Impact of LaZnFe2O4 supported NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites as a catalytic system in remediation of dyes from wastewater

Herein, a novel nanocomposite based on lanthanum zinc ferrite and nickel tungstate was created by incorporation between (MMT-jeffamine-400) nanoparticles (NPs), chloromethyl styrene as a binder and polymethyl methacrylate monomer using solution polymerization. The as-designed nanocomposites were employed to confiscate xylenol orange “X.O” as an acidic dye and rhodamine B “RhB” as “an amphoteric dye” from colored wastewater. The impact of several parameters such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, the effect of time, and the effect of temperature was explored. The consequences indicated that the pure organoclay had negligible adsorption while that composed of organoclay with PMMA@CMS-polymer incorporated with LaZnFe2O4@NiWO4 particles detached more than 90% for xylenol orange (XO) and 93% for “rhodamine B” molecules. Electrostatic interactions are the predominant factor in the adsorption of cationic and amphoteric adsorbates, as proven by zeta-potential measurement. Additionally, the adsorbent may be regenerate and utilized up to five times with good adsorption capabilities by adding sodium hydroxide. As a result, the removal can be effectively accomplished using the nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The actual and theoretical adsorption capacity values for both dyes at all doses were closely matched, which supported the adsorption kinetics data that fit the pseudo-first order rate model well. The adsorption data’s correlation values (0.995 for XO and 0.98 for RhB) indicated that both dyes’ Langmuir adsorption would perform well. Furthermore, the adsorption of XO and RhB dyes on the adsorbent is confirmed to be a viable reaction by the negative values of ΔGo. The enhanced adsorbent material for the removal of amphoteric and anionic dyes from waste water is the synthesized LaZnFe2O4 supported NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites, which exhibits a reusability affinity of up to five cycles.

Fabrication of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@MMA-CMS nanocomposites poly (Oxypropylene) amine intercalated montmorillonite (D400-MMT) organoclay.MMT (15 g) was swelled in 1000 ml of hot distilled water continuously for 3 h at 60 °C, followed by stirring for several hours at room temperature.To the swollen Na-MMT, 6 g of D 400 was added, while being constantly stirred, and the dispersion was still heated at 60 °C.The polymer was protonated by adding hydrochloric acid, and the pH was increased to 8 to encourage the ion exchange reaction.After then, the blend was stirred for a further 24 h.The precipitate was filtered and repeatedly rinsed with water until no chloride ions could be found in the filtrate by using silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ).The product D 400 -MMT was dried at 60 °C to yield 13 g.The nonbonded material was detached by washing with (1:1) H 2 O/methanol.
Measurement of swelling ratios.The swelling data demonstrates that the intercalation of poly (Oxypropylene) "jeffamine-D400" amine in the interlayer of MMT has converted the mineral MMT's hydrophilic character into a hydrophobic one.When organic solvents are intercalated, the interlayer area swells, increasing the basal spacing.The swelling of D400-MMT nanocomposite in several solvents, including toluene, benzene, DMF, EtOH, water, dioxane, and acetone.Similarly, the attraction between D-400 chain in the interlayer area and the organic solvent is thought to facilitate the penetration process of the organic solvent.The solvation effectiveness of the D400-MMT with solvent depends only on the nature of the onium cation intercalated in the MMT and the chemical structure of the solvent used.According to the swelling results, the hydrophilic nature of the mineral MMT has converted into a hydrophobic nature as a result of D-400 intercalation in the interlayer of MMT.Moreover, the substituted poly (Oxypropylene interacts more strongly with toluene, and this interaction controls how D400-MMT swells in non-polar solvents.To guarantee complete swelling, the enlarged hydrogels were removed after 72 h.The swelling ratio SR (g.g −1 ) was calculated using the following equation: where W 1 = final weight after swelling and W o is the initial weight.
The equilibrium swelling ratio SRe, significantly increased for DMF, going from 1890 to 140.7% for acetone.the highest ratio for dimethyl formamide, indicating that DMF is the sufficient solvent employed in the procedure.
Synthesis of polymethyl methacrylate (20%)-chloromethyl styrene as a binder (10%) @ jeffamine.400-montmorillonite(D400-MMT) (70%) nanocomposite (D400-MMT) (7 g) was swelled in 5 ml DMF and 20 ml distilled H 2 O by stirring overnight for 24 h at room temperature under vigorous stirring.A solution of (2 g) methyl methacrylate and (1 g) chloromethyl styrene were dissolved separately in 5 ml DMF, and dropwise to (D400-MMT).The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 60 ºC for 24 h.The product was filtered, washed several times with water and collected by a filter press, and dried at 80 °C in a vacuum oven for 10 h.
Synthesis of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @methylmethacrylate chloromethyl styrene (CMS)@montmorillonite Jeffamine (D400-MMT) "S 3 " LaZnFe 2 O 4 (0.113 g) was suspended in 10 ml distilled H 2 O under vigorous stirring for 24 h (soln B).Soln B was added to the suspended polymer clay nanocomposite (soln A), leaving the mixture under magnetic stirring to form a homogeneous solution.1.738 g of sodium wolframite NaWO 4 dissolved in 20 ml distilled H 2 O. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution (0.5 ml, 25%) was added with stirring for 1 h.0.683 g of NiCl 2 .6H 2 O dissolved in 15 ml dist H 2 O was added to the earlier mixtures with stirring for 3 h, (soln D).Soln D was added to a mixture containing both Soln A and Soln B, the formed mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, then Soln C was added dropwise.Leave homogenous suspension under sonication at room temperature for another 1 h (the total volume of solution is 110 ml).The product was washed with H 2 O several times, then ethanol 3 times, centrifuged, then dried under a vacuum at 80 °C for 24 h.Table 1 explains the exploration of the as-designed LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @ CMS-MMA @ D400-MMT nanocomposites.Figure 1.demonstrates the schematic representation of the as-designed LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D 400 -MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites.

