Abstract
Large-scale superconducting quantum computers require the high-fidelity control and readout of large numbers of qubits at millikelvin temperatures, resulting in a massive input–output bottleneck. Cryo-electronics based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology could provide a scalable and versatile solution. However, detrimental effects due to cross-coupling between the qubits and the electronic and thermal noise generated during cryo-electronics operation need to be avoided. Here we report a low-power radio-frequency multiplexing cryo-electronics system that operates below 15 mK with a minimal cross-coupling. We benchmark its performance by interfacing the system with a superconducting qubit and observe that the qubit’s relaxation times are unaffected, whereas the coherence times are marginally affected in both static and dynamic operations. Using the multiplexer, single-qubit gate fidelities above 99.9%—that is, above the threshold for surface-code-based quantum error correction—can be achieved with appropriate thermal filtering. We also demonstrate time-division multiplexing capabilities by dynamically windowing calibrated qubit control pulses.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code availability
The codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank the imec P-line, operational support and the MCA team. This work was supported in part by the imec Industrial Affiliation Program on Quantum Computing. The project leading to this application has received funding from the ECSEL Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement no. 101007322. The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as well as Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Finland and Israel (please visit the project website at https://www.matqu.eu/ for more information).
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R.A. and A.P. planned the experiment. S.B. designed the multiplexer. A.P. designed the qubit samples. T.I. and D.P.L. fabricated the qubit samples, with contributions from D.W. R.A. and A.P. performed the measurement and analysis of qubit data at the base temperature. S.B. and A.G. performed the measurements and analysis of the ESD protection cells from room temperature to 4 K. R.A., A.P., J.V., J.V.D. and A.M.V. prepared the experimental setup and methods. R.A. and A.P. prepared the manuscript, with input from all authors. A.P., I.P.R., J.C., K.D.G., B.G., M.M., G.G. and F.C. supervised and coordinated the project.
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Extended data
Extended Data Fig. 1 Experimental measurement setup.
Room-temperature electronics and dilution refrigerator wiring for the measurement of the cryo-CMOS RF multiplexer performance with superconducting qubits.
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Supplementary Sections 1–7, Figs. 1–5 and Table 1.
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Acharya, R., Brebels, S., Grill, A. et al. Multiplexed superconducting qubit control at millikelvin temperatures with a low-power cryo-CMOS multiplexer. Nat Electron 6, 900–909 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01033-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01033-8
