Introduction

Background of the metaverse and commons framework

The rapid advancement of technology has brought about the concept of the Metaverse, a virtual environment that integrates various technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and other network technologies. It represents a new digital world where users can communicate, work, and entertain themselves. The Metaverse has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with digital content and with each other.

On the other hand, the Commons framework is a social ecosystem that emphasizes the sharing of resources, collective governance, and sustainable development. It is based on the idea that certain resources should be managed by the community that uses them, rather than being controlled by a central authority. This approach aims to ensure that resources are used efficiently and sustainably, while also promoting social equity and cultural diversity.

The convergence of the Metaverse and the Commons framework offers a unique opportunity to create a new type of BDS, one that is based on the principles of resource sharing, collective governance, and sustainability. This paper explores the potential of such BDS and the benefits it can bring to society.

In the next sections, we will review the literature related to the Metaverse, Commons frameworks, and their application in digital BDS. We will then present our methodology and discuss the main aspects of BDS within Commons framework, including resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainability. Finally, we will present case studies and a discussion of the technical, ethical, and policy implications of this approach.

Objectives and significance of the study

The primary objective of this study is to explore the integration of the Metaverse and the Commons framework within the context of BDS. This integration aims to address several key challenges faced by traditional BDS and digital repositories, such as limited access to resources, centralized management structures, and unsustainable practices. By leveraging the immersive and interactive capabilities of the Metaverse, combined with the collaborative and equitable principles of the Commons, we aim to create a more inclusive, accessible, and sustainable BDS ecosystem.

The significance of this study lies in its potential to transform the way we perceive and utilize digital BDS. By adopting Commons framework within the Metaverse, we can foster a community-driven approach to knowledge sharing and governance, which in turn can lead to more innovative and diverse content, as well as a more engaged and empowered user base. Furthermore, by focusing on sustainability, we can ensure that the BDS ecosystem remains viable and resilient in the face of technological and societal changes.

The concept of a “Metaverse” is a virtual reality space where users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other users. The idea of building Commons in the Metaverse is to create a shared resource that can be accessed and used by everyone in this digital space. This Commons would be BDS framework that promotes resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable development.

In order to build Commons in the Metaverse, we need to consider several key aspects:

  1. 1.

    Resource Sharing: The Commons should be a place where users can easily share and access resources. This could include educational materials, cultural artifacts, software tools, and other digital content. To facilitate this, the Commons could use a decentralized storage system that allows users to upload and share resources without relying on a central authority.

  2. 2.

    Collaborative Governance: The Commons should be governed in a way that is transparent, inclusive, and allows for input from all users. This could be achieved through a blockchain-based governance system that enables users to vote on decisions and propose changes to the Commons. By using blockchain technology, we can ensure that the governance process is secure, transparent, and resistant to censorship.

  3. 3.

    Sustainable Development: The Commons should be designed in a way that promotes sustainable development and minimizes its environmental impact. This could involve using renewable energy sources to power the servers that host the Commons, as well as implementing energy-efficient algorithms and practices in the design and operation of the BDS framework.

In summary, building Commons in the Metaverse requires a combination of decentralized technology, collaborative governance, and sustainable practices. By creating a shared resource that is accessible to all users, we can promote resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable development in BDS framework.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Illustration of constructing social–ecological systems public resources1.

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Figure 1 depicts a futuristic BDS within a vast virtual space, where users interact in the form of avatars, browsing through various educational materials, cultural artifacts, and software tools. The environment is governed collaboratively through transparent interfaces, showcasing blockchain-based voting and decision-making processes. The design also integrates renewable energy sources and energy-saving algorithms, symbolizing sustainable development.

Structure of the paper

This paper is organized into several sections to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proposed integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework in the context of BDS.

  • Section “Literature review” presents a literature review that explores the existing research on the Metaverse, Commons frameworks, and their application in digital BDS. This review will provide a theoretical foundation for the subsequent sections.

  • Section “Methodology” outlines the methodology used in this study, including the research design, data collection, and analysis methods. It also discusses the limitations and assumptions of the study.

  • Section “The BDS within commons framework” delves into the core concepts of the BDS within Commons framework, examining resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainability in detail.