Adsorption studies
Effects of pH.Accordingly, a dye solution of 50 ppm/100 mL of water was subjected to an adsorption process by adding 0.05 g of S 1″ , S 2 , and S 3″ .Adsorption studies were conducted at room temperature.The impact of pH was investigated by adjusting the initial pH of the dye solution from pH = 2 to pH = 10, using either 0.1 M NaOH or HCl.The removal efficiencies of the nanocomposites are examined using the following equation used to compute the percentage of dye removal: Table 1.Exploration of the as-designed LaZnFe2O4@NiWO4@ CMS-MMA @ D400-MMT nanocomposites.Effect of adsorbent dosage.To treat wastewater, the right dosage of adsorbent is essential.While other parameters, such as 50 mL of dye solution (50 mg L −1 ) with a pH value of 4 for XO and 8 for RhB, remained constant, the impact of adsorbent dosage was tested at a mass ranging from 10 to 80 mg at intervals of 10 mg.

Sample code
Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics.The adsorption isotherms were studied with initial dye concentrations of 7.5, 15, 25, 50,100, 150, 200, and 300 mg/L.By interacting 0.05 g of sorbent with an aqueous solution, centrifugation, and then analyzing.The kinetic study was carried out by injecting 50 mg/L dye solutions, the optimum pH for removal XO is 4, while for RhB pH is equal to 8 were agitated with 0.05 g of adsorbent at room temperature for predetermined intervals of time.The thermostatic shaker with 200 rpm for 24 h was used to achieve equilibrium at various temperatures of 292, 298, 308, and 318 K. Samples were filtered through, and the residual dye concentration was determined using a UV-Vis spectrometer.The following equation was used to determine sorption capacity (q) which will be qt in removal kinetics studies and qe in case of equilibrium sorption experiments, were calculated aswhere C o is the initial concentration of target compounds before adsorption.
(mg L −1 ), C e : is the equilibrium concentration of designated analytes after adsorption (mg L −1 ), V is the aqueous solution volume (L), m is the adsorbent dosage (g), and q e is the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (mg/g).
The q e /C e ratio yields the distribution coefficient K d .

