Water can trigger nuclear reaction to produce energy and isotope gases

This paper reports the discovery that water can trigger a peculiar nuclear reaction and produce energy. Cavitation may induce unusual reactions through implosion of water vapor bubbles. Many of this research has been published formally or informally. We have conducted experiments using two reactor types made from multiple-pipe heat exchanger and found that the heat exchange process of water produces peculiar excess heat and abnormally high pressure leading to rupture of the reactor. Recently, we have tested another eight reactors. Interestingly, these reactors produce non-condensable gas. We suspected that they include 22Ne and CO2. We used a mass spectrometer (MS) to analyze 14 gas samples collected from 8 reactors, including ten samples showing a coefficient of performance COPx > 1.05 (with excess heat) and four having COPx < 1.05 (without excess heat). Several methods were adopted to identify the gas content. For CO2 identification, two methods are employed. For 22Ne identification, three methods are employed. All the results confirm that isotope 22Ne and regular CO2 really exist in the output gas from reactors determined to have excess heat. We conjecture a possible mechanism to produce 22Ne and CO2 and find out that 12C and isotope 17O are the intermediate. They finally form isotope gases containing 17O, including H2O-17 (heavy-oxygen water), isotope O2 (16O–17O), and isotope CO2 (12C–16O–17O). In the excess heat producing reactors, all these gasses were detected by MS in the absence of 20Ne and 21Ne. The observed isotope gases produced from reactors having excess heat verifies that water can trigger a peculiar nuclear reaction and produce energy.


Review of peculiar phenomena observed in heat exchange process of water
Possible energy production via water cavitation has been noted for a long time.It was occasionally reported formally or informally that cavitation of water may induce some form of reaction by way of implosion of water vapor bubbles which produces excess energy [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] .
We have conducted experiments using two reactors made from concentric multiple-pipe heat exchanger and found that, when water is flowing through a tiny space and heated, it produces peculiar excess heat probably by cavitation and dynamic implosion of nanobubbles 11 .Water used in the experiments is the city water filtered by reverse osmosis (RO) filter.
The first reactor (VCS) 11 is a triple-pipe heat exchanger (THX) (about 30 meter long) using R22 vapor from a freon compressor (3 kW input) as the heat source to heat the pressurized water (about 21 bar) flowing through a tiny channel of THX, about 2 mm gap.The water flow can be controlled as a pulse flow, about 2 to 10 cycles per minute, through a control valve.VCS was developed for 2 years with several modifications 11 .The inlet water temperature varied between 10 and 55 °C at average flowrate around 1.2 liter/min.The compressor outlet temperature varied around 150-160 °C.Modification of VCS-1, VCS-2a, VCS-2b, VCS-2c, VCS-3 includes the change of pulse cycle period of water flow, the optimization of piping resistance in THX, and the change of lubrication oil of compressor which will alter the heating rate of water inside THX.
The coefficient of performance COP x is defined as the ratio of heat output to heat input across the reactor at steady state, (Q wnet + Q Lx )/(W t − Q L ).The maximum COP x obtained in VCS was 4.26, Fig. 1a.Some peculiar phenomena were observed in VCS during the tests.Abnormally high pressure (greater than 720 bar) was observed which ruptured the pressure gauges and copper pipes, Fig. 1b.Possible nuclear transmutation was found by SEM/EDX inspection of ruptured copper pipe samples (C increases 200-500%, O 300-600%, Fe 400%, and new elements P, S, Ca appears).
The second reactor (Reactor 2) is a double-pipe heat exchanger (DHX) 11 .The pulsed water flow is heated inside the DHX by hot steam from a boiler.Shown in Fig. 2a is the performance variation during the development 11 .The maximum COP x obtained was 2.55.Similar pipe rupture due to extreme high pressure (greater than 240 bar) takes place when COP x > 2.0.Possible nuclear transmutation in ruptured copper pipe was also observed, Fig. 2b.It was found that C increases 300%, O increases 700-800%, and Cl increases 63%.We also developed a new test facility, Fig. 4a, which provides a maximum power input 10 kW to the boiler and supplies boiling water at maximum temperature 190 °C to the reactors.A RO equipment with 1000L storage tank is used to supply water.
Anomalous non-condensable gases were found during the test of the reactors.We designed a gas collecting unit to collect the output gas from the reactors for analysis.A mass spectrometer manufacturer (Mastek Co, Taiwan) and the experts team carried out the mass spectrometry.Two quadrupole mass spectrometers (model: Extorr XT200M and XT300M) were used interchangeably, as seen in Fig. 4b.The resolution of the mass spectrometer is better than 0.5 amu at 10% peak height and the minimum detectable partial pressure 5 × 10 −14 Torr.
We collected gas samples from reactors running at steady state using the gas collector and then sent to manufacturer for spectrometry.The performance test was run at a steady state at least one hour to purge out the remaining impurities inside the reactor before collecting gas samples.The measuring of COP x and thermal performance is the same as in Ref. 11 .