  • Section Case studies” presents case studies that illustrate the practical application of the concepts discussed in section “The BDS within commons framework”. These case studies will showcase the benefits and challenges of implementing BDS within Commons framework.

  • Section “Conclusion” offers a discussion of the technical, ethical, and policy implications of the proposed approach. It also identifies potential areas for future research and development.

  • Section 7 concludes the paper by summarizing the key findings and contributions of the study. It also highlights the implications of the research for both knowledge and practice, as well as for policy and society.

Throughout the paper, we will draw on insights from various disciplines, including BDS and information science, human-computer interaction, and sustainability studies, to provide a holistic perspective on the potential of BDS within Commons framework.

Literature review

The concept of the metaverse

The term “Metaverse” was first coined by Neal Stephenson in his 1992 science fiction novel “Snow Crash.” Since then, it has evolved from a speculative concept to a tangible reality, influenced by the rapid development of technology and the increasing interconnectedness of our digital lives2. The Metaverse is often described as a network of 3D virtual worlds that are persistently interconnected3, allowing for a seamless and immersive user experience4. It represents a new paradigm in human-computer interaction5,6, where users can interact with digital content and each other in a more natural and intuitive way7,8.

In the context of the Metaverse, several key characteristics stand out:

  1. 1.

    Immersive Experience: The Metaverse provides an immersive experience through the use of VR and AR technologies, which can transport users to a fully realized 3D world that feels as real as the physical world.

  2. 2.

    Interconnectivity: Different virtual worlds within the Metaverse are interconnected, allowing for seamless transitions between them and enabling a global, interconnected digital society.

  3. 3.

    User-Created Content: Users can create and share their own content, such as virtual goods, experiences, and spaces, fostering a culture of creativity and collaboration.

  4. 4.

    Economy: The Metaverse has its own economy, with virtual currencies, markets, and the ability to buy, sell, and trade virtual goods and services.

  5. 5.

    Social Interaction: Users can interact with each other through avatars, forming social connections, communities, and relationships that can have real-world implications.

The Metaverse has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our lives, including work, education, entertainment, and social interaction. It represents a new frontier for human expression and collaboration, with the potential to create new economic opportunities and transform existing industries.

In the context of this study, the Metaverse is particularly relevant as a platform for creating a new type of BDS. By leveraging the immersive and interactive capabilities of the Metaverse, we can create a more engaging and accessible BDS experience that transcends the limitations of traditional BDS and digital repositories. This section will explore the existing literature on the Metaverse, its characteristics, and its potential applications in various domains.

Understanding commons social–ecological systems

The concept of Commons refers to a shared resource that is managed collectively by a community, rather than being owned or controlled by a single entity. Commons can take various forms, including natural resources (forests, fisheries, water)9, cultural resources (knowledge, traditions, software)10,11, and social resources ( BDS, community centers). The Commons framework emphasizes the importance of collective action, shared responsibility, and sustainable management of these resources12,13,14.

Social–ecological systems (SESs) theory provides a framework for understanding the interdependencies between social and ecological systems15. It recognizes that human societies are deeply interconnected with the natural environment and that sustainable management of resources requires considering both social and ecological factors16,17,18. SESs theory has been applied to various contexts, including agriculture, forestry, water management, and fisheries, to promote sustainable resource use and social well-being19,20,21.

Key principles of Commons social–ecological systems include:

  1. 1.

    Collective Action: Commons are managed through collective action, where members of a community work together to make decisions about resource use and management22,23.

  2. 2.

    Shared Responsibility: All members of the community have a shared responsibility to contribute to the management and sustainability of the Commons24,25.

  3. 3.

    Institutional Diversity: Commons are governed by a diverse set of institutions, including formal rules (laws, regulations) and informal norms (social norms, conventions)26,27.

  4. 4.

    Sustainability: The long-term viability of the Commons is a central concern, requiring sustainable management that balances social and ecological factors.

The references are logically connected through their shared focus on Commons and SESs theory. Each reference builds on the others by providing theoretical insights, empirical evidence, and practical applications of the principles of Commons management within SESs. The logical flow is from defining Commons and SESs theory, to discussing the key principles of Commons management, and finally to applying these principles and theories in real-world contexts to promote sustainable outcomes. The references cited for each principle support the argument that Commons require a multi-faceted approach that considers collective action, shared responsibility, institutional diversity, and sustainability to be effectively managed within the broader SESs framework.

