Colloidal stability and dielectric behavior of eco-friendly synthesized zinc oxide nanostructures from Moringa seeds

This study centers on the environmentally benign synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from Zn (CH3COO)2·2H2O and Moringa seeds. The synthesized nanostructures underwent comprehensive characterization utilizing diverse analytical techniques, encompassing X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–VIS spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD measurements coupled with W–H plot transformation unequivocally confirmed the formation of ZnO nanostructures, characterized by an average size of 24.9 nm. UV–VIS spectroscopy, complemented by Kubelka Munk curve analysis, elucidated the direct conduction and determined a bandgap of 3.265 eV. FESEM analysis revealed minimal particle aggregation, showcasing well-defined grain boundaries spanning sizes from 20.4 to 87.7 nm. XPS analysis substantiated the presence of Zn (2p), Zn (3p), Zn (3d), and O (1s). Raman spectroscopy identified E2H as the predominant mode, followed by E1(TO) and (E2H-E2L). ZnO thin films, fabricated via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and deposited onto silicon (100) substrates, exhibited exemplary morphology and discernible topography, characterized by a normal grain size distribution. Zeta potential tests yielded a value of approximately (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathcalligra{z}$$\end{document}z ~ − 43.8 mV), indicative of the commendable stability of the colloidal suspension, likely attributable to low particle aggregation. Dielectric measurements conducted on sintered pellets at 900 °C unveiled elevated capacitance and dielectric constant at low frequencies across the temperature range of 289.935–310 K. These findings affirm the potential utility of environmentally synthesized ZnO for a spectrum of applications, including energy devices and nanofluids.

The progression of environmentally conscious materials has become a focal point of considerable interest within the scientific realms of nanotechnology and materials science.This heightened attention is particularly pertinent in the contemporary era, marked by the pervasive consequences of climate change and global warming.These far-reaching challenges have been extensively deliberated upon in prominent international forums, such as the recent COP27 conference held in Egypt.Furthermore, the significance of environmentally conscious materials aligns with the broader objectives outlined in the sustainable development goals (SDG 7, 11, and 13) 1-3 .Approaches aimed at creating such materials are often referred to as "green" when they involve the utilization of active components derived from natural sources to reduce toxicity levels, or as "eco-friendly" when there is a focus on balancing product quality with minimizing environmental impact during the synthesis process [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] .
As Punica belongs to polyphenols group, their reaction with Zinc ions forms complex molecules of Zn (OH) 2 by capping and reducing process which are turned into respective nanoparticles during annealing process at around 500 °C.In the pursuit of cultivating uniform thin films with high crystallinity quality on p-Si (100) for photovoltaic applications, a methodology involving the spin coating technique was employed.The thin films were fashioned using ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) derived from Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice extract, with a green synthesis approach, as detailed in reference 18 .The prepared films exhibited wurtzite hexagonal arrangement of 60 nm in crystallite size, 3.41 eV of direct bandgap by UV-VIS spectroscopy, distributed in two

Different approaches of synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles
In the green synthesis process, the phytochemicals present in moringa interact with zinc ions, leading to the formation of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles.These synthesized ZnO nanoparticles hold great potential for applications in biomedicine and energy storage technology 48 .
In the existing literature, various conventional synthesis methods 50 , as well as green and eco-friendly synthesis approaches 37,[51][52][53] have been reported.These methods are depicted in Fig. 1.
In this experiment, special attention is given to plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) due to its numerous advantages.Plant-mediated synthesis is considered environmentally friendly as it reduces the need for excessive chemical usage.It is also cost-effective, requiring fewer chemicals and materials.Furthermore, this method has the advantage of low toxicity as it involves the use of smaller quantities of potentially harmful Table 1.The comprehensive composition and individual roles of Moringa seed components 19,[45][46][47][48][49] .substances.The reliability of the plant-mediated synthesis method is another advantage, as it can be conducted in a single pot, making it convenient and efficient 38,48,54 .