Characterization of the adsorbent
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to investigate the structure of the adsorbent using Cu Kα (λ = 0.1542 nm) radiation (D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer).The XRD was operated over a 2Θ range of 5-90, It was possible to learn more about the intercalation or exfoliation of the OMMT clay.The morphological characteristics www.nature.com/scientificreports/were examined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and were made using a JEM-1011 (Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV.The samples were prepared by insertion of a copper TEM grid in the sample suspension and dried at room temperature.FT-IR Spectra were carried out using the KBr disc and recorded on the JASCO spectrophotometer model FT/IR-4100 Technique in the 4000-400 cm -1 range of wave numbers.The surface morphology of clay nanocomposites was studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM.On an LEO, Zeiss SEM, and FE-SEM pictures with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were acquired.
To examine the thermal characteristics of samples, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed using a Rheometric Scientific TGA1500 (Piscataway, NJ).Studies were carried out using 1-1.5 mg samples heated at 10 C/min from 15 to 900 °C under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen.The average zeta potential (ζ.av, mV) is determined by pHpzc for the 25 °C suspensions of the samples under investigation in water dispersed.

Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies involving animals performed by any authors.Also, this article does not contain any studies involving human participants performed by any authors.

XRD analysis
The degree of clay intercalation and/or exfoliation in the polymer matrix has frequently been determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD).The wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of the OMMT and the PMMA-CMS@OMMT are displayed in Fig. 2 (S 2 ).For the OMMT clay sample, the periodicity in the direction of (001) corresponds to the crystalline peak at 7.05 (d-spacing = 6.5 Å) 36 .
Most of the clay sheets in the polymer matrix have been exfoliated, as shown by the lack of a prominent peak in the XRD pattern for S 2 37 .The individual diffraction peak of the clay interlayer vanished, showing the creation of the exfoliated structure.In addition to an expansion of the clay galleries by inserting polymer to become 12.14 Å. Subtracting the thickness of the silicate layer with D 400 (6.5 Å) from the observed d 001 spacing produces the amount of polymer within the interlamellar space 5.64 Å.This increase in the interlayer distance is the evidence that polymer has been successfully interring into the interlayer of MMT modified by D-400.
After hybridization with LaZnFe 2 O 4 , The XRD has a limit for analysis of other peaks that may lie in the broad peak at 2Θ = (20-40).These results also prove that metal entered the inter-gallery space of organoclay confirming the exfoliation structure with amorphous structure.

FT-IR analysis
A chemical substance's IR spectrum serves as a fingerprint for identification.The FTIR spectra from (S o ), (S 1 ) as well (S 2 ) and (S 3 ) are depicted Fig. www.nature.com/scientificreports/belong to the asymmetrical and symmetrical bending of N-H in NH 3 + confirming the electrostatic attraction between Jeffamine and layered silicate) 38 .
However, for (S 1 ) nanocomposite, the peaks at 1395 and 1450 cm −1 assignment to CH 3 asymmetrical bending of epoxy.The sharp peaks at 1741 cm −1 are assigned to the (C = O) vibration of the carbonyl group.The weak peak at 828 cm −1 is related to the aromatic ring bending of chloromethyl styrene.The peak at 2961 cm −1 assigned to aliphatic C-H stretching which becomes more pronounced in (S 2 ) nanocomposite and (S 3 ) nanocomposite.Two differences are readily apparent from a comparison of IR spectra.(i) Peaks between 3428 cm −1 become stronger and wider, and (ii) the appearance of the peak at 2913 cm −1 belongs to aliphatic C-H stretching become more pronounced.