Fig. 2
figure 2

BDS metaverse resource sharing & commons sustainable development framework.

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Figure 2 shows diverse groups acting together to manage resources; individuals demonstrating a shared responsibility for the sustainability of public resources; a variety of institutions, including formal (such as parliamentary buildings) and informal (such as community meetings); and a sustainable environment where natural resources are preserved. The overall theme is collaboration and a balance between social and ecological aspects.

The Commons framework offers an alternative to traditional models of resource management, which often prioritize individual ownership and private interests over collective well-being and sustainability. By adopting Commons approach, communities can create more equitable and sustainable systems for managing shared resources.

In the context of this study, the Commons framework is particularly relevant as a model for governing and managing BDS within the Metaverse. By applying the principles of collective action, shared responsibility, and sustainability, we can create a more inclusive and resilient BDS ecosystem that is managed by and for the community of users. This section will explore the existing literature on Commons social–ecological systems, their characteristics, and their potential applications in various domains.

Intersection of digital BDS and commons frameworks

The intersection of digital BDS and Commons frameworks represents a fertile ground for exploring new models of knowledge sharing, resource management, and community engagement. Digital BDS, by their nature, are well-suited to adopt Commons principles due to their potential to provide open access to information and resources on a scale that physical BDS cannot match. The Commons framework, with its emphasis on collective governance and sustainability, offers a conceptual foundation for reimagining the role and structure of digital BDS within society.

Key points of intersection between digital BDS and Commons frameworks include:

  1. 1.

    Open Access: Digital BDS can embody the Commons principle of open access by providing unrestricted access to their collections, ensuring that knowledge and information are freely available to all users, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status28,29.

  2. 2.

    Community Governance: Digital BDS can implement forms of community governance that empower users to have a say in the management and development of the BDS ‘s resources and services30,31,32. This can be achieved through mechanisms such as user forums, collaborative decision-making processes, and transparent communication channels.

  3. 3.

    Sustainable Practices: Digital BDS can adopt sustainable practices that align with Commons values, such as using energy-efficient technologies33,34, ensuring the long-term preservation of digital content, and promoting the reuse and sharing of resources to minimize waste.

  4. 4.

    Cultural Heritage: Digital BDS have the potential to serve as custodians of cultural heritage by digitizing and making available works that are in the public domain or have been contributed by communities35. This role aligns with the Commons goal of preserving and sharing cultural resources36,37.

  5. 5.

    Intellectual Property: The Commons framework challenges traditional intellectual property models by promoting more flexible approaches to copyright and licensing, which can be beneficial for digital BDS seeking to provide wider access to materials while still respecting creators’ rights38,39.

  6. 6.

    Collaboration and Cooperation: Digital BDS can foster collaboration and cooperation among users, institutions, and other stakeholders by creating platforms for shared projects40,41,42,43, interdisciplinary research, and the co-creation of knowledge.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Illustration of the intersection between digital BDS and metaverse frameworks.

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Figure 3 features BDS interface, including symbols of open access, icons of community governance (such as forums and voting), symbols of sustainable practices (like energy-saving technology and recycling), elements of cultural heritage (such as digitized artworks), symbols of intellectual property (like open copyright logos), and graphics of collaboration and cooperation (like people working together on a digital platform). The overall theme is the integration of public principles into the concept of BDS44,45,46,47 .

The integration of digital BDS and Commons frameworks can lead to the development of innovative services and practices that support the equitable distribution of knowledge, the empowerment of communities, and the sustainable use of digital resources. This section will review case studies and examples where digital BDS have successfully adopted Commons principles, as well as theoretical discussions on how these principles can be further applied to enhance the role of digital BDS in society.

The metaverse represents a new frontier for human interaction, offering a virtual environment where individuals can engage, create, and share resources. Within this context, the establishment of BDS commons in the metaverse holds significant promise for advancing knowledge sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable development. This literature review explores the current state of research on building Commons in the metaverse, focusing on the integration of resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable practices within BDS framework. It identifies existing gaps in the research and suggests directions for future inquiries to fully realize the potential of the metaverse as a platform for global resource sharing and collective action.

