in the United States and Europe. A recent study suggests that heparan sulfate intimately participates in physiological and pathophysiological responses after acetaminophen-induced liver injury 16 , prompting us to investigate the structural changes in heparan sulfate after liver injury. A cohort of mice were administered with a sublethal dose of APAP. The extent of liver injury in APAP-overdose mice was evidenced by high plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a biomarker for liver injury (Supplementary  Tables 2 and 3). We observed that APAP overdose elevated the amount of total heparan sulfate in the liver to 294 ± 54 from 215 ± 30 ng mg −1 , a 37% increase (p = 0.0027) (Fig. 3a, Supplementary Table 4), compared with the control group. For individual disaccharides, APAP overdose significantly increased the amount of five different disaccharides, including ΔIS, ΔIIS, ΔIVS, ΔIIA, and ΔIVA. The ΔIVS and ΔIVA are disaccharides without Osulfation, and ΔIS, ΔIIS, and ΔIIA disaccharides carry 6-O-sulfation (Fig. 3b). The structural analysis data suggest that there is upregulation in heparan sulfate biosynthesis after liver injury, but the changes are primarily reflected in 6-O-sulfation. In contrast, there was no significant difference in total heparan sulfate or individual disaccharide component in the heparan sulfate from lung and kidney (Supplementary Figs. S18-S19; Supplementary Tables 5 and 6).
Quantification of hexasaccharide in the plasma. Last, we used the method to determine the plasma concentration of an anticoagulant heparan sulfate hexasaccharide (6-mer) (Fig. 3c), which is a promising candidate for a new anticoagulant drug to replace animal-sourced heparin 17 . A method for measuring plasma concentration of 6-mer is critically important for the impending clinical evaluation. We used a 13 C-labeled 6-mer as internal standard to calibrate the amount of unlabeled 6-mer. Because 6mer contains a 3-O-sulfated residue that leads to resistance to the digestion 18 , the digestion of 6-mer with heparin lyases yielded one disaccharide (ΔIS) and a trisaccharide (T3S) as expected (Fig. 3c). The ΔIS disaccharide and T3S trisaccharide were well resolved under the LC-MS/MS conditions (Fig. 3d). These two fragments offered us two internal standards to determine the amount of 6-mer. Indeed, the results show that using a fixed concentration of internal 13 C-labeled 6-mer (4 μg mL −1 ) can determine a range of concentrations of the unlabeled 6-mer (1-32 μg mL −1 ), based on either ΔIS or T3S (Fig. 3e). Because T3S trisaccharide contains a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue that is a rare component in heparan sulfate from biological sources, our results suggest that the LC-MS/MS method is fully capable of analyzing 3-O-sulfation if the concentration is sufficiently high. It is important to note that direct quantitative measurement of intact 6-mer, without heparin lyase digestion and AMAC derivatization, reduced the detection sensitivity.

Discussion
Here, we present a LC-MS/MS-based method to conduct quantitative analysis of heparan sulfate from biological sources. The crucial innovation in this method is to utilize a set of eight 13 Clabeled disaccharide calibrants and one N-sulfo heparosan polysaccharide-recovery calibrant as internal standards. The combination of both disaccharide calibrants and recovery calibrant provides the sensitivity and throughput to study dynamic changes of heparan sulfate in a wide array of biological samples. One potential concern is over the accessibility to 13 C-labeled carbohydrate standards. In our hand, the synthesis of disaccharide calibrants can be completed in 1.5-50 mg scale, and 1 mg of a disaccharide calibrant is adequate to carry out 4000 analyses. Large-scale synthesis of disaccharide calibrants can be achieved by further increasing the scale of 13 C-oligosaccharide synthesis using our chemoenzymatic method. The synthesis of the polysaccharide-recovery calibrant is even easier than the synthesis for disaccharide calibrants because the recovery calibrant is made through bacterial fermentation. Using isotopically labeled proteins/peptides for quantitative proteomic analysis is becoming routine and has greatly accelerated biomedical research 19 . We anticipate that this new analytical tool will play a significant role toward understanding the relationship between structure and functions for heparan sulfate polysaccharides.