TEM results
The TEM image of OMMT was taken to better understand how poly (Oxy propylene) as surfactant dispersed inside the clay matrix.This picture is displayed in Fig. 4a.The size of some stacks appears to be around 0.7-1.1 nm, due to the presence of two amino groups in poly(Oxy propylene).These functional groups can establish hydrogen bonds with the silicate hydroxylated edge groups, resulting in a strong connection between the matrix and silicate layers.Figure .4b describe the TEM of 20% PMMA -10%CMS-70%-D 400 -MMT "S 1 ) which clarifies OMMT sheets as black strips.These strips are nicely distributed in the nanocomposite, demonstrating also that the majority of silicate layers are in the exfoliated structure.The clay platelets are filled with long-term polymers agglomerates.This is consistent with the conclusion drawn from XRD 23 .Figure.4cThe coupling of nickel tungstate with the as-designed MMA-CMS@D 400 -MMT nanocomposite causes the clay platelets to become thinner and longer, much more separated.On the other hand, the TEM image of the as-synthesized LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @MMA-CMS@D400-MMT nanocomposite in Fig. 4d shows that the incorporation of LaZnFe 2 O 4 NPs particles with NiWO 4 @MMA-CMS@D400-MMT are tending to exist in a uniform distribution mode, highly extended all over through the polymer clay colonies, as represented by the small dotes ranged from 1.4 to 3.8 nm.

SEM and EDX results
On the other hand, the SEM image of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 with organoclay 70% in the CMS-MMA matrix (Fig. 5a-d) appears in the flaky structure with irregularly shaped particles, also exhibits significant surface abrasion and compactness.The (S 3 ) surface showed only a small number of cavities as depicted in Fig. 5c,d 39 .These characteristics are crucial for sorption processes.The energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), Fig. 5e was employed to determine chemical composition using the EDX spectrum of the sample, It is clear that the main minerals in sodium montmorillonite clay are alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), silica (SiO 2 ), sodium, and titanium with minor amounts and no impurities.According to the montmorillonite's EDX profile, the amounts of Si and Al are 9.97% and 17.18%, www.nature.com/scientificreports/respectively.The proportions of other metals, such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, O, and Fe, are 0.41%, 0.32%, 0.49%, 0.79%, and 42.12%, respectively 40 .Table 2. shows that after acid activation, a change in the chemical composition of sodium montmorillonite clay has taken place.One could say that acid treatment changes the structure of montmorillonite.Figure .5e shows that the sharp peaks in the EDX spectrum were found to be caused by the elements C (32%), and O (27%).These substances will result in charges on the clay-exfoliated polymer's surface and electrostatic forces that will attract the dyes in solution to the sample 41 .The fillers that were added to the polymer during processing to improve its photocatalytic characteristics may be the cause of the presence of La and W.
Zeta potential measurements of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @ CMS-MMA @70% wt D 400 -MMT nanocomposite The zeta potential is frequently viewed as a distant consequence of the particles' surface charges.The absolute zeta potential value of S 1 nanocomposite was lower than that of S 3 nanocomposite, indicating that the modification reduces and increases surface charge.The measured values of ƹ-potentials as a function of pH in the 1-12 range for S 1 nanocomposite was lower and S 3 nanocomposite are positive, with an isoelectric point at 8.5 and 7.7 as demonstrated clearly (Fig. 6).This minor decrease of zeta potential is due to the increase of electrostatic strength of the suspension involved lanthanum zinc ferrite and intermolecular interactions 42 .
Thermogravimetric analysis of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @ CMS-MMA @70% wt D 400 -MMT nanocomposite A useful tool for analyzing the thermal stability and thermal degradation behavior of materials is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).MMT-D400 and CMS-MMA polymer nanocomposite demonstrated three mass losses, which occurred at 18-54 °C and 80 °C-468 °C, as shown in Fig. 7.The first mass loss is due to the release of water The presence of nickel tungstate has a significant impact on sorbent stability.When compared to S 1 as reference material, the inclusion of nickel tungstate effect on the degradation profile shows three major stages of weight loss, Water release (approximately 6% weight loss, at a maximum temperature of roughly 196 °C) is the first stage, which occurs below 196 °C.Weight loss is close to 42 wt.% in the range of 210-455 °C.The third phase (up to 461 °C) reveals a moderate weight loss (the total weight loss is about 52%).www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The presence of LaZnFe 2 O 4 has a significant impact on the sorbent stability.When compared to the reference material, the inclusion of LaZnFe 2 O 4 affected the degradation profile to occur in two stages the weight loss is reduced to about 48%).Table 2 displays the TGA data including the temperatures at 1%, 5%, and 10% means thermal decomposition at (T 0.01 ), (T 0.05 ), and (T 0.1 ), respectively.

Adsorption process
Three distinct types of nanocomposites by improvement nanocomposites were prepared for the research of adsorption capabilities.These nanocomposites were investigated under a variety of adsorption circumstances, such as different contact periods and dye-starting concentrations.

Optimization of solution pH for photo-adsorption study
The first investigation was directed to choose the best-optimized condition.The investigation into the sorption effectiveness of xylenol orange (XO) as an acidic dye and rhodamine B (RhB) as an amphoteric dye onto the designed nanocomposite "S 1 ", "S 2 ", and "S 3 " nanocomposites as a function of pH (2-10) is shown in Fig. 8. pH has a considerable impact on the surface charge density of the adsorbent and dye speciation.The optimum pH for detachment of xylenol orange (XO) is 4, while for rhodamine B pH is equal to 8. It is clear from the data that the as-synthesized (S 3 ) achieved the highest xylenol orange (XO) and Rhodamine B (RhB) removal efficiency (90.10%) and 93.15 when compared to S 1 , and S 2 nanocomposites respectively 44 .However, employing a 50 mg/L XO and RhB solution, only 76.1% and 81.23% removal efficiency were achieved for the S 1 nanocomposite, respectively.S 1 was used as a reference sample.the effectiveness of S 1 nanocomposite of XO removal gradually fails as pH rises, while the opposite trend is achieved for RhB.
It is necessary to investigate a variety of mechanisms, including electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and chemical interaction which seem to be in control of adsorption on adsorbent surfaces.Due to the increased concentration of hydronium ions (H + ) at low pH, the clay surface becomes positively charged, boosting the propensity for the negatively charged COO -at XO to bond on the clay without competing for the adsorption sites.As the pH is amplified, more OH becomes dissolved in the solution, competing with the xylenol orange(XO) for adsorbent active sites and causing low xylenol orange(XO) elimination at raised pH.These findings led to the decision to Table 2. Thermal analysis data of 20% PMMA -10%CMS-70%-D 400 -MMT "S 1" , (b)NiWO 4 -20% PMMA -10%CMS-70%-D 400 -MMT, and LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @ CMS-MMA @70% wt D 400 -MMT nanocomposite.The effect of (a) the initial solution pHs on the removal efficiencies of (S 1 ) 20% PMMA -10%CMS-70%-D 400 -MMT "S 1" , (S 2 ) NiWO 4 @ 20% PMMA -10%CMS-70%-D 400 -MMT, and ((S 3 ) LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO 4 @ CMS-MMA @70% wt D 400 -MMT catalyzed systems (a) against the removal of XO (b) against the removal of R.B dye.More OH -will be accessible at higher lower pH levels, enhancing the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged adsorption sites and positively charged dye cations and increasing dye adsorption.The strong electrostatic interaction between the negative surfaces of nanocomposite and R.B dye cations causes the high adsorption capacity.The attraction between cationic dye molecules and the excess hydroxyl ions causes a minor drop in adsorption at pH levels of 10.0.Owing to the chemical interaction that occurs between RhB dye and LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@MMA-CMS nanocomposites, the cationic dye still significantly adsorbed at pH = 8 45 .Importantly, electrostatic interactions excluding van der Waals are primarily responsible for the increased adsorption of amphoteric dye at high pH (and cationic dyes at low pH).