The metaverse is an emerging concept that refers to a network of 3D virtual worlds, augmented reality, and virtual reality environments where users can interact with each other and digital objects. It represents a convergence of various technologies, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), 5G, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, which together enable the creation of immersive and interactive digital spaces. As the metaverse evolves, there is a growing recognition of its potential to serve as a platform for the construction of BDS commons, where resources can be shared, governed collaboratively, and developed sustainably.

Resource Sharing in the Metaverse: The BDS commons in the metaverse can facilitate resource sharing on a global scale. Current research has explored the use of virtual reality and augmented reality in BDS, highlighting their potential to enhance user experiences and access to information. However, there is a need for further research on the integration of open access principles and open educational resources within the metaverse to ensure equitable access to knowledge. Additionally, the development of interoperability standards and protocols for seamless sharing of resources across different metaverse platforms is an area that requires further investigation.

Collaborative Governance in the Metaverse: The governance of BDS commons in the metaverse presents unique challenges and opportunities. Research has examined the role of blockchain technology in enabling decentralized and transparent governance systems. However, there is a lack of understanding of how these technologies can be effectively integrated into the governance structures of BDS commons in the metaverse. Furthermore, the development of inclusive and participatory governance models that ensure the voices of all stakeholders are heard and considered is an area that requires further exploration.

Sustainable Development in the Metaverse: The integration of sustainable practices into the design and operation of BDS commons in the metaverse is critical for the long-term viability of the platform. Research has highlighted the potential of AI and data analytics to optimize energy consumption and resource use in virtual environments. However, there is a need for more research on the development of sustainable algorithms and practices that minimize the environmental impact of the metaverse while promoting social and economic equity.

The establishment of BDS commons in the metaverse holds significant promise for advancing resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable development. However, there are several gaps in the current research that need to be addressed to fully realize this potential. Future research should focus on the integration of open access principles, the development of interoperability standards, the creation of inclusive governance models, and the integration of sustainable practices into the design and operation of the metaverse. By addressing these gaps, researchers and practitioners can work together to build BDS commons in the metaverse that promotes global resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainable development.

Methodology

Research design

To explore the integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework within the context of BDS, this study employs a mixed-methods research design. This approach combines qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. The research design is divided into several stages, each targeting specific objectives of the study.

A thorough literature review is conducted to establish a theoretical foundation for the study. This involves reviewing academic articles, reports, and other relevant literature on the Metaverse, Commons frameworks, and their application in digital BDS.

A series of case studies are selected to examine existing implementations of digital BDS within the Metaverse and Commons frameworks. These case studies will provide insights into the practical challenges and benefits of such implementations.

The research design aims to provide a holistic understanding of the integration of the Metaverse and Commons frameworks in digital BDS, taking into account both theoretical perspectives and practical insights from stakeholders. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the study will be able to capture a broad range of perspectives and generate actionable recommendations for the advancement of BDS ecosystems.

Data collection and analysis

To gather the necessary data for this study, a multi-faceted approach to data collection will be employed, ensuring a rich and diverse set of insights from various stakeholders. The following methods will be used:

A detailed analysis of selected digital BDS that have implemented or are planning to implement Metaverse and/or Commons elements will be conducted. This will involve examining documentation, such as project reports, and conducting interviews with key personnel involved in these initiatives.

Limitations and assumptions

Every research study comes with its set of limitations and assumptions that can affect the scope, generalizability, and interpretation of the findings. The following limitations and assumptions are pertinent to this study on the integration of the Metaverse and Commons frameworks within digital BDS:

Compatibility of Metaverse and Commons: The study assumes that the integration of the Metaverse and Commons frameworks is feasible and that the two concepts are compatible, although this may be challenged during the research process.

Value of Integration: The research assumes that the integration of the Metaverse and Commons frameworks will provide value to digital BDS, although the extent and nature of this value will be explored as part of the study.

Future-Oriented Perspective: The study takes a future-oriented perspective, assuming that the trends towards digital transformation and collaborative governance will continue, influencing the development of digital BDS.

These limitations and assumptions will be acknowledged throughout the study and will inform the interpretation of the findings. Efforts will be made to mitigate these issues through careful study design, including the use of mixed-methods, diverse data sources, and a clear acknowledgment of the study’s context and scope.

