Tracking the carbon flows in municipal waste management in China

Municipal solid waste (MSW), a carbon-intensive waste stream, may create both instant and indirect impacts onto environmental and climate management. Despite multiple studies made for greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions of municipal waste, this research aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment for the carbon cycle by exploring evolution of waste composition and temporal-spatial disparities in waste management. Carbon flows embodied in MSW have been estimated across 31 provinces in Mainland China in the period 2000–2018. This improved estimation could be 15–40% smaller than the conventional estimation employing a constant waste composition. Aggregately some 578 ± 117 megatonnes carbon (MtC) were contained in MSW, including 239 ± 60 Mt of fossil carbon and 339 ± 58 Mt of degradable organic carbon. After treatment, 299 ± 66 MtC were possibly deposited in landfills and dumps. 279 ± 51 MtC were released to the atmosphere, creating net GHGs emissions equivalent to1870 ± 334 megatonnes of CO2 (MtCO2e). MSW generation in China nearly doubled during the period, net GHGs emissions increased by 1.8×, whereas fossil carbon grew by a factor of 3.5, mainly propelled by an increasing content of waste plastic in MSW. More rapid growth was witnessed in provinces in southern China than in northern. Distinct spatial–temporal evolution of waste and carbon metabolism was driven by increment, composition, and management effects. In the long run, the increment and composition effects may drop off. Enhanced practices of waste management integrating the circular economy are needed to fully recycle carbon flows, minimize emissions, and manage carbon deposits in aging landfills and dumps.

5 Shanghai Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Groups Co., Ltd., 3447 Dongfang Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China.A list supplementary information is provided as below.
(2) Table S2.Composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities of China.
(3) Table S3.Average water content in MSW in China.
(5) Table S5.Coefficients of SGompertz regression of total carbon content vs. GDP per capita.
Landfills gas flaring ratio.(Zhan and Wang, 2022) MSW composition was obtained from literature and waste sampling.Major data and their sources are displayed in Table S2.The moisture content is shown in Table S3.
Table S3.Average water content in MSW in China.Liu et al., 1999. Su et al., 2008. Ji, 2007.For DOC and fossil carbon content in waste dry weight, the default values of the IPCC (2019) guidelines are applied (See Table S4).The regression results are presented in Table S5 and Table S6.
Fig. S1.Regression of carbon content in MSW vs. GDP per capita.

Fig. S2 .Fig
Fig. S2.Relationship between total carbon content and retail sales per capita.

Fig. S9 .
Fig. S9.Cumulative carbon flows in MSW in China in 2010, values are in MtC.

Fig. S10 .
Fig. S10.Cumulative carbon flows in MSW in China in 2018, values are in

Table S1 . Variables to compute carbon flows in MSW.
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