Methods
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 13 C-labeled oligosaccharides (compounds 1-4). The structures of 13 C-labeled oligosaccharides were appropriately designed, allowing us to isolate all eight disaccharide-calibrant targets carrying 13 C-labeled Δ 4,5 -unsaturated uronic acid (ΔUA) after heparin lyase digestion. We intended to Fig. 1 Schematic synthesis of disaccharide calibrants and one polysaccharide-recovery calibrant. Panel a shows the procedures to prepare eight different disaccharide calibrants. Four 13 C-labeled oligosaccharides were used to prepare individual disaccharides after the digestion with a mixture of heparin lyases, including heparin lyases I-III. Disaccharide calibrants were then purified by a Q-Sepharose column to obtain each individual disaccharide calibrant. Panel b shows the steps involving the synthesis of polysaccharide-recovery calibrant. E. coli K5 strain was grown in the M9 medium supplemented with [ 13 C] glucose at 37°C overnight. 13 C-labeled heparosan was purified from the culture media by a DEAE column. Heparosan was then subjected to de-Nacetylation reaction under a basic condition followed by N-sulfation using sulfur trioxide to yield the recovery calibrant. minimize the number of 13 C-labeled oligosaccharides to prepare the disaccharides. In the meantime, we also chose the structures of oligosaccharides that would yield the disaccharides that can be readily separated by a Q-Sepharose column (GE Health) after heparin lyase digestion. To these ends, we synthesized four different oligosaccharides, and each oligosaccharide yielded two 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants.
All compounds were purified by Q-Sepharose fast-flow chromatography. Mobile phase A was 20 mM NaOAc, pH 5.0, mobile phase B was 20 mM NaOAc, pH 5.0, and 1 M NaCl. The linear-gradient elution was used to wash the compounds from the column, and the elution gradient was changed according to the size and sulfo group numbers of compounds. All the compounds eluting from Q-Sepharose column were further dialyzed against deionized water using a 1000molecular-weight cutoff (MWCO) membrane.
Preparation of 13 C-labeled N-sulfo heparosan from E. coli K5. The expression of 13 C-labeled E. coli K5 heparosan was carried out in the M9 media 21 . The stock 10× M9 salts were prepared by adding 67.6 g of Na 2 HPO 4 , 30.0 g of KH 2 PO 4 , and 5.0 g of NaCl in 1 L of water with pH 7.4. The E. coli K5 strain (from American Type Culture Collection) was grown in the 1 L M9 media containing 100 mL of 10× M9 salts, 1.0 g of NH 4 Cl, 900 mL of H 2 O, 10.0 mg of FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 2.0 g of [ 13 C]glucose (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories), 2.0 mL of 1 M MgSO 4 , 0.1 mL of 1 M CaCl 2 , and 10.0 mg of thiamine hydrochloride at 37°C on a shaker overnight. The medium was incubated in the shaker at 37°C overnight. The supernatant was harvested by centrifugation at 7000 rpm for 30 min, then filtered through a 0.22-μm membrane. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 4.0 with acetic acid before further purification. The DEAE column was used to purify the K5 polysaccharide, heparosan, with buffer A containing 20 mM NaOAc, 50 mM NaCl, pH 4.0, and buffer B containing 20 mM NaOAc, 1 M NaCl, pH 4.0. After loading the medium, 1 L buffer A was applied to wash the column at a flow rate of 4 mL min −1 . Buffer B was then used to elute heparosan. The eluent was mixed with EtOH (1:2, v/v) to precipitate heparosan at 4°C overnight in an explosion-proof refrigerator. The mixture was spun down at 7000 rpm for 30 min, and the precipitate was resuspended in water. Heparin lyase III was applied to digest heparosan, and the disaccharide composition of the resulting mixture was characterized by LC-MS. N-sulfation of heparosan required two chemical reactions, chemical de-N-acetylation and N-sulfation. The heparosan was dissolved in 2 M NaOH and incubated at 55°C overnight. After incubation, the solution was neutralized to pH 7.0 with HCl and dialyzed against water with a 1000-MWCO membrane. The dialyzed sample was dried and resuspended in 3 mL of H 2 O, followed by adding 5.0 mg of Na 2 CO 3 , and 5 mg of sulfur trioxide:triethylamine complex was added. The pH of solution was maintained at 9.5 with acetic acid and NaOH. The solution was then incubated at 48°C overnight. After incubation, the reaction mixture was neutralized using acetic acid to pH 7.0, following which the DEAE-column purification was performed as described above. The recovered product was dialyzed against water with a 1000-MWCO membrane. The structural characterization of Nsulfo heparosan was accomplished using heparin lyase I, II, and III digestion followed by LC-MS analysis.
