Abstract
Effective catalysts stabilize specific transition states and control the transport of species to and from catalytically active sites. Enzymes show these traits thanks to their diverse amino acid functional groups encapsulating metal centres, but are limited in the reaction conditions in which they can operate. Realizing a catalyst with this kinetic and transport control that can be used under demanding industrial conditions is challenging. Here, we show a modular approach for the systematic synthesis of polymer–nanocrystal hybrids, where palladium nanocrystals are encapsulated within tunable microporous polymer layers. The polymer chemistry and morphology control the catalytic performance of the metal sites, affecting the transition state for CO oxidation and controlling the transport of CO2 away from the active site. This approach can be applied to other polymer–nanocrystal compositions and catalytic applications, and is therefore expected to have an impact in many areas of catalysis.
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Acknowledgements
Support for this work was provided by a seed grant through the Natural Gas Initiative at Stanford University. The authors thank E. Goodman (Stanford University) for help with microscopy, L. Kunz (Stanford University) for help with elemental analysis, A.-C. Yang and A. Aitbekova (Stanford University) for help with synthesis of the materials and O. Müller (SLAC National Laboratory) for help with X-ray absorption experiments. M.C. acknowledges further support from the School of Engineering at Stanford University and from a Terman Faculty Fellowship. A.R.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program. Characterization of the hybrid materials was performed at the Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (SNSF) at Stanford University supported by the National Science Foundation under award ECCS-1542152. XAS measurements were collected at SSRL beam lines 9-3 and 7-3. A.S.H., A.B. and S.R.B. acknowledge support from the Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences funded Consortium for Operando and Advanced Catalyst Characterization via Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure (Co-ACCESS) at SLAC.
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A.R.R. and M.C. conceived the idea for the study. A.R.R. synthesized the materials and performed structural and catalytic characterization. C.J.W. contributed to structural characterization. A.A.H. performed tomography characterization. A.S.H. and A.B. contributed to XAS characterization supervised by S.R.B. A.M. and M.V. contributed to the synthesis of materials. M.C. supervised the entire project. A.R.R. and M.C. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors.
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Supplementary Figs. 1–11
Supplementary Video
HAADF–STEM tomography reconstruction of a POF/Pd/POF, initially shown as cross-sections of a single microparticle and later as a tilt series to create the 3D reconstruction followed by the surface generated after segmentation of the POF and the Pd particles. Finally, the same surface, but with 60% transparency of the POF material.
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Riscoe, A.R., Wrasman, C.J., Herzing, A.A. et al. Transition state and product diffusion control by polymer–nanocrystal hybrid catalysts. Nat Catal 2, 852–863 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0322-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0322-7
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