Overall mass spectrum of sampled gases
At the first batch, we collected 14 gas samples (named: Tube6-Tube27) from 8 reactors for mass spectrometry.It is very interesting that the overall mass spectrum of all the gas samples have no significant m/z signals at m/z higher than 50.This means that there are no high-mass compounds in the gas samples to produce interference on lower m/z signals.And all gas samples have similar mass spectrum except the signal intensity (Fig. 5).This makes the identification of gas content using mass spectrometry much easier.

Identification of CO 2 gas
Mass spectrometer (MS) was used to analyze 14 gas samples collected from 8 reactors, 10 samples having excess heat.Four gas samples (Tube9, 12, 17, 27) are from reactors without excess heat (COP x < 1.05, considering the most-probable experimental error 11 ), including Tube9 directly from the boiler (no reactor) as the reference.Tube12 and Tube27 are from failure reactor.Tube17 gas was collected during the test bed calibration using the reactor VCS-NTU under the condition of no excess heat.Table 1 lists the identification tag (ID) of gas samples and reactors of the first batch.www.nature.com/scientificreports/Two methods were employed to identify the presence of CO 2 in gas samples.First, using the isotope ratio K44 defined with respect to the background air and internal standard based on m/z 40, we can identify the presence of CO 2 .The definition of K44 is K44 = I44(gas)/I44(air), where I44(gas) = m/z 44(gas) ÷ m/z 40(gas); and I44(air) = m/z 44(air) ÷ m/z 40(air).
It is very interesting to note from Table 1 that K44 are all lower than 1.50 for gas samples from reactors without excess heat (COP x < 1.05).The high isotope ratio K44 (maximum 71.0 or > 5 mostly) in gases from reactors having excess heat strongly suggests the significant presence of CO 2 .
Another method to identify the CO 2 existence in gas samples is to measure m/z 44 signal reduction of gas samples which has passed through a CO 2 absorber Ca(OH) 2 before entering the mass spectrometer.Pure CO 2 gas, ambient air and MS blank were used as the reference.The rate of m/z 44 signal reduction, Ab44, for gas with (denoted as "Y") and without (denoted as "n") CO 2 absorption is defined as: Ab44 = m/z 44(Y) ÷ m/z 44(n), and the reduction of CO 2 (r d ) is (1-Ab44)100%.
Each Ab44 is measured using the identical gas sample in a gas collector.It is seen from Table 2 that Ab44 of all the gases from reactors having excess heat is lower than 1.0 or m/z 44 signal reduction is between 36 and 80%.This is the direct proof of CO 2 presence in gases from reactors having excess heat.

Identification of Neon gas 21 Ne and 20 Ne
Bob Greenyer suggested that Ne ( 20 Ne, 21 Ne, or 22 Ne) may be produced if excess heat takes place 12 .First, we checked the possibility of 21 Ne presence from the m/z 21 signal.It is seen from the mass spectrum of all gas samples shown in Fig. 6 that, no m/z 21 signal is present and hence 21 Ne does not exist.
Since m/z 20 signal can be generated from natural abundance of Argon gas (m/z 40), the relative isotope ratio K20 (based on internal standard using m/z 40) is used to identify the presence of 20 Ne by comparing with the background air.The definition of isotope ratio K20 is K20(gas) = I20(gas)/I20(Ar) where I20(gas) = m/z 20(gas) ÷ m/z 40(gas); I20(Ar) = m/z 20(Ar) ÷ m/z 40(Ar).
Pure Argon gas is used as the calibration gas whose K20(air) = 0.76.If K20(gas) < K20(air) = 0.76, it reveals that no 20 Ne exists in gas sample.It is seen from Fig. 7 that K20 for all gas samples are smaller than 0.76.This confirms that no 20 Ne is present in all gas samples, regardless of excess heat occurrence.