Preparation of 13 C-labeled heparan sulfate disaccharide calibrants. Heparin lyases I, II and III expressed from Flavobacterium heparinum expressed in E. coli were used to cleave compounds 1-4 to prepare the eight 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants. The heparin lyase enzymatic solution contained 50 μL of substrate (compounds 1-4), 175 μL of enzymatic buffer (100 mM sodium acetate/2 mM calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 g L −1 bovine serum albumin (BSA)), and 48 μL of an enzyme cocktail containing 5 mg ml −1 each of heparin lyases I-III. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C overnight. The extent of reaction completion was monitored by the strong anion-exchange chromatography on a Pro Pac PA1 column (9 × 250 mm, Thermo Fisher Scientific) by measuring the absorbance at 232 nm. The purification of 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants was performed on a Q-Sepharose fast-flow column. Mobile phase A was 20 mM NaOAc, pH 5.0, and mobile phase B was 20 mM NaOAc and 1 M NaCl, pH 5.0. The elution gradient based on the number of sulfate groups of disaccharide calibrants with a flow rate of 1 mL min −1 was used. The absorbance at 232 nm was scanned and recorded. After purification, the disaccharides were desalted on a Sephadex G-10 column. The quantification of 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants was performed based on the standard curve of commercially available native heparan sulfate disaccharide standards (Iduron).
Structure analysis of 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants. A strong anionexchange column Pro Pac PA1 (9 × 250 mm, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to determine the purity of 13 C-labeled disaccharides after purification. Mobile phase A Fig. 3 Demonstration of the utilities of quantitative LC/MS method in heparan sulfate and 6-mer under different biological contexts. Panel a shows the total amount of heparan sulfate in the liver of mice with or without APAP overdose. The data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 8). Cont represents the group of animals without APAP overdose, and APAP represents the group of animals with APAP overdose. The p value was determined by two-tailed unpaired t test, ns, not significant (p > 0.05). Panel b shows the amount of individual disaccharides from mouse liver with or without APAP overdose. Panel c shows the procedures used to analyze 6-mer. A 13 C-labeled 6-mer was used in the analysis. Panel d shows the MRM (multiple-reaction monitoring) ion chromatograms of ΔIS disaccharide (both unlabeled and 13 C-labeled) and T3S trisaccharide (both unlabeled and 13 C-labeled). Disaccharide and trisaccharide were well resolved by our LC method. Panel e shows the correlated linearity range for the analysis of 6-mer using two calibrants, the error bars are shown as S.D. The amounts of unlabeled 6-mer calibrated by ΔIS disaccharide or by T3S were nearly identical. was 3 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , pH 3.0. Mobile phase B was 3 mM NaH 2 PO 4 and 1 M NaCl, pH 3.0. The gradient was as follows: 0-20 min 5-20% B, 20-72 min 20-95% B, and 72-75 min 95-100% B with a flow rate of 1 mL min −1 . The ultraviolet absorbance at 232 nm was scanned and recorded. The different retention times of two groups of isomers (Δ[ 13 C]UA2S-GlcNS and Δ[ 13 C]UA-GlcNS6S; Δ[ 13 C]UA2S-GlcNAc and Δ [ 13 C]UA-GlcNAc6S) on SAX-HPLC were determined by comparing with the retention times of the native disaccharide standards (Iduron) on SAX column.
ESI-MS (Thermo Scientific TSQ Fortis) analysis was used to confirm the MW of each 13 C-labeled disaccharide. The ESI-MS analysis was performed in the negative-ion mode and with the following parameters: Neg ion spray voltage at 3.0 kV, sheath gas at 15 Arb, ion transfer tube temp at 320°C, and vaporizer temp at 100°C. The mass range was set at 240-800.