N°Phytochemicals
The properties of ZnO NPs significantly impact their behavior in colloidal suspension.This behavior can be observed through their stabilization, coagulation, or flocculation in a fluid medium.The measurement of zeta potential and particle size analyzer is used to study and evaluate this behavior, and the corresponding parameters are presented in (Table 2).
The effect of water and ethylene glycol as surfactants, along with sodium decency sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as adsorbents, was investigated in a study 56 .It was observed that at a pH of 7.3 and a starting titration diameter size of 50 nm, the particles exhibited a positive zeta potential of + 35 mV.Furthermore, the stable region of the particles was extended by the addition of cationic surfactants, resulting in a zeta potential of 30 mV at neutral pH.However, according to the literature, these particles were found to have moderate stability and were deemed unsuitable for use as nanofluids.
In another investigation 57 , ZnO nanofluids were found to have a stability of − 14 mV, while surface-modified ZnO showed a stability head of − 45.4 mV.
The dielectric properties of 15 nm ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through the co-precipitation method were studied 58 .It was observed that these nanoparticles exhibited a high dielectric constant and dielectric loss at low frequencies, which could be attributed to the formation of boundaries between particles.Additionally, the electrical conductivity of the nanoparticles improved within the temperature range of 290-409 K, which was attributed to the presence of defect centers and charge carriers.
Electrical properties of ZnO nanoparticles with a size smaller than 50 nm, synthesized via the sol-gel method and sintered at 1050 °C, were investigated 59 .It was observed that the I-V curve exhibited nonlinearity, characterized by a breakdown voltage, non-linear coefficient, and leakage current, which were influenced by the particle size and impurities.Furthermore, an increase in temperature was found to enhance the electrical properties of the material.
The effect of different solvents on the I-V behavior of ZnO was investigated in previous studies 60,61 .The experiments compared the behavior of ZnO in a solvent-free environment and in the presence of 2-propanol solvent.Both conditions exhibited good current intensity, while the nonlinearity behavior remained consistent in both the dark and under UV light, with a slight improvement observed in the latter.
In a separate investigation focusing on solid-state battery applications, dielectric measurements were performed on ZnO doped with Co.The results indicated that the sample containing 1.5 wt% ZnO/Co nanoparticles demonstrated an improvement in ionic conductivity 62 .
While numerous published articles on the green synthesis by Moringa have primarily focused on the extracts from leaves 19,21,22,48 , studies unveiled a wealth of nutrients, strong surface hydrophobicity, foaming agent, and notable potential for water purification in Moringa seeds 46,47,49 in comparison to leaves.
Despite the abundance of studies on Moringa, there is a notable dearth of research specifically addressing the colloidal stability of Moringa seeds 46 and dielectric behavior of ZnO prepared using these seeds.This research endeavors to fill this gap by exploring the inherent potentials of Moringa seeds in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from [Zn (CH 3 COO) 2 •2H 2 O].Furthermore, the study aims to elucidate their influence on colloidal stability and dielectric behavior, shedding light on the multifaceted applications of Moringa seeds in nanotechnology and material science.
The properties of these nanostructures were comprehensively characterized, including their structural, surface, optical, electrochemical, and dielectric characteristics, with the aim of understanding their potential applications in energy devices and nanofluids 19,21,22,48 .

Preparation of Moringa seeds powder (MSP)
Moringa seeds (Fig. 2), sourced from Nashik, underwent the subsequent processing steps shown in Fig. 3, following all methods in accordance with the relevant guidelines 63,64 .
Table 2. Zeta potential values of colloidal suspension 55 .