Identification of Neon gas 22 Ne
The presence of 22 Ne in gases from reactors having excess heat were verified using three methods: (1) From isotope ratio K22 based on internal standard m/z 40.
(2) From mathematics based on the observation of parameter G > 1 in gases from reactors having excess heat.
(3) From isotope-ratio K24a and using CO 2 absorber., the isotope ratio K22 > 1.5 is beyond CO 2 ++ interference in all gases from reactors having excess heat.The  www.nature.com/scientificreports/results shown in Fig. 8 suggests that m/z 22 signal contains those generated from 22 Ne.Very high K22 (mostly higher than 2.0, highest 56.0) confirms that 22 Ne is present in gases from reactors having excess heat.

Proof of 22 Ne presence from mathematics based on the observation of G > 1 in gases having excess heat
We found an interesting parameter G defined as G = R42(gas)/R42(air) where R42 = m/z 44 ÷ m/z 22, which is always greater than 1.0 in gases from reactors having excess heat (COP x > 1.05).G can be determined from the measurement of m/z 22 and m/z 44 of gas and background air using the definition.Since the m/z 22 signal is generated from 22 Ne and CO 2 ++ (ionization of CO 2 in MS), the measured m/z 22 signal is the sum of those from 22 Ne and those from CO 2 ++ for gas sample and background air, which can be written as   www.nature.com/scientificreports/where 1 1 H represents a proton (p), v e is the ultra-low energy anti-neutrino which can be produced from water cavitation 16 .The 'black box' in Eqs. ( 6) and ( 7) represents an unknown in detail mechanism 15 .The reaction of This is what we have detected, 22 Ne in gases from reactors having excess heat.
Since 12 C cannot exist in monoatomic form, it is converted into CO 2 through chemical reaction with 16 O atoms from water, as follows: This is what we have detected, CO 2 in gases from reactors having excess heat.The difference between Eqs. ( 6) and ( 7) is the involvement of neutrino v e and anti-neutrino v e .In Eq. ( 6), v e acts over a wide area to allow the 4-particle reaction with 1 1 H, e − , 8 16 O .That is, the low-energy anti-neutrino is the cause of increased probability of the 4-particle reaction.In Eq. ( 7), v e is the product of the 3-particle reac- tion which may have high energy.Since Eq. ( 7) involves only three-particles merging, it might be more likely to take place from the point of view of the particle collision probability if there is some way to force these particles into a confined zone.
The reaction Eq. ( 6) is exothermic and emits no radiation.A Geiger-Müller counter (JD-3001) monitoring radiation near the reactors during test, never showed a significant emission level above background, measured at 0.4 μSv/h maximum which is about two times of background or 0.4% occurrence.This seems favor the reaction Eq. ( 6).
In Ref. 15 , it is proposed from nuclear physics that neutrinos and anti-neutrino pair at low energies can be formed during inelastic collisions of particles (electrons, ions, neutral atoms) during their thermal motion.Temperatures known to be produced in cavitation processes may exceed the calculated threshold in Ref. 15 for low energy neutrino and anti-neutrino pair production.The question then arises as to how the 4 particles ( 11 H + e − + v e + 8 16 O) in Eq. ( 6) can merge simultaneously.However due to the large de Broglie wavelength of low energy neutrinos, they could probably interact over an area big enough to include all the particles necessary for reaction Eq. ( 6) to take place.
Since the mechanism of nuclear reactions is not the focus of our research, we can only put forward intuitive and vague speculations with respect to our experimental observations.The present conjecture, reaction (6) or (7), is just two possibilities.
Another question raised is that "are there extra 17 O and 12 C to produce other compounds ?"Both 17 O and 12 C does not exist in monoatomic form.They will form compounds with other elements.This means that 12 C and isotope 17 O may be the intermediate.
LL198 is further defined as LL198 = R198/R198(steam) to provide a criterion to identify the presence of H 2 O-17 when LL198 > 1.0.It is seen from Fig. 10 that LL198 >> 1 appearing in 9 out of 10 gases from reactors having excess heat.This strongly suggests significant contribution to m/z 19 from H 2 O-17, other than HDO.The presence of heavy-oxygen water H 2 O-17 is thus confirmed.
Tube12 gas contains no 22 Ne and CO 2 (implying no excess heat), but produces isotope H 2 O-17 as seen from Fig. 10.Tube12 gas was collected from U-resonator (JT1) without excess heat (COP x < 1.05).However, we found that the reactor showed abnormal temperature variations.It involves some other peculiar phenomena and needs further studies.