The BDS within commons framework

Resource sharing in the BDS

The integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework in BDS setting presents a unique opportunity to revolutionize the way resources are shared among users. In this section, we explore the concept of resource sharing within the BDS, highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing such a system47,49. Each category is broken down into the respective aspects that need to be considered for successful implementation of resource sharing in this digital ecosystem in Table 1.

Table 1 Benefits, challenges, and strategies related to resource sharing within the BDS context.
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The digital divide arises from the uneven distribution of economic development, technological advancements, and educational resources across regions and groups during the process of global cooperation. This disparity leads to significant differences in access to and utilization of digital resources among various populations. Consequently, the digital divide restricts the breadth and depth of resource sharing. On one hand, those disadvantaged by the digital divide may struggle to effectively access and leverage high-quality digital resources. On the other hand, resource creators and providers may lose motivation to create and share due to insufficient user feedback and market support. To mitigate the negative impacts of the digital divide on resource sharing, a range of strategies can be employed, including enhancing infrastructure to improve network coverage and access speeds, conducting digital skills training to elevate public digital literacy, implementing preferential policies to reduce the cost of acquiring digital resources, and fostering international cooperation to jointly promote the global sharing of digital resources. By addressing these challenges and implementing effective strategies, the BDS within Commons framework can become a powerful platform for resource sharing, fostering learning, collaboration, and innovation on a global scale.

Collaborative governance models

The integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework in BDS setting presents an opportunity to implement innovative governance models that empower users and promote collective decision-making. In this section, we explore the concept of collaborative governance within the BDS, highlighting the benefits and challenges of adopting such models.

category is broken down into the respective aspects that need to be considered for successful implementation of collaborative governance in this digital ecosystem in Table 2.

Table 2 The benefits, challenges, and strategies related to collaborative governance within the BDS.
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By addressing these challenges and implementing effective strategies, the BDS within Commons framework can adopt collaborative governance models that promote inclusivity, innovation, and responsiveness to the needs of its community.

Case studies

International cultural exchange platform

The BDS can serve as an international cultural exchange platform, providing a space for users from different cultures to share and learn from each other. This case study explores the potential of the BDS to facilitate cross-cultural understanding and collaboration.

Key Features:

  1. 1.

    Cultural Representation: The BDS would host a diverse collection of cultural resources, including books, artworks, music, and films from various countries. Users could explore and appreciate the richness of different cultures.

  2. 2.

    Interactive Exhibitions: Virtual exhibitions would be curated to showcase cultural artifacts and historical sites, allowing users to interact with these objects and learn about their significance.

  3. 3.

    Language Learning: The BDS could offer language learning resources, including virtual language labs and interactive language tutoring sessions, to help users improve their language skills.

  4. 4.

    Collaborative Projects: Users could participate in collaborative cultural projects, such as creating digital art, writing stories, or composing music, fostering cross-cultural collaboration and creativity.

  5. 5.

    Cultural Events and Workshops: The BDS could host virtual events, such as cultural festivals, storytelling sessions, and workshops, where users could engage with cultural experts and peers.

Benefits:

  1. 1.

    Promotion of Cultural Diversity: The platform would celebrate and promote cultural diversity, helping to break down stereotypes and fostering a more inclusive and respectful global community.

  2. 2.

    Learning and Exchange: Users would have the opportunity to learn about different cultures, expand their worldview, and gain a deeper understanding of global issues.

  3. 3.

    Collaborative Creativity: The platform would encourage users to collaborate on creative projects, leading to the development of innovative cultural expressions and fostering a sense of global community.

Challenges:

  1. 1.

    Cultural Sensitivity: Addressing cultural sensitivity and ensuring that all cultural representations are respectful and accurate can be challenging.

  2. 2.

    Technical Barriers: Users with limited access to high-speed internet or advanced technology may face difficulties in fully engaging with the platform.

  3. 3.

    Language Barriers: Providing content and support in multiple languages can be a significant challenge, requiring effective translation and localization strategies.

Solutions:

  1. 1.

    Cultural Advisory Boards: Establish cultural advisory boards to review and provide guidance on the representation of different cultures.

  2. 2.