Linear dynamic range determination. Individual stock solutions of eight heparan sulfate-native disaccharides (Iduron) were prepared in water at 1 mg mL −1 . A stock solution of the mixture of the eight native disaccharides, each at 1 mg mL −1 , was obtained by mixing an equal volume of eight individual stock solutions. The linear dynamic range of the working solutions was determined by a serial dilution of the mixture stock solution in water to obtain the final concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg mL −1 . The mixture stock solution of eight 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants at concentration of 1 mg mL −1 was diluted to 10 μg mL −1 and added to the linear dynamic range working solutions as an internal standard. The linear dynamic range working solutions containing 13 C-labeled internal standard were freeze-dried and reconstituted in the 20 μL of mouse plasma. The reconstituted solutions were filtered by passing through a YM-3 kDa spin column (Millipore) and washed twice with deionized water to recover the disaccharides in the eluent. The recovered disaccharides were lyophilized. The AMAC derivatization of lyophilized disaccharides was carried out by adding 10 μL of 0.1 M AMAC solution in DMSO/glacial acetic acid (17:3, v/v) and incubating at room temperature for 15 min. Then 10 μL of 1 M aqueous sodium cyanoborohydride (freshly prepared) was added to this solution. The reaction mixture was incubated at 45°C for 4 h. After incubation, the reaction solution was centrifuged to obtain the supernatant that was subjected to the LC-MS/MS analysis. Three replicates of each concentration were performed on LC-MS/MS analysis. After LC-MS/MS analysis, the peak area of native/unlabeled disaccharide was normalized to the peak area of the corresponding 13 C-labeled disaccharide. The normalized peak area was plotted against the anticipated concentrations of native/unlabeled disaccharide. The error bars represent the standard deviation (S.D.) of the data.
LC-MS/MS analysis. The analysis of AMAC-labeled disaccharides was performed on a Vanquish Flex UHPLC System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) coupled with TSQ Fortis triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry as the detector. The C18 column (Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 2.7 μm, 4.6 × 50 mm) was used to separate the AMAC-labeled disaccharides. Mobile phase A was 50 mM ammonium acetate in water. Mobile phase B is methanol. The elution gradient from 5 to 45% mobile phase B in 10 min, followed by isocratic 100% mobile phase B in 4 min and then isocratic 5% mobile phase B in 6 min, was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Online triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry operating in the multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode was used as the detector. The ESI-MS analysis was operated in the negative-ion mode using the following parameters: Neg ion spray voltage at 4.0 kV, sheath gas at 45 Arb, aux gas 15 arb, ion transfer tube temp at 320°C, and vaporizer temp at 350°C. TraceFinder software was applied for data processing.
Mouse model of APAP liver injury. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. C57BL/6J mice were fasted overnight (12-15 h) to deplete glutathione stores before acetaminophen (APAP) (Sigma) administration. Fresh APAP was dissolved in warm (~50°C) sterile saline, cooled to 37°C, and injected intraperitoneally at 400 mg/kg. As a positive control, mice were injected with saline intraperitoneally. Plasma collected 24 h after injection was measured for ALT concentration using the ALT Infinity reagent (Thermo Fisher) following the manufacturer's instructions.
Extraction and quantitation analysis of heparan sulfate from the murine tissues. Tissue organs, including the liver, kidney, and lung, were harvested from the saline control mice and APAP-overdose mice, respectively. Liver heparan sulfate was extracted from eight saline control mice and eight APAP-overdose mice liver tissues. Kidney and lung heparan sulfate was isolated from five saline control mice and five APAP-injured mice, respectively. Heparan sulfate was purified from the whole livers, left kidneys, and right lungs, respectively. Tissues were excised, homogenized, and defatted by suspension and vortex in chloroform/methanol mixtures (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (v/v)). The dried and defatted tissues were digested with Pronase E (10 mg:1 g (w/w), Pronase E/tissue) at 55°C for 24 h to degrade the proteins. Two microliters of 13 C-labeled polysaccharide-recovery calibrant was added into the digestion solution. Heparan sulfate was recovered from the digested solution using a DEAE column. DEAE column mobile phase A was 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5 and 50 mM NaCl, and mobile phase B was 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5 and 1 M NaCl. After loading the digested solution, the column was washed with 10-column volumes of buffer A to discard the contaminants, followed by 10-column volumes of buffer B to elute the heparan sulfate fraction. The heparan sulfate eluting from the DEAE column was desalted using a YM-3 kDa spin column and washed three times with deionized water to remove salt. The 200 μL of enzymatic buffer (100 mM sodium acetate/2 mM calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 g L −1 BSA), and 60 μL of enzyme cocktails containing 5 mg/ml each of heparin lyase I, II, and III, were added to digest the retentate on the filter unit of the YM-3 kDa column. The column was incubated at 37°C overnight. Before recovering the disaccharides from the digest solution, a known amount of 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants was added to the digestion solution. The heparan sulfate disaccharides and disaccharide calibrants were recovered by centrifugation, and the filter unit was washed twice with 200 μL of deionized water. The collected filtrates were freeze-dried before the AMAC derivatization. The AMAC label and LC-MS/ MS analysis of the collected disaccharides of tissues was performed as described above. The amount of tissue heparan sulfate was determined by comparing the peak area of native disaccharide to each disaccharide calibrant, and the recovery yield was calculated based on a comparison of the amount of recovery-calibrant disaccharide in the tissue samples and control, respectively.