Optimization of nanocomposites dosage
For a given initial concentration of adsorbate in a solution, the solid adsorbent's capacity is typically determined by the influence of the adsorbent mass.A significant factor in the color removal process was the dosage of the adsorbent.Figure 9 displays a plot of dye removal (%) vs adsorbent dosage (g L -1 ).As the dosage was increased, the amount of adsorption also increased.For XO and RB, the dosage above 0.05 g L -1 0.2 did not significantly alter the adsorption effectiveness; instead, the dosage of 0.05 g L -1 was determined to be the optimum amount for adsorption at each pH.

Adsorption kinetics
In a batch experiment, 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks were used to carry out the adsorption of XO and RhB in aqueous solution on the as-prepared LaZnFe 2 O 4 supported NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites.The shaker was thermostated and the shaking speed was set to 150 rpm.At a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, Fig. 10a,b demonstrated the impact of contact time on the quantity of removal of rhodamine B (RhB) as an amphoteric dye and xylenol orange (XO) as an acidic dye.At varying starting concentrations of xo and RhB, the LaZnFe 2 O 4 supported NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites exhibit the effects of contact duration on the quantity of XO and RhB adsorbed (Fig. 10a.b).Because there were many available active sites on the surface of the MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites during the initial adsorption stage, the adsorption rates during the first 30 min were quite rapid under all of the studied XO concentrations; subsequently, they became slower and consequently reached a plateau with the increase in contact time.More significantly, at the initial xo concentrations of 50 mg L −1 , the removal efficiencies for S3, S3, and S1 were found to be 90%, 83%, and 74% during the adsorption process within 220 min.At the starting RhB concentrations of 50 mg L −1 , the elimination efficiencies for RhB were determined to be 93%, 87%, and 81% for S 3 , S 2 , and S 1 .
This result illustrates the initial concentration-dependent adsorption performance of XO and RhB, as well as the outstanding efficiency of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites for XO and RhB removal in aqueous solutions.Pseudo-first-and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations were used to simulate the experimental data of XO and RhB adsorption on the LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites in order to study the properties of the adsorption process as depicted in Fig. 11 46 .Where k 1 (min -1 ) and k 2 (g mg −1 min −1 ) are the adsorption rate constants of pseudo-first-order and pseudosecond-order adsorption, respectively, and q e and qt are the amounts of adsorption dye (mg/g) at equilibrium and at time t (min).
Figure 11c-f shows the corresponding linear relationships.Table 3 displayed the computed values for the various kinetic parameters along with the matching correlation coefficients.The pseudo-first-order model produced the high correlation coefficients (R 2 > 0.99) that were observed.Additionally, it seemed that the values of qe, cal and the empirically observed values of qe, exp were rather near.The kinetic data can be effectively characterized by the pseudo-first-order model, as suggested by these results 47 .The computed equilibrium adsorption capacities (5)   www.nature.com/scientificreports/

Adsorption isotherms
The equilibrium adsorption isotherms are another crucial method for comprehending the mechanism of adsorption, together with adsorption kinetics.Adsorption isotherms showed a link between the concentration of dye in the liquid phase at a constant temperature and the quantity of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the sorbent.The adsorption isotherms, as shown in Fig. 12a,b.can be used to highlight the correlations between the equilibrium concentration of XO and RhB in solution and the XO and RhB adsorption capacity of LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO4@ D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites.Figure 12a,b, depicts the impact of various initial dye solution concentrations on the generated nanocomposite's ability for adsorption.The initial dye concentration plays a significant role in determining the nanocomposite's ability to adsorb.According to Fig. 12a,b, the adsorption capabilities of the nanocomposite grew significantly from 15.1 mg/g to 288.07 mg/g when the concentration of xylenol orange(XO) (pH 4.0) and rhodamine B dye (RhB) (pH 8.0) was increased from (7.5 mg/L to 300 mg/L) for 220 min of adsorption, and barely increased with further dye concentration increase.The experimental data in Fig. 12c-f were further analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.The Freundlich adsorption model postulates that adsorption occurs on heterogeneous surfaces 48 , whereas the Langmuir isotherm 49 is based on the assumption that all adsorption sites are identically homogeneous and that monolayer adsorption occurs on a surface with a finite number of identical adsorption sites.The following is the linear form of the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms: Langmuir equation