    Inclusive Accessibility: Ensure that the platform is accessible to users with varying technological resources, such as by providing offline content and alternative access methods.

  3. 3.

    Multilingual Support: Develop multilingual interfaces and content, and possibly partner with language learning platforms to offer language support.

By overcoming these challenges and implementing effective solutions, the BDS within Commons framework can become a powerful tool for promoting cultural exchange and understanding, contributing to a more interconnected and harmonious global society.

Immersive learning experiences with VR/AR technology

One of the most promising aspects of the BDS is its potential to provide immersive learning experiences through the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies. This case study explores how these technologies can enhance the educational value of the BDS and create new opportunities for users to engage with knowledge.

Key Features:

  1. 1.

    Virtual Tours: Users can take virtual tours of historical sites, museums, and other educational locations, providing a deeper understanding of the subject matter through first-hand experiences.

  2. 2.

    Hands-On Learning: VR/AR can simulate hands-on experiences, such as dissecting virtual animals, exploring microscopic organisms, or building complex structures, allowing users to learn by doing.

  3. 3.

    Interactive Simulations: The BDS could offer interactive simulations of scientific experiments, historical events, or social systems, allowing users to explore various scenarios and make informed decisions.

  4. 4.

    Role-Playing Activities: Users can engage in role-playing activities, such as acting as historical figures, participating in courtroom simulations, or managing a virtual city, providing a more immersive and engaging learning experience.

  5. 5.

    Collaborative Learning Spaces: The BDS could create collaborative learning spaces where users can work together on projects, solve problems, and exchange ideas in a virtual environment.

Benefits:

  1. 1.

    Enhanced Engagement: VR/AR can make learning more interactive and engaging, capturing users’ attention and increasing their motivation to learn.

  2. 2.

    Real-World Application: Immersive experiences can help users apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios, enhancing their understanding and problem-solving skills.

  3. 3.

    Accessibility: Users can access immersive learning experiences regardless of their physical location, providing educational opportunities to a broader audience.

Challenges:

  1. 1.

    Technical Requirements: High-quality VR/AR experiences require advanced hardware and software, which may not be accessible to all users.

  2. 2.

    Content Creation: Creating high-quality VR/AR content can be time-consuming and expensive, requiring skilled developers and a significant investment.

  3. 3.

    Learning Transfer: There is a risk that users may become too immersed in the virtual experience and fail to transfer their learning to real-world contexts.

Solutions:

  1. 1.

    Diverse Access Options: Offer a range of immersive experiences, from simple 360-degree videos to more advanced VR/AR simulations, to accommodate users with varying technological resources.

  2. 2.

    Partnerships and Crowdsourcing: Collaborate with educational institutions, content creators, and the community to develop and share immersive learning materials.

  3. 3.

    Teacher Training: Provide training and support for teachers to effectively integrate VR/AR into their teaching practices, ensuring that the learning experience is meaningful and impactful.

To balance the technical demands of high-quality VR/AR experiences with user accessibility in the context of the BDS resource sharing, it is crucial to implement strategies such as developing adaptive and open-source software that can operate on a range of devices, investing in affordable and scalable VR/AR hardware, leveraging cloud-based solutions to reduce the need for powerful local computing, and providing educational workshops to enhance user proficiency. By doing so, the engaging and interactive nature of VR/AR learning experiences can be made accessible to a broader audience, thereby increasing motivation to learn without the barrier of high technical requirements. By leveraging VR/AR technology, the BDS within Commons framework can create transformative learning experiences that are engaging, interactive, and accessible to a global audience. This approach has the potential to revolutionize education and empower users to acquire new skills and knowledge in a dynamic and immersive environment.

Equal access to education in the global BDS

The global BDS has the potential to democratize education by providing equal access to educational resources and opportunities for learners worldwide. This case study explores how the BDS can be designed to ensure that all users, regardless of their geographical location or socioeconomic status, can benefit from the wealth of knowledge and resources available within the Metaverse.

Key Features:

  1. 1.

    Open Access to Resources: The BDS would provide open access to a vast collection of educational materials, including textbooks, lecture notes, and multimedia resources, ensuring that users can access the information they need without financial barriers.

  2. 2.

    Virtual Classrooms: Users could participate in virtual classrooms led by expert teachers and professors from around the world, offering a high-quality educational experience regardless of their physical location.