Determination of heparin and heparan sulfate recovery yield from DEAE column. 13 C-labeled polysaccharide-recovery calibrant as a control was applied to evaluate the heparin and heparan sulfate recovery yield from DEAE column. The recovery calibrant was spiked in the heparin or heparan sulfate solution with a certain volume, respectively. The mixture was divided into two aliquots, one for DEAE-column purification and another as control without DEAE-column purification. An aliquot of the mixture was purified with a DEAE-chromatography and YM-3 kDa desalting as described above, whereas the control was directly spiked in the buffer B, followed by its desalting by YM-3 kDa. The 200-μL enzymatic buffer (100 mM sodium acetate, 2 mM calcium acetate (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 g L −1 BSA), and 30 μL of enzyme cocktails containing 5 mg ml −1 each of heparin lyase I-III, were added to digest the retentate on the filter unit of the YM-3 kDa column. The column was incubated at 37°C overnight. Before recovering the disaccharides from the digest solution, a known amount of 13 C-labeled disaccharide calibrants was added to the digestion solution. The heparin/heparan sulfate disaccharides and disaccharide calibrants were recovered by centrifugation, and the filter unit was washed twice with 200 μL of deionized water. The collected disaccharides were freeze-dried before the AMAC derivatization. The AMAC labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis of the collected disaccharides was performed as described above. The recovery calibrant and heparin/heparan sulfate recovery efficiency from DEAE column was determined by comparing the amount of recovery calibrant and heparin/heparan sulfate from DEAE column with that of the control.
Quantification analysis of oligosaccharides in mouse plasma. 13 C-labeled heparan sulfate hexasaccharide (6-mer) was synthesized by inserting a 3-O-sulfo group with 3-OST-1 to compound 2. Compound 2 (10 mg) was incubated with 1 mM PAPS in a solution containing 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.0), 10 mM MnCl 2 , 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 2 mL of 3-OST-1 (20 μg mL −1 ) in a total volume of 100 mL. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C overnight, following purification by a Q-Sepharose fast-flow column. The unlabeled 6-mer was diluted into a series of concentrations from 1 to 32 μg mL −1 ; a 20-μL aliquot at each concentration was removed and mixed with 20 μL of 13 C-labeled 6-mer with concentration of 4 μg mL −1 . The mixture was dried, and then 20 μL of mouse plasma was spiked into each tube to redissolve the oligosaccharides. The 180-μL enzymatic buffer (100 mM sodium acetate/2 mM calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 g L −1 BSA), and 60 μL of enzyme cocktail containing 5 mg/ml each of heparin lyase I-III, was added to digest the 6-mer at 37°C overnight. After digestion, YM-3 kDa spin columns were used to recover the digests, and the columns were washed twice with 200 μL of deionized water. The filtrates were collected and freeze-dried. The AMAC labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis of the digests of 6-mer were carried out as described above. The normalized peak areas of T3S were plotted against the normalized peak areas of ΔIS.
Statistics and reproducibility. Quantification of heparan sulfate in the liver was performed by collecting tissues from eight APAP-overdose mice (n = 8) and eight healthy mice (n = 8), respectively. Determination of the amount of heparan sulfate from kidney and lung tissues was performed by collecting tissues from five APAPoverdose mice (n = 5) and five healthy mice (n = 5), respectively. Three replicates of each sample were performed on LC-MS/MS analysis. The data were presented as the mean ± S.D. The p value was determined by two-tailed unpaired t test. The statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
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Data availability
All the mass spectral data related to this research were deposited in the MassIVE [https:// doi.org/10.25345/C5F419]. Source data are available as Supplementary Data. The relevant data would be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.