Modeling the intention and donation of second-hand clothing in the context of an emerging economy

The culture of fast fashion accelerates the consumption rate of individuals but at the expense of significant environmental stress. With a large amount of discarded clothing accumulating in landfills, it is crucial to encourage people to dispose of second-hand clothing (SHC) as sustainably as possible, especially in an emerging economy with large volume consumption. Through a survey of 619 respondents from China, this study explored the factors affecting people’s intentions and actual donation behaviors toward SHC. It extends the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB) with environmental factors to construct a research framework, which included cognitive factors (attitude towards sustainable consumption), social factors (sense of community) and personal factors (perceived hedonic benefit) under TIB and the environment factors refers to problem awareness and ascription responsibility. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that attitudes toward sustainable consumption, problem awareness, ascription of responsibility, sense of community, and perceived hedonic benefit significantly and positively influenced people’s intentions and practices of SHC donation. This study will aid governments and relevant green environmental protection organizations in formulating more precise strategies for sustainable development, and promote relevant research on the sustainable disposal of SHC.

Simultaneously, social factors are also emphasized in the TIB model.As social individuals, it is difficult for humans to escape the influence of society; therefore, social factors are key in the study of pro-environmental behavior.In addition, when previous popular models studied individual behavioral intentions and related behaviors from a psychological perspective, most were based on decisions made by individuals under rational thinking, and few discussed the impact of individual emotions on behavioral intentions under irrational behavior 18 .Previous studies have confirmed that TIB has a strong ability to explain intentions and behaviors 16,20 .Therefore, it is appropriate to apply TIB to the pro-environmental context of SHC donation, which considers rational attitudes, irrational emotions, and social impact.Based on the above theoretical background, although the TIB model has been applied to pro-environmental behaviors in some studies, it has not received much attention in combination with environmental psychological factors.Thus, this study included environmental factors based on the TIB model, making the research framework more adaptable to the pro-environmental context that refers to the sustainable disposal of SHC.
Hypotheses development.Attitude toward sustainable consumption (ASC) and SHC donation intention (SDI).Attitude refers to the degree to which a person evaluates a behavior positively or negatively 19 .It is the key component of various research models such as TPB and TIB 17,19 .Positive attitude produces positive results, and vice versa.It is always significant when an individual's sustainable behavior produces a positive and beneficial influence.Liu et al. 21verified that the status of consumers environment attitudes positively affects their environment behavioral intention.Research on second-hand product buying also confirms that attitudes toward sustainable consumption can increase consumers' intentions to buy SHC 22 or donate SHC 6 .Therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis: H 1 : ASC positively influences SDI.
Problem awareness (PRA) and SDI.PRA is the perception about the severity of the problems that individuals may meet during their life 23 .It is further defined as an individual's awareness of predictable environmental problems.When people are aware of problems in the environment, they may consciously avoid these problems or participate more actively in solving them.In many existing studies on pro-environment files, PRA is considered the decisive factor in pro-environment behavioral intention or behavior 24,25 .The rise of pro-environmental and pro-social movements has led to increased awareness of the detrimental effects of resource waste through social media platforms.Consequently, individuals are motivated to take action in order to mitigate the adverse consequences on the environment 23 .A similar perspective is also shared by Song et al. 25 , who argue that customers exhibit a greater intention towards reusing express packages when they become aware of the environmental issues stemming from inadequate handling practices.Accordingly, the following hypothesis is proposed: H 2 : PRA positively influences SDI.
Ascription of responsibility (ASR) and SDI.The concept of ASR has been a critical topic in various studies related to prosocial behavior for a few years 25,26 .ASR for this study is described as a sense of responsibility toward the negative impact of failing to engage in pro-environmental behaviors 26 .People determine what they should or should not do based on how much responsibility they are assigned.Consequently, ASR will help people become more inclined to adopt pro-environmental behaviors and, to some extent, deter them from engaging in environmentally destructive behavior.When Onwezen et al. 27 studied pro-environmental behaviors, they emphasized the positive effect of responsibility-related factors on pro-environmental behaviors.Vaske et al. 28 also proposed that farmers with a strong ASR have a greater intention to engage in conventional behaviors.Following the empirical studies, it is expected that once individuals ascribe to the responsibility to act to reduce environmental threats, they have more intention to donate SHC.Thus, this study proposed the following hypothesis: H 3 : ASR positively influences SDI.
Sense of community (SOC) and SDI.SOC is an individual's feeling of belongingness, which refers to the importance of both individuals and groups to each other, and that sharing of faith among individuals and collectives can be achieved through mutual effort 29 .Some researchers have defined SOC as the emotional bond that people have with society [30][31][32] .Overall, society is the ultimate beneficiary of pro-environmental behavior; therefore, it is essential to link the intention of sustainable development behavior with a SOC.Individuals who possess a robust emotional attachment to society are more inclined to exhibit psychological awareness and actively participate in environmentally sustainable behaviors 33,34 .When examining the factors that influence people's participation in pro environment behaviors, researchers such as Schanes and Stagl 35 discovered that identity and SOC were motivational factors in individuals' intention to share food.Therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis: H 4 : SOC positively influences SDI.
Perceived hedonic benefit (PHB) and SDI.PHB refers to the happiness of an individual stemming from their behavior; it is a positive emotional outcome for customers 36 .PHB is an important motivation factor in an individual's behavioral intention as it is the intrinsic emotional benefits 37 .Numerous empirical investigations have substantiated the notion that individuals are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours when they derive additional gratification from engaging in such activities [38][39][40]

SDI and SHC donation behavior (SDB).
Intention is a stimulus or perceived subjective that originates from an individual and is typically regarded as the cause of behavior 21,41 .Numerous theories cite intention as a factor that directly influences actual behavior, include the TIB, TPB, and technology acceptance model 17,19,42 .Usually, for a free and independent individual, behavioral intention frequently determines his final action.Previous studies on pro-environmental backgrounds have also confirmed the strong or at least moderate relationship between intention and behavior 21,[43][44][45] .According to a study conducted by Liu et al. 21about pro-environment behaviour, it was observed that Chinese residents exhibit a higher likelihood of translating their pro-environmental intention into actual actions.Therefore, this study proposed the following hypothesis: H 6 : SDI positively influences SDB.
Mediating effect of SDI.Based on the TIB model and environmental psychological factors, this study proposed ASC, PRA, ASR, SOC, and PHB as important predictors of SDI based on the previous studies 25,28,35,40 .In addition, a relationship between SDI and SDB has also been founded by many researchers 21,44 .Occasionally, an enduring disparity can be observed between an individual's psychological motivations and their manifested actions, and generating actual behavior is difficult if there is insufficient willpower.Previous research on green and sustainable consumption has also found that the degree of individual intention influences the validity of relevant predictors 21 .Therefore, this study predicts that SDI mediates the association between ASC, PRA, ASR, SOC, PHB, and SDB.The following hypothesis is proposed: H 7a-e : SDI mediates the relationship between ASC, PRA, ASR, SOC and PHB on SDB.
All associations hypothesized above are presented in Fig. 1  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ to generate a survey link.Subsequently, the survey link was distributed randomly through a widely utilised social media platform in China, such as WeChat, QQ, or Micro-blog.Upon accessing the provided hyperlink, individuals will be prompted to fill up the informed consent, thereby confirming their comprehension of the study's objectives and significance, as well as the rights afforded to participants.By voluntarily agreeing to participate, individuals will proceed to the subsequent phase of completing the questionnaire.The remaining 619 valid responses were used for data analysis after the incomplete and unreasonable responses (respondents who provided the same response for all items) were eliminated.

Survