DNA damage in inhabitants exposed to heavy metals near Hudiara drain, Lahore, Pakistan

The current study was conducted on the inhabitants living in the area adjacent to the Hudiara drain using bore water and vegetables adjacent to the Hudiara drain. Toxic heavy metals badly affect human health because of industrial environmental contamination. Particularly hundreds of millions of individuals globally have faced the consequences of consuming water and food tainted with pollutants. Concentrations of heavy metals in human blood were elevated in Hudiara drainings in Lahore city, Pakistan, due to highly polluted industrial effluents. The study determined the health effects of high levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Ni, Hg, Cr) on residents of the Hudiara draining area, including serum MDA, 8-Isoprostane, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and creatinine levels. An absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine heavy metals in wate water, drinking water, soil, plants and human beings blood sampleas and ELISA kits were used to assess the level of 8-hydroxyguanosine, MDA, 8-Isoprostane in plasma serum creatinine level. Waste water samples, irrigation water samples, drinking water samples, Soil samples, Plants samples and blood specimens of adult of different weights and ages were collected from the polluted area of the Hudiara drain (Laloo and Mohanwal), and control samples were obtained from the unpolluted site Sheiikhpura, 60 km away from the site. Toxic heavy metals in blood damage the cell membrane and DNA structures, increasing the 8-hydroxyguanosine, MDA, creatinine, and 8-Isoprostane. Toxic metals contaminated bore water and vegetables, resulting in increased levels of creatinine, MDA, Isoprostane, and 8-hydroxy-2-guanosine in the blood of inhabitants from the adjacent area Hudiara drain compared to the control group. In addition,. This study also investigated heavy metal concentrations in meat and milk samples from buffaloes, cows, and goats. In meat, cow samples showed the highest Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations. In milk also, cows exhibited elevated Cu and Fe levels compared to goats. The results highlight species-specific variations in heavy metal accumulation, emphasizing the need for targeted monitoring to address potential health risks. The significant difference between the two groups i.e., the control group and the affected group, in all traits of the respondents (weight, age, heavy metal values MDA, 8-Isoprostane, 8-hydroxyguaniosine, and serum creatinine level). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. The study has shown that the level of serum MDA, 8-Isoprostane, 8-hydroxyguaniosine, or creatinine has not significantly correlated with age, so it is independent of age. This study has proved that in Pakistan, the selected area of Lahore in the villages of Laloo and Mohanwal, excess of heavy metals in the human body damages the DNA and increases the level of 8-Isoprostane, MDA, creatinine, and 8-hydroxyguaniosine. As a result, National and international cooperation must take major steps to control exposure to heavy metals.


Material and method
The experimental data collection followed all the rules and regulations at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.Permissions from the authorities were obtained as required.It has been confirmed that the plant samples were collected and used while complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation with appropriate permissions from authorities of the Local Government authorities of District Lahore and Sheikpura, and the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.Ethical Review Committee of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, gave the ethical approval, with reference number 2018010120.It has also confirmed that informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/ or their legal guardian(s).It has also been confirmed that the study was reported following ARRIVE guidelines.

Study area
The study area is Hudiara, located in the Lahore area in Punjab of Pakistan, with latitude and longitude 31 0 2327 N 74 0 1427 E. The control area (Sheikpura) was located 60 km away from Hudiara Drain Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, with latitude and longitude 31 0 766 N 73 0 984 E (Figure 1).Herbaceous are present for grazing animals.The main grain crops of the area are wheat, rice, and vegetables: carrots, cauliflower, turnip, Mustard, spinach, beet, cabbage, garlic, and onion.The study area of this research project was the Laloo and Mohanwal villages of Lahore.
We followed the rules when collecting plant samples in Laloo and Mohanwal villages of Lahore.We got the green light from the local authorities and the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the University of Lahore, Pakistan.Our methods align with ARRIVE guidelines, and the Ethical Review Committee at the institute approved our work with reference number 2018010120.It has also confirmed that informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s).