  3. 3.

    Personalized Learning Paths: The BDS could offer personalized learning paths tailored to each user’s interests and learning needs, providing a customized educational experience.

  4. 4.

    Skills Development Workshops: The BDS could host workshops and training sessions to help users develop new skills, such as coding, design, and language learning, enhancing their employability and life opportunities.

  5. 5.

    Global Collaboration Projects: Users could collaborate on global projects, such as scientific research, cultural exchange programs, and community development initiatives, fostering a sense of global citizenship and responsibility.

Benefits:

  1. 1.

    Reduced Barriers to Education: The global BDS can break down geographical and financial barriers to education, providing equal access to quality learning resources and opportunities.

  2. 2.

    Life-Long Learning: Users can engage in life-long learning, accessing new knowledge and skills at their own pace and convenience.

  3. 3.

    Global Collaboration: The BDS can facilitate global collaboration, connecting learners from different cultures and backgrounds, promoting cross-cultural understanding and innovation.

Challenges:

  1. 1.

    Digital Divide: Users in underserved regions may lack the necessary technological infrastructure and access to high-speed internet to fully engage with the BDS ‘s services.

  2. 2.

    Language Barriers: Providing content and support in multiple languages can be challenging, requiring effective translation and localization strategies.

  3. 3.

    Scalability: As the user base grows, maintaining the quality and availability of educational resources can become a significant challenge.

Solutions:

  1. 1.

    Partnerships and Outreach Programs: Collaborate with educational institutions, non-profit organizations, and government agencies to provide resources and support to underserved communities.

  2. 2.

    Multilingual Support: Develop multilingual interfaces and content, and possibly partner with language learning platforms to offer language support.

  3. 3.

    Scalable Infrastructure: Invest in scalable cloud-based infrastructure and partnerships with local service providers to ensure reliable access to the BDS ‘s services.

By addressing these challenges and implementing effective solutions, the global BDS can play a crucial role in promoting equal access to education and empowering learners worldwide. This approach aligns with the principles of the Commons framework and contributes to a more equitable and inclusive global society.

Conclusion

Summary of findings

This study has explored the integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework within the context of BDS. The findings suggest that such an integration can lead to a transformative digital ecosystem that promotes resource sharing, collaborative governance, and sustainability. The BDS can become a platform for international cultural exchange, immersive learning experiences, and equal access to education, addressing various challenges and contributing to a more inclusive and equitable society.

Contributions to knowledge and practice

This study has made several contributions to the fields of BDS and information science, digital media, and sustainability studies. It has provided a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of integrating the Metaverse and Commons framework in BDS setting. The study’s findings can inform the development and implementation of similar initiatives, as well as guide policy decisions related to digital BDS and virtual spaces.

Implications for policy and society

The study’s findings have significant implications for policy and society. The Metaverse Commons can serve as a platform for promoting knowledge sharing, cultural exchange, and educational opportunities. By addressing the digital divide, the Metaverse Commons can help to bridge the gap between developed and developing countries, fostering a more inclusive and equitable global society. Additionally, the study’s findings can inform policy decisions related to digital BDS, virtual spaces, and the use of emerging technologies.

In conclusion, the integration of the Metaverse and Commons framework within BDS setting represents a promising avenue for innovation and social impact. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the opportunities presented by this new digital ecosystem, the Metaverse Commons can contribute to a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable society.

The Metaverse Commons is likely to have a more immediate impact in regions with advanced digital infrastructure and higher levels of digital literacy. Over time, as technology becomes more accessible and affordable, the impact could expand to a broader range of users, potentially leading to a more inclusive global society. Progress is likely to be incremental, with initial successes in specific areas (e.g., education, cultural exchange) before broader adoption. Policymakers will need to balance the promotion of innovation with the need to protect users’ rights and ensure equitable access. The Metaverse Commons must prioritize sustainable practices to avoid exacerbating environmental issues.

In conclusion, while the Metaverse Commons framework within the BDS setting holds great promise for fostering innovation and social impact, its practical implementation will require addressing significant constraints related to access, literacy, sustainability, security, and governance. The potential benefits are substantial, but so are the challenges, necessitating a strategic and collaborative approach to realize the vision of a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable society.