Finding of isotope O 2 ( 16 O-17 O)
To trace isotope CO 2 ( 12 C- 16 O-17 O), we define the isotope ratio K45 using internal standard m/z 40: K45 = I45(gas)/I45(air) where I45(gas) = m/z 45(gas) ÷ m/z 40(gas); I45(air) = m/z 45(air) ÷ m/z 40(air).It is seen from Fig. 12, K45 > 1.5 takes place in gases from reactors having excess heat.High value of K45 (2.1-75) strongly suggests the presence of isotope CO 2 ( 12 C- 16 O-17 O).Finally, it should be noted that the reactors tested in the present study were under early developing stage.Although their performance has not been optimized yet, the anomalous gas produced from reactors having excess heat is always present.The reactor is still being optimized to improve the performance.A higher concentration of non-condensable gases may be expected.This will make the MS analysis easier.

Conclusion
Cavitation may induce implosion of water vapor bubbles using various techniques [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] .In the previous study, we found that the heat exchange process in multiple-pipe heat exchanger produces anomalous excess heat and nuclear transmutation 11 .Recently, we have tested another 8 reactors and found that they also produce noncondensable gas.We suspected that 22 Ne and CO 2 may exist and is from nuclear reactions of water.Fourteen gas samples were collected from eight reactors to perform mass spectrometry carefully using various methods.Two different methods for the identification of CO 2 were employed, while three different methods are employed for 22 Ne.All the results confirm that 22 Ne and CO 2 do exist in gas samples from reactors having excess heat.
In answering the question "how 22 Ne and CO 2 is produced in water", we conjecture a possible mechanism and find out that 12 C and isotope 17 O may be the intermediate.They possibly produce some other isotope compounds in gas from reactors having excess heat.Using isotope ratio analysis, we find out that they are H 2 O-17 (heavy-oxygen water), isotope O 2 ( 16 O-17 O), and isotope CO 2 ( 12 C- 16 O-17 O).
We also find that the reactions Eqs. ( 6)-( 8) are the most-probable reactions whose output gas contents coincide with our observations-detected CO 2 and isotopes 22

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Test facility.(a) Performance test facility.(b) Gas collector and quadrupole mass spectrometer used.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Overall mass spectrum of all the gas samples.
www.nature.com/scientificreports/Proof of 22 Ne presence from isotope ratio K22 based on internal standard m/z 40The m/z 22 signal is generated from 22 Ne gas and CO 2 ++ made by CO 2 ionization in MS, while CO 2 is the product of reactors having excess heat as described previously.The isotope ratio K22 is defined based on the internal standard m/z 40 as: K22 = I22(gas)/I22(air), where I22(gas) = m/z 22(gas) ÷ m/z 40(gas) and I22(air) = m/z 22(air) ÷ m/z 40(air).Since the interference of CO 2 ++ on m/z 22 signal is not very high, less than 2% of m/z 44 signal for pure CO 213

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Mass spectrum of gas samples from m/z 17 to m/z 22 showing no m/z 21 signal at all.

H 2 O
-17 (heavy-oxygen water), CO 2 ( The presence of isotopes O 2 and CO 2 relies on the extra quantities of 12 C and 17 O resulting from the main nuclear reactions.Sometimes they may not appear due to no extra 12 C or 17 O.Tube7 in Fig. 6 may be the case.Nevertheless, the above results cannot deny the possible presence of isotopes O 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O-17 (heavy-oxygen water) in gases from reactors having excess heat.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Variation of R198 and LL198 for gas from different reactors.Using isotope ratios R198 and LL198 to distinguish H 2 O-17 from HDO.
Ne, H 2 O-17, CO 2 ( 12 C-16 O-17 O) and O 2 ( 16 O-17 O), although the detailed mechanism is not known.This needs further basic research.Since the chances of getting

Table 1 .
Identification of CO 2 presence using isotope ratio K44.Significant values are in bold.

Table 2 .
Identification of CO 2 presence from the reduction of m/z 44 signal caused by CO 2 absorption.

Table 3 .
1617 O), and isotope CO 2 ( 12 C-16O-17 O).This can be identified from isotope ratio analyses in m/z 19, 33 and 45 signals.Using isotope ratios K24a and K22a to identify the presence of22Ne.Significant values are in bold.