Samples collection
Wastewater samples were collected from the surface of stagnant water in the Hudiara drain.Samples of irrigation water were collected from the channels used by farmers in the fields after pumping water.The vegetables were collected from the same field irrigating Hudiara drain water.The polyethylene bottle container was washed with detergent, rinsed with distilled water, and pre-treated with 20% nitric acid (HNO 3 ), then finally rinsed through with deionized water, followed by drying in an oven.Ten samples of each vegetable and cereal were collected from the adjacent area of the Hudiara drain (Laloo and Mohanwal).Ten samples of each plant's edible parts (cereals and vegetables) were collected.The rice samples (Oryza sativa) and leaves of fodder crop samples were collected in the summer of 2017.The Wheat (Triticum aestivum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), onion (Allium cepa), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var.

Methods for standard solution preparation
Heavy metal analysis used standard solutions for drinking water, wastewater, plants, soil, milk, meat, and blood samples.The stock of different heavy metals in nitrate and sulfate form has a concentration of 1000 ppm 21 .The standard solutions for all the heavy metals under study were prepared in three to five different concentrations to obtain a calibration curve by diluting the stock standard solution of a concentration of 1000 ppm 22 .

Digestion methods
Digestion is necessary before applying the solution to the atomic absorption instrument.Drinking water is digested for application on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer 23 .Different acid mixtures were used ( HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HF in the ratio of 2:1:1:1) for digestion 24 .The digestion of wastewater samples is carried out by adding aqua regia 25 .The plant samples were dried and digested 26 .The raw milk samples were collected from buffalo, goats, and cows of the adjacent inhabitants of Hudiara drain in washed polyethylene containers and digested 27 .Fresh meat samples of cow (beef), buffalo (beef), and goat (mutton) were collected from the adjacent local meat shops of Hudiara drain, digested, and applied for further analysis of heavy metals 28 .The digestion of www.nature.com/scientificreports/blood samples was carried out by taking 2cm 3 of blood (3000 rpm for 10 min) 29 .The EIA standard 8-Isopros- tane ( Cat# EK7123) was used for quantitative determination 30 .The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (Cat # MBS 267,161) was quantitatively determined in serum by using ELISA kit by Glory Science Co. Ltd.USA.For MDA (Cat# 90357) centrifuged at the speed of 3000 rpm for 600 s.After centrifugation, it separates the top layer and measures the absorbance of the solution at 532 nm 31 .The Cayman Chemical USA creatinine kit (Cat# 700460) is used by using the Jaffe Method for the determination of creatinine in blood serum levels in adult males.The absorbance was measured at 490 nm 31 .

Statistical analysis
Statistical paired comparison analysis is used for the comparison of selected heavy metals in stagnant and running water of Huidara Drain, heavy metals in drinking water are shown by t-statistic and p-value for significant difference where ANOVA F-test is used for a statistical difference of control and affected group.Concentration of heavy metals in vegetables, meat and milk is represented in graphical form.The statistical analysis in tabulated and graphical form is done by using SPSS Statistic 29.

Ethical approval
The ethical approval was given by Ethical Review Committee of Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan with references number 2018010120.It has also confirming that informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s).

Heavy metal concentrations in hudiara drain
In this study, Table 1 provides a comparative analysis of the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in both stagnant and running water within the Hudiara Drain.Understanding the variations in heavy metal levels in different water conditions is essential for assessing this important waterway's environmental impact and potential risks.Table 1,2,3 offers insights concentration of heavy metals in running (irrigation) and stagnant water and shows the concentration of heavy metals high in stagnant water as compare to running water.

Quantity of selected heavy metals in soil
Table 3 offers insights into the contamination levels of these heavy metals in the soil, shedding light on the environmental impact and potential risks associated with soil quality near the drain.

Heavy metals in fodder crop leaves and wastewater of Hudiara drain
Table 3 provides valuable information on the concentrations of selected heavy metals in the leaves of fodder crops and wastewater samples collected from Hudiara Drain.This data is critical for assessing potential contamination and risks associated with the consumption of crops grown in this area, as well as the environmental impact of heavy metal presence in the wastewater of Hudiara Drain.

Concentration of heavy metals in drinking water
Table 4 presents crucial information regarding the concentrations of various heavy metals in the drinking water of the areas adjacent to the Hudiara Drain.Understanding the levels of these heavy metals in the drinking water is vital for assessing the potential health and environmental impacts in the vicinity of Hudiara Drain.

Level of heavy metals and biomarkers in blood serum of males
Table 5 provides comprehensive data on the levels of various heavy metals along with selected biomarkers such as 8-Isoprostane, 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Creatinine, in the blood serum of two groups-a control group and an affected group of males.This table is a crucial resource for assessing the potential health impacts and biomarker variations in individuals residing near the source of heavy metal exposure.

Concentration of heavy metals in cereals and vegetables
Our research and investigation have revealed significant differences in the heavy metal content of various vegetables and cereals between the control and affected groups (Fig. 2).In the case of iron (Fe), concentrations in affected wheat, spinach, rice, onion, and potato were notably higher than their respective controls, with values ranging from 0.16 to 340 in the simulated samples.Similarly, affected cabbage, Brassica, Turnip, Beet, Garlic, Carrot, and Radish also exhibited elevated iron concentrations.Copper (Cu) levels significantly increased in www.nature.com/scientificreports/affected wheat, spinach, rice, onion, and several other samples.Zinc (Zn) content saw substantial elevation in affected wheat, spinach, rice, onion, and different samples, with concentrations ranging from 2 to 90 Table 6.Lead (Pb) concentrations were notably increased in several affected samples, with values reaching as high as 8 in onion.Cadmium (Cd) levels also showed a considerable increase in some affected samples, with values up to 20 in wheat.Chromium (Cr) was elevated in affected wheat (10), spinach (8), onion (5) and garlic (5) samples.Nickel (Ni) was significantly higher in various affected samples, reaching 40 in onion.Finally, manganese (Mn) levels were elevated in affected spinach, with values as high as 98 others were Brassica (94), beet (80) and rice (40).These results indicate the substantial impact of heavy metal contamination on the composition of these vegetables and cereals, raising significant concerns about their safety for consumption.

Concentration of heavy metal (mg/kg) in buffalo, cow and goat meat
During the investigation of the concentration of heavy metals, the results revealed varying levels of heavy metals across the three livestock species meat (Figure 3).Specifically, the highest concentration of Cd was observed in cow meat (0.43 mg/kg).For Cu, cows exhibited the highest concentration (6.7 mg/kg), followed by buffaloes (4 mg/kg).Among the heavy metals tested, Fe demonstrated the most pronounced differences, with cows exhibiting the highest concentration (200 mg/kg) compared to buffaloes (90 mg/kg) and goats (12.07 mg/kg).Similar    www.nature.com/scientificreports/trends were observed for Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, with varying concentrations across the three species.These findings shed light on the differential accumulation of heavy metals in the meat of buffaloes, cows, and goats, emphasizing the importance of species-specific monitoring in mitigating potential health risks associated with heavy metal exposure through dairy consumption.

Concentration of heavy metal (mg/kg) in buffalo, cow and goat milk
During the investigation, the concentration of heavy metals revealed varying levels across the three livestock species' milk (Figure 4).Affected animals had significantly higher heavy metal concentrations compared to the control groups.For instance, in the case of Copper (Cu), cows and goats had much higher concentrations (3 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively).Similarly, in the case of Iron (Fe), cows had a much higher concentration (180 mg/kg) of heavy metal than all other species.These results suggested potential heavy metal contamination in the affected animal groups, which could have had adverse health implications.

Discussion
The present study revealed that soil is contaminated with some heavy metals Fe, Cd, which have higher mean concentrations 6.96, 1.09 mg kg −1 and crossed the threshold 32 value set by FAO/WHO 2007, respectively.The higher content in affected soil compared to control was most likely due to wastewater containing a higher concentration of metals.Waste water application builds up the metal concentration Fe, Pb, Zn in surface soil 0-15 cm.Soil irrigated with sewage from the city had higher content in some metals Fe, Cd, Cr.The level of Cd in soil irrigated with city effluent exceeded the standard guidelines set by FAO/WHO 2000 33 .Cereals, fruits, and vegetables are the main sources of heavy metals in the human body.The concentration of heavy metals in food depends on both the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil.Trace elements are vital in humans, plants, and animals' chemical, biological, and biochemical reactions.The concentration of heavy metals in food increases due to androgenic sources 34,35 .The higher concentration of analyzed metal in different cereals, wheat, and rice grown near the Hudiara drain might be due to irrigation of untreated industrial and domestic water that significantly affects the metal content in crops.Most metals' concentrations were above the international organizations' threshold limits.The highest concentration of Cu and Cd was reported in wheat and rice in most of the studies on soil receiving a high load of sewage sludge or wastewater 36 .Ni in sampled wheat grains irrigated through the Hudiara drain of the current study was higher than the permissible limits of FAO and WHO 2000 37 .The higher content of Ni in wheat grain might be due to different inputs of waste from different industries, especially glass, paint, and textile 38 .Cr content was higher than the established permissible limits from the different international organizations and potentially threatened people using affected wheat grains 39 .
The observed level of Cd in cabbage is higher than the permissible limits of FAO, 2007.This might be due to the area's higher continuous wastewater usage 40 .
Leafy vegetables irrigated through industrial sewage water showed higher levels than the permissible limits 41,42 .Fe has significant importance for all crops regarding photosynthesis and other metabolites.The results revealed the Fe level is higher in leafy vegetables i.e., Brassica, cauliflower cabbage, cauliflower, and beets grown on affected/polluted soil than control/unpolluted soil.Our findings align with studies conducted on effluent industries 43 .Similarly, the mean concentration of Mn is in the range of previous studies conducted in Pakistan 43 .Pb concentration in the sampled vegetables aligns with studies conducted on effluent industries 43 .The findings of the conducted study regarding Zn concentration treated with Hudiara drain water and underground water are within permissible limits established by FAO and WHO, 2000 44 .
In this study, the leafy vegetables i.e., Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, brassica, and turnip were studied for metal acquisition under irrigation through the Hudiara drain and underground water.The results revealed that bio-available concentrations of heavy metals were higher in vegetables irrigated with sewage water than underground water.The metals Pb, Cd, and Cr accumulated in leafy vegetables brassica, cabbage, cauliflower, and turnip have a higher value than permissible limits 0.3, 0.3, and 1.3 mg kg −1 .This might be due to the continuous irrigation of sewage wastewater from the Hudiara drain, the main root of heavy metals accumulation in soils 5,[45][46][47] .Beside this, the higher concentration of Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium in leafy vegetables from the permissible limits might be due to the presence of various industries installed on the way of Hudiara drain, Steels, and Iron foundries, rolling mills, and continuous broken steel coated with Cd and Pb in the wastewater.Furthermore, it has been reported that soil had a higher content of heavy metals irrigated with wastewater 48 .
Heavy metals in different vegetables cultivated on wastewater in Bahawalpur that have a higher concentration of Pb, Cr, and Cd; and exceeded the permissible limits.However, the present research showed that higher concentrations of Ni, Zn, Fe, and Cu in leafy vegetables grown near Hudiara drain did not exceed the threshold value established by WHO, 2007 49 .The plants/vegetables treated with waste water have a higher content of heavy metals than plants treated with fresh water.The variation in heavy metals content in leafy and root vegetables directly depends upon the nature of plants, physicochemical properties of soil, as well as the environment and anthropogenic activities 49 .
In the present research study, metals analyzed in drinking water were examined as per standard guidelines of WHO/ FAO, 2007.The concentration of metals Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu was within tolerable limits according to WHO, 2007, and Pakistan EPA standards 50 .However, drinking water quality exhibited elevated levels in metals of Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd from WHO's standard guidelines.The high level of Ni in the drinking water might be due to ultramafic industrial activities and continuous seepage of sewage water from the Hudiara drain in the study area.Lead in drinking water exceeded the permissible limits accomplished by WHO.The raised lead concentration in the study area might be due to the usage of pesticides on agricultural land, and continuous application of Hudiara drains' sewage water may lead to metal leaching 51 .Previous work has also illustrated the elevated lead levels in Lahore, Jhang, and Vehari 52 .The present study revealed the variation in metal concentration in the meat of buffalo, cow, and goat in affected/polluted and controlled/non-polluted areas of Hudiara drain.The higher concentration of Cd in raw meat of buffalo grazed in affected/polluted areas compared to controlled/ unpolluted.Areas and Cd concentrations in raw buffalo and cow meat exceeded the permissible limit set by the International Dairy Federation 1979.It is the most acceptable limit for Cd in raw meat 53 .
The Cd level in cow's meat watering from the industrial effluent and drinking from the uncontaminated river water.They concluded that Cd level was twice as high in cow's meat collected from the contaminated area than in the non-contaminated area.Iftikhar and his colleagues collected raw meat from urban and rural areas, illustrating that Cd level was higher in the urban areas than rural areas 54 .Lead in meat is one of the most toxic metals affecting human health.It is the most common industrial metal that can contaminate the soil, water, air, forage, and food 55 .
In the present study, the maximum mean lead level in cow's meat was observed in the affected polluted areas, followed by buffalo and goat at 0.19, 0.16, and 0.12 mg kg −1, respectively.However, the minimum Pb concentration in Goat meat was recorded in the controlled area 0.0003 mg kg −1 .The higher metal level in meat could be due to the grazing of animals in polluted areas.The present study revealed lead concentration exceeded the permissible limits established by WHO 37 .The present study's findings align with the previous study, which reported a higher Pb level in the industrial polluted areas than in non-polluted areas.Similarly, the highest concentration was 23.24 mg L −1 of lead in cow's meat; cows were drinking untreated sewage water in Faisalabad, Pakistan 56 .
In the present study, the highest mean level of nickel was observed in cows, followed by buffalo and goat 0.023, 0.018, and 0.012 mg L −1 , respectively, reared in the contaminated areas; however, the low level was detected in the control or unpolluted area.Fe is an essential trace element that stimulates several metabolic reactions in the human body, although its higher level may produce toxicity and cause health issues.In the present study, a higher level of Fe was recorded in cow's meat, followed by buffalo and goat meat, respectively, compared to the controlled area.It exceeded the permissible limits furnished by IDF 1979.A higher level of Fe in cow's meat near the industrial polluted areas compared to the non-polluted areas in Egypt, and a significant level was also reported in India 52 .Copper has an essential role in human health; however, its higher level may cause various toxic effects on the human body.The level of Cu was recorded in the meat of cows followed by buffalo and goat, respectively, in polluted compared to non-polluted areas.The cow's meat ranging from 0.0136 to 36 mg L −1, and exceeds the permissible level 0.01 mg L −1 set by IDF, 1979 world., reported in various studies 53 .The current work revealed a higher level of Cr in raw meat of buffalo, cows, and goats grazing in the polluted areas compared to the controlled areas, an exceeded the permissible value set by IDF.However, its value is below what was detected in this study and reported in Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2011.All the detected values of Zn were within permissible limits of WHO 121 mg kg −1 .The Zn concentration in camel, cattle, buffalo and goat meat from various regions of KPK.They reported the Zn concentration was within permissible limits and far below that of current work.The contaminated heavy metals in fodder crops are used as feed and contaminate animal feed 53 .
Excessive Cu causes disturbance in the immunity system, dermatitis, nervous system, and gastrointestinal diseases 52 .The permissible concentration of Cu in meat is .01µg/g IDF 1979.According to Puls 1994, the normal median value of Cu in meat is 0.5 µg/g.The daily intake of Co is 4.33 µg/kg/day and Cd 0.011 µg/kg/day.In the current research, the higher level of heavy metals in the raw meat of examined animals might be attributed to the use of sewage water of Hudiara drain for agricultural purposes and direct access to polluted water for drinking.Heavy metal toxicity caused by animal meat ingestion has created human health issues for many years 13 .
Overall, the findings of the present work showed a higher level of heavy metal contents in meat samples of affected/polluted areas compared to control/non-polluted areas.The result of the present study showed a higher level of Pb in cows 4.3 mg kg −1 followed by buffalo and goats 3.2 and 2 mg kg −1, respectively; its level was above the permissible limits of 0.1 mg kg −1 set by WHO 13 .The prescribed level in the present work revealed that cadmium concentration in cow, goat, and buffalo is higher than the permissible limits.
In Iran, a similar trend was observed for Cd levels in meat, as its concentration exceeded the tolerable limits set by WHO in 2007 13 .Besides this, levels of Zn and Cu in the prescribed study revealed a difference in the level of metals detected in the affected as compared to the control; however, their level did not cross the acceptable limits set by WHO.The content of Zn and Cu was analyzed in meat samples collected from the Lahore Market.Cr and Ni concentrations 57 in the meat of analyzed samples collected from the polluted and non-polluted areas showed variation in its level; although the higher level detected in the collected samples; was lower than the acceptable limits USDA, 2006.Fe concentration in collected samples of buffalo and goat are below the tolerable limits, however, the concentration in cow crossed the permissible limits.The variation in the level of Fe in meat might be due to the feeding behavior of respective animals 57 .The variation of Fe concentration was examined in the meat of both goat and cow.The results of the present study illustrated the significant variation in analyzed metals samples in human blood.The higher concentration was detected in samples collected from the vicinity of the Hudiara drain; however, the lower metal concentration was recorded in samples taken far away from the locality of the Hudiara drain.The levels of most metals content in human blood were higher than the permissible limits.The significant level of metals in the human population living near the sewage effluent 58 .Detected a potential threat of Pb, Ni, and Cd in human blood.The accumulation of heavy metals in the human body generates ROS and RNS, which are directly involved in damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA.The biochemical properties alter due to cross-linking of DNA.The adduct of MDA and 4-HNE also affects the synthesis of protein.
It promotes cell death and activates the signaling pathway.
The excess formation of free radicals weak the antioxidant system, which causes oxidative stress and as result increases the process of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde MDA, Isoprostane Iso, and an adduct of DNA 59 .Studies have proved that 8-OHdG increases with exposure of toxic metals, as the association between 8-OHdG and cadmium is very strong.Malondialdehyde MDA can measure the damaging of free radicals.The malondialdehyde MDA can be measured by reaction with thiobarbituric acid using a spectrophotometer.In our study, heavy metals cause ROS and enhance MDA 60 .
The more effective marker of lipid peroxidation is Isoprostane, which arises from unsaturated fatty acids.The areas of high-level heavy metals will result in severe complications in the future.National and international cooperation should take major steps to control exposure to heavy metals by providing safe guidelines on using chemicals and industries.There should be proper channel lining of sewerage channels to avoid seepage of waste water and toxic chemicals in the soil of the adjacent area.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location map for collection of samples.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn in Cereals and Vegetables of control and affected group of Hudiara drain vicinity in Lahore.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn mg/kg in buffalo, cow, and goat meat of control and affected group.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Zn mg/kg in buffalo, cow and goat milk of control and affected group.

Table 1 .
Quantity of selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in stagnant and running water of Hudiara drain in vicinity of Lahore.

Table 2 .
Comparison of concentration of selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in stagnant and running water of Hudiara drain in vicinity of Lahore.

Table 3 .
Quantity of selected heavy metals in soil (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Mn) in control and affected soil samples in vicinity of Hudiara drain, Lahore.

Table 5 .
Concentration of heavy metals (Cd.Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in drinking water of adjoining area of Hudiara drain.