Zeta potential (mV) Stability behavior of the colloids
From 0 to ± 5 Rapid coagulation and flocculation The solution was then subjected to probe sonication for 15 min (Fig. 2).Subsequently, the solution was allowed to precipitate for 3 h, and the supernatant was separated from precipitate by using a syringe.The remaining white solution was transferred to test tubes and centrifuged at 3500 RPM for 5 min 38 .Once again, the transparent solution and the remaining white solution were transferred to a new beaker for washing with CH 3 CH 2 OH and DW.After washing, the precipitant was removed using a syringe, and the precipitate material was transferred to a crucible and dried in an oven at 80 °C for 48 h.After complete drying, the obtained powder was subjected to calcination at 500 °C for 2 h to remove impurities and form ZnO 65 .Due to particle aggregation, the formed ZnO was ground multiple times using a mortar and pestle to obtain a fine powder (NPs), which was then stored in a 20 ml brown glass bottle for characterization and further treatment.
To prepare thin films and dielectric measurement, quantities of 0.6 g and 2 g of ZnO NPs were used to prepare two pallets of 2 mm in thickness, a radius of 8 mm and 25 mm, respectively (Fig. 2).The 25 mm was used as a target for thin film deposition in pulse laser deposition (PLD) while the 8 mm pallet used for dielectric measurement.The pallets were compressed under a force of 50KN for 5 min to solidify them.Subsequently, they were sintered at 900 °C for 5 h, with a temperature increment rate of 5 °C per minute 66 .Sintering is a heat treatment process used to fuse the particles together and increase the density and strength of the ZnO pallets.
The film was deposited in p-Si (100) substrate at 700 °C for 30 min under a pressure of 1mb (0.76 Torr) inside the chamber.Annealing was performed at 500 °C for 1 h under an oxygen atmosphere to reduce defects and vacancies inside the chamber.The laser parameters for the deposition process were set as energy per pulse of 317 nJ, pulse frequency of 5 Hz, chamber pressure of 3463 mbar, and laser power of 1.58 W. To perform the dielectric measurement, the resistance of the pallet was measured using a multimeter and found to be approximately 53 MΩ.The pallet was then polished using emery paper until a mirror surface was achieved.It was further cleaned with acetone to remove any impurities.The sample was coated with pure silver to enable conductivity and create a parallel plate capacitor geometry.The prepared sample was inserted into the dielectric probe, with the bottom conducting part of the probe consisting of a plate and the upper conducting part made of copper wire soldered onto the silver-coated sample.
The bottom part of the probe was connected to high voltage and current sources, while the upper side was connected to low voltage and current sources.Additionally, a ground connection was established to remove any leakage currents.The measurement was conducted under high vacuum conditions after adjusting parameters such as frequency and temperature ("Dielectric properties of the ZnO").

Results and discussions XRD
The structural characterization of ZnO was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the range of 20°-80° (Fig. 5).The obtained peaks were in accordance with the reference (JCPDS card No 75-1621) 67 indicating that the ZnO is hexagonal-wurtzite structure.
As observed from the refined and fitted scattering pattern of the peaks, the average crystallite size was determined to be 20.9857nm using the Debye-Scherrer formula.However, when applying the Williamson-Hall Plot, the average crystallite size was calculated as 24.9 nm (Fig. 5).The slight difference between these two values can be attributed to the accuracy of the Williamson-Hall Plot, which takes into account macrostrain and β, whereas the Scherrer equation relies solely on the values of β for calculation 68 .
Similar patterns were obtained in both conventional synthesis (chemical-based) 69,70 , green and eco-friendly synthesis 38,65 for pure and modified ZnO.The promising aspect of these consistent findings across different approaches is that they demonstrate the potential to reduce the reliance on chemicals by utilizing the phytochemical actives present in Moringa seeds.

Separation of kernels from membranes.
Moringa Kernels were then ground to obtain a powder form (MSP). Grinding helped in increasing the surface area and facilitating the extraction of active components during the synthesis process Figure 2).Kernels were washed 3 times with deionized water (DW) to remove any impurities present on their surfaces.6g of MSP were mixed with 200 ml of DW.From the experiment, this ratio ensured proper dispersion of the powder in the solvent for effective extraction of active components.Kernels were carefully dehydrated under protection from dust.This step ensured that the seeds are dried and free from excess moisture.
The mixture of powdered was then boiled for 1 hour under the application of a magnetic stirrer to allow the extraction of the active components and promote their easy interaction with the precursor ions.
After the boiling process, the mixture was filtered by Whatman 41 filter paper to remove any solid residues or impurities and ensure the separation of the liquid phase containing the extracted components from the solid residues.The filtered solution (MSPs) was then stored in a cool place to maintain its stability and prevent degradation or contamination.

UV-VIS spectroscopy
The UV-Vis spectroscopy measurement was used to determine the energy gap and conduction type of the ZnO NPs.To correlate the diffuse reflectance data with the absorption properties of the material (Fig. 6), a mathematical procedure known as Kubelka-Munk was employed.This procedure involves five steps: (a) converting the diffuse reflectance data (R) to a percentage R = %R 100 , (b) calculating the molar absorption coefficient K = (1 − R) 2 , (c) determining the scattering factor S = 2R, (d) calculating the Kubelka-Munk function F(R) = K S , F(R) 2 (e) calculating the energy ( E = h•c ) using the wavelength (λ) values given in the diffuse reflectance spectra.
The energy gap determined by this procedure was found to be 3.265eV (Fig. 6), which falls within the range of the literature-reported energy gap for pure ZnO 41 .The upward position and the steepness of the Kubelka-Munk function is related to a direct band gap.In this mechanism of conduction, the minimum energy in the conduction band aligns with the maximum energy in the valence band.Electron transitions between the valence and conduction bands occur through the absorption or emission of photons (light).This type of conduction is characterized by high absorbance and a low scattering coefficient, making these materials suitable for applications such as LEDs, lasers, and solar cells.

FESEM and AFM
To gain further insights into the properties of the synthesized ZnO, both powder and thin films were evaluated.Figure 6a,c show 2-D field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and c) atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, respectively, captured at the nanometric scale.The structure of the ZnO reveals polydispersity,    solid-filled grains and aggregates with sizes ranging from 20.409 to 87.776 nm, as observed in Fig. 6b.These findings correlate with the observations made in Fig. 4, which illustrates the XRD patterns in terms of size.
Figure 6d provides a 3D view of the surface image scanned in a (1 μm × 1 μm) area of the ZnO deposited on a p-Si (1000) substrate using pulse laser deposition (PLD).The topography of the deposited particles is observed to be normally distributed, as shown in Fig. 6e characterized by roughness with the presence of hills and hollows, as depicted in Fig. 6f.This roughness may have an impact on the analysis of transport phenomena, including (I-V) measurements.

XPS
The elementary composition, chemical state analysis, and surface characterization of the ZnO nanostructures were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with Al K-alpha (1486.61eV) X-rays generated by a SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH instrument in the energy range of 0-1300 eV.The XPS measurements were conducted with an acceleration voltage of 13 kV and a power of 100 W. XPS analysis provides valuable information about the elemental composition, oxidation states, and chemical bonding of the surface species present in the ZnO nanostructures 71 .
The experimental data related to Zinc were compared with theoretical data given by Lebugle et al. 72 , who reported the experimental L and M core levels' binding energy for the metals 22 Ti to 30 Zn.Some slight differences, less than 0.1%, were observed during the comparison of the experimental and reference data given in Fig. 7a.This discrepancy could be attributed to differences in the measuring instruments used, as the reference data used the Hewlett-Packard 5950 A ESCA.Another possible reason could be the different approaches employed.The reference data utilized chemical synthesis, which was conducted in 1981, prior to the green synthesis approach.
In their meticulous experimental research 80 explored the utilization of zinc and gallium oxide for nanoparticle synthesis, emphasizing eco-friendly methodologies.Table 3 show the comparison between their findings and the experimental data of this research demonstrating that these approaches offer a viable solution for producing high-quality nanoparticles that are environmentally friendly.
The presence of deconvoluted major peaks of Zn 2P is shown in Fig. 7b.The fitted binding energy of oxygen is presented in Fig. 7c, while the fitted graph related to carbon is shown in Fig. 7d.

Raman spectroscopy
To gain a deeper understanding of the energy excitation modes of ZnO, Raman spectroscopy analysis was conducted.The measurement was performed using the HORIBA Jobin LabRAM HR800 instrument, equipped with www.nature.com/scientificreports/an OLYMPUS BX41 microscope and a 473 nm laser.The Raman shift values obtained from the analysis were used to identify specific vibrational modes and characterize the crystal structure of the ZnO nanoparticles.This was achieved by comparing the observed Raman peaks with reference spectra and known vibrational modes of ZnO.ZnO wurtzite structure is part of space group C 4 6v and the theory predicted the existence different Raman modes 81 .
where (A 1 andE 1 ) are polar and split into transverse optical A 1 (TO)andE 1 (TO) and longitudinal A 1 (LO)andE 1 (LO) components.In the same way, E 2 consists of two modes ( E 2 H and E 2 L ).The presence of E 2 is associated to vibra- tion of Zinc or oxygen also impurities and defects 81,82 .
Figure 8 presents the comprehensive Raman spectra of ZnO-MSP, covering the range between100 and 750 cm −1 .In order to determine specific values such as Raman intensity and Fourier coefficient, the phonon confinement mode (PCM) method is commonly utilized 83 .The given peaks are 129,346 cm −1 , 206,31,897 cm −1 , 325,97,796 cm −1 , 432,08,086 cm −1 , 565,52,015 cm −1 and 667,0769 cm −1 .The appearance of 129,346 cm −1 ( E Low 2 ) in the low wave range (LWR) is considered as Raman active Branch for ZnO, due to vibration of oxygen atoms, similar explanation given to 206,31,897 cm −1 represented by 2TA, 2E 2 (LO) 82 .The presence of 326,9 cm −1 peak, might be related to (E 2 H-E 2 L) due to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode that also involve vibration of oxygen atoms within the crystal lattice 82 .Additionally, E 2 H mode of 432,08086 cm −1 in the high wave range (HWR) is the dominant peak and is attributed to transversal optical phonon mode which involve vibration of oxygen atoms perpendicularly to crystal axis 84 .Based on the experiment conducted with ZnO nanoparticles having a crystallite size of 25 nm, it was observed that the E2 band in the Raman spectra represents a characteristic band associated with the wurtzite phase.The appearance of 569,22 cm −1 related to A1 (LO) longitudinal optical phonon mode involving vibration of Zinc and oxygen atoms in the crystal lattice 82 .Finally, the presence of 569,22 cm −1 , E 1 (TO) is attributed to multiple phonons scattering process of ZnO 85 .

Zeta potential
Zinc oxide was investigated in terms of its colloidal stability in a fluid medium, which is one of the determinants of its potential applications as a nanofluid.The stability of the particles was evaluated by measuring the  www.nature.com/scientificreports/zeta potential.ZnO nanofluids are known for their wide range of applications in biomedicine, engine coolants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and water treatment, as mentioned in references 35,40,[86][87][88][89] .The theoretical formulation of Zeta potential is well described by Bhattacharjee 90 .To ensure the accuracy and confirmation of the results in this research zeta potential were performed in two circles.
The experimental procedure involved mixing 0.2 mg of ZnO-MSP with 20 ml of deionized water (DW pH 7).The mixture was then subjected to probe sonication for 3 min.The zeta potential values obtained for each trial are depicted in Fig. 9.According to the findings reported in reference 55,91 it was observed that the surface of the particles in the colloidal system carried a negative charge.Despite this negative charge, the particles exhibited good stability ( z ∼ −43.8mV) in the fluid medium 57,91 .
Based on the findings, these particles of zinc oxide (ZnO) are not subjected to rapid coagulation, aggregation, or flocculation when dispersed in a fluid with properties similar to deionized water 55 .Additionally, from the experimental procedure, the green synthesis approach employed for preparation of ZnO involved low levels of chemicals, making the approach promising and potential applications of these materials as a nanofluid.

Dielectric properties of the ZnO
As outlined in the methodology ("Synthesis of ZnO NPs, thin films coating and pallets preparation"), the measurement data was collected in the frequency range of (5-80 kHz) and temperature (100-320 K) to analyze the behavior of capacitance, relative permittivity, tangent lose, electric modulus and conductivity of the pallet when subjected to an alternating electric field.In the literature, two methods are described to study the dielectric properties of materials from LCR meter.The first approach, discussed by 92,93 , involves analyzing the complex impedance as a function of frequency, tan(δ) and temperature.The second method, described in this paper,  relies on examining the capacitance as a function of frequency, tangent lose ( tanδ) and temperature 94,95 from the data collected.
The observed decrease in the capacitance (Fig. 10a) as well as the relative permittivity (Fig. 10b) of ZnO with increasing frequency from 5 to 80 kHz can be attributed to various factors including electron scattering, ionic polarization, electrostatic scattering, and dielectric losses.These effects are likely influencing the material's behavior at higher frequencies 93 .However, despite this decrease, it is noteworthy that ZnO exhibited high capacitance values at the frequency of 5 kHz, particularly around room temperature.
To determine the real part of relative permittivity ( ε′ r ) of the ZnO, given capacitance values were considered including the shape of the pallet (cylinder-shaped).In the analysis, C-capacitance (F), ε r dielectric constant (F/m), d thickness of the pallet (m), r radius ( m) 96 .The capacitance is given by C 2 ) 2 = 49.34mm 2 .The imaginary part can be found using ε ′′ = ε ′ × tanδ.
A half common surface was used, and the area considered for the analysis was A = 24.68 × 10 −6 m 2 .The real relative permittivity of ZnO, which was eco-friendly synthesized by Moringa seeds, reached a value as high as 120 at a temperature of 310 K and a frequency of 5 kHz.This implies that when an electric field is present, the mentioned ZnO material has a remarkable ability to store electrical energy, nearly 120 times greater than the capacitance of a vacuum.However, at higher frequencies of 80 kHz within the same temperature range, the storage properties of the material were affected by electrostatic scattering, leading to a decrease in the relative permittivity to 18.5.
At low frequencies and within the temperature range of 310 K, ZnO exhibited excellent storage properties, highlighting its potential for utilization as a capacitor or insulator.Additionally, owing to its intrinsic static dielectric behavior, below 250 K, the real part of the relative permittivity (ε′) remained independent of both temperature and frequency 95 .
Figure 10c illustrates the tangent loss (tanδ = ε′′ ε′ ) associated with the dissipation of electrical energy when the ZnO pallet was subjected to an alternating electric field.Below 225 K, due to the unique effect of intrinsic static dielectric phenomenon, the levels of loss remained below 2% for all frequencies applied to the material.This suggests that at temperatures below 225 K, the ZnO material exhibited minimal energy dissipation and was characterized by low tangent loss, making it suitable for applications requiring efficient energy storage and minimal losses.www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The influence of phase which allow to distinguish between bulk and grain boundaries in nanomaterials is described dielectric modulus by recognizing the relaxation mechanism 93 .M′ = ε′ ε′ 2 +ε′′ 2 and M ′′ = ε′′ ε′ 2 +ε′′ 2 where M′ is related to storage and M″ to loses dissipative energy in the form of heat.Figure 10d illustrate M″ as function of M′ in the same temperature range given in the Fig. 10c.The peak of relaxation is slightly increasing with frequency which might be attributed to increment of electric field oscillation.
The determination of activation energy (E a ) at room temperature of ZnO pallet was done by Arrhenius law σ dc = σ 0 ×e − Ea K B * T , thus ln σ dc = lnσ ac − E a K B * T where K B = 1.30 × 10 −23 JK (Boltzmann constant).The activation energy is corelated with the slope of Arrhenius functions and Boltzmann constant slope (m) of fitted function is given by E a = −m • K B .In Fig. 11b,c energy activation is presented for maximum 80 kHz and minimum 5 kHz frequencies applied.

Conclusions
In this research, ZnO nanostructures were successfully synthesized through an eco-friendly route using moringa seed powder, as evidenced by XRD patterns and XPS elemental analysis.The particles exhibited low levels of aggregation, as observed in the FESEM image, leading to good colloidal behavior observed in the zeta potential measurement.
The band gap determined by UV-VIS Spectroscopy was found to be lower compared to previous research on pure ZnO, indicating good electrical properties.Various Raman modes described in the literature were identified in the samples, with the E 2 H dominant mode characteristic of ZnO.
The ZnO thin films exhibited nano-sized solid-filled grains with surface roughness.Dielectric measurements conducted on the samples revealed elevated capacitance and dielectric constant at room temperature, demonstrated by an inverse correlation with the frequency increase.While the conductivity values were marginally low, the procedure affirmed the successful functionalization of these materials in a non-conditioned environment.These findings carry significant implications for diverse applications of pure ZnO powder, pallets, thin films, and nanofluids eco-friendly by Moringa seeds investigated in this study.Additionally, this methodology, along with

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Mechanism of formation of ZnO from Moringa seeds.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Preparation of Moringa seed powder for synthesis.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of UV VIS spectroscopoy and energy gap of ZnO.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.2D, 3D view of FESEM and AFM of ZnO synthesized from Moringa seeds.

Table 3 .
80mparison of BE between eco-friendly and chemical synthesis80.