Models parameters
Step III Ki (mg g −1 min −0.Step II Ki (mg g −1 min −0.5 ) 6.621 1.5304 0.1059 Step III Ki (mg g −1 min −0.where C e is the equilibrium concentration (mg L −1 ), q e is the amount absorbed at equilibrium (mg g −1 ), q m is the maximum adsorption capacity of the sorbent (mg g −1 ), b is the Langmuir isotherm constants (L mg −1 ), K f is the Freundlich isotherm constant, and n (dimensionless) is the heterogeneity factor.The two isotherm models indicated above were thus able to fit the experimental results of XO and RhB equilibrium adsorption on LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites, as illustrated in Fig. 11c-f.The relevant parameters and correlation coefficients were then compiled in Table 4.The adsorption data fit the Langmuir isotherm model (R 2 XO = 0.9761,0.9803,0.9962, and R 2 RhB = 0.9706, 0.9809, 0.9962) better than those using the Friedrich isotherm model (R 2 XO = 0.9448, 0.9537,0.9424,and R 2 RhB = 0.9744, 0.9747, 0.976), indicating that the characteristic of adsorption should be the monolayer adsorption process of XO and RhB on the LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites, with corresponding monolayer-saturated adsorption capacity of 263.16 and 247.09 mg g −1 for XO and RhB, respectively 50 .
Table 5 reviews the assessment of adsorption capacity of XO and RhB dye in the presence of LaZnFe 2 O 4 supported NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites with other previous work sample.

Effect of temperature and thermodynamic studies
The impact of temperature on the S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 nanocomposite's ability was depicted in Fig. 13.As can be shown, as the temperature increased from 25 to 55 °C, the XO dye's adsorption capacity for S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 nanocomposites slightly increased from 37.82 mg/g to 41.52 mg/g.The phenomena showed that the XO dye may adhere to the S 3 nanocomposite more easily at high temperatures.The internal structure of the absorbent may swell as a result of increasing temperature, further allowing the penetrating of the large dye molecule, as is well known 51 .However, when temperature increase, the mobility of the large dye molecules increases, which causes a gradual increase in the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite.RhB obey the same trend as XO., as the temperature increased the dye's adsorption capacity increased.
Table 6 describes the thermodynamic variables, the absolute H° values are arranged in descending order according to sorption capacity, demonstrating a strong sorption affinity as S 2 (− 2.626 kJ mol −1 ) > S 1 (− 2.925 kJ mol -1 ) > S 3 (− 3.495 kJ mol -1 ).The negative value supports that the reactions have an exothermic character and low temperatures make the process more favorable.The sorption of XO and RhB is assumed to be controlled by physical forces because the H o values are less than 40 kJ mol −1 (Ren et al. 52 ).The increase in randomness following the contact of XO at the solid-liquid border, as indicated by the positive value of S°.The sorption reaction is thought to be spontaneous based on the negative values of G°, which fall within the same range from -36.806 to − 42.089 kJ mol -1 .(10)  log q e = log K F + 1 n log C e  Lu et al., 2018, report the relationship between the temperature and the absolute G values.Generally, the following order is supported by the experimental results for the pH effect, kinetics (Tables 3), isotherms (Table 4), and thermodynamics (absolute values of H°, S°, and G° (Table 6)): S 3 > S 2 > S 3.

Mechanism of dye adsorption
PAMAM/CMS and LaZnFe 2 O 4 's which exfoliated with clay layers appear to promote the stabilization of positively charged RhB molecules over clay-deprotonated silanols.Numerous studies have revealed that the active Si-OH groups in the clay platelets and the dye's nitrogen atoms engage in hydrogen bonds as well as electrostatic interactions.It's likely that the LaZnFe 2 O 4 phase's attachment to the deeply ingrained amino groups in the jeffamine prevents the generated radicals from interacting with RhB molecules.
Nonetheless, the extreme stability of the polymer colonies appears to produce radicals due to their reducing nature, which is caused by their amide and terminal amine groups.A reducing environment like this could cause LaZnFe 2 O 4 and NiWO 4 to function as a "effective battery, " releasing a stream of radicals toward the majority of the solution.Owing to the electrostatic repulsion between the silanols (SiO − H) of clay platelets and the carboxylate groups (COO − ) of XO, the XO molecules will preferentially remain in the majority of the solution, vulnerable to attack from the generated radicals.As a result of these contact events, dye adsorption will have a notable mineralization efficiency of about 90%.
Conversely, LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA's dominant RhB removal effectiveness is most likely related to the NPs' anchoring into the interior amine groups of the Jeffamine, which are readily prone to interacting with -C = O molecules in polymers.The negatively charged PMMA@CMS and the anchored LaZnFe 2 O 4 and NiWO 4 appear to be the only places where the positively charged RhB molecules tend to site, though.This is likely due to steric barrier between these colonies and the dye quaternary amine-protonated centers (N + -) 53 .This enables the dye to be readily damaged by the radicals produced, exhibiting an approximately 93% mineralization efficiency.Conversely, the negatively charged XO dye exhibits an electrostatic repulsion tendency respectively, but during the first two cycles, the decline was just 1% 55 .This suggests that NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@ CMS/MMA nanocomposites supported by LaZnFe 2 O 4 have good adsorption and reusability properties, which may have potential uses in the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions without noticeably reducing their ability to remove XO and RhB.

Conclusions
By using a straightforward thermal process, LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA "S 3 " nanocomposites were successfully created and used to remove dye from an aqueous solution.the LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposite showed an adsorption efficiency of around 90% for XO and 93% for RhB with qe > 42.62 mg g −1 and 46.26, respectively.To identify the adsorption mechanism, equilibrium isotherms and kinetics of adsorption were investigated.The dose of 0.05 g L-1 was shown to be the ideal amount for adsorption at each pH for XO and RB, with dosages beyond 0.05 g L-1 0.2 not significantly altering the adsorption efficacy.LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA"S 3 ″ nanocomposite quickly absorbed dyes, and the X.O. and R.B. adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model, pointing to a physisorption mechanism.Furthermore, because intra-particle diffusion offered a good fit to the experimental kinetic data, it is believed that dye molecules had a substantial role in the early stages of adsorption.The results of equilibrium isotherms showed that the behavior of XO and RhB adsorption onto LaZnFe 2 O 4 @NiWO 4 @D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposite closely matched the Langmuir model.LaZnFe 2 O 4 @ NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites have a five-cycle maximum reuse period before seeing a little performance decrease.The results of the adsorption tests indicated that S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 nanocomposites had an adsorption capacity towards XO adsorbates of 37, 41.14, and 44.5, respectively, and an adsorption capacity towards c RhB of 40.64, 43.58, and 46.42.The positive value of S° indicates that the increase in randomness happened after the dye came into contact with the solid-liquid interface.According to the negative values of G°, the sorption reaction is thought to happen on its own.
All the following tests were carried out at pH 8.It was found that the degree of ionization and speciation of the adsorbate, as well as the surface charge of the adsorbent, are all strongly influenced by the pH of the solution.RhB 's adsorption capacity on S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 nanocomposites increased from 16.82, 20.80, and 23.28 mg/g to 40.34, 43.79, and 46.26 mg/g, respectively.
Slightly decrease in adsorption capacity was achieved from 40.34, 43.79, and 46.26 mg/g to 38.32, 40.88, and 43.96 mg/g with an additional pH increase from 8.0 to 10.0.

Table 4 .
The adsorption parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich models' isotherms.

Table 5 .
Comparison of the adsorption capacity of XO and RhB dye by various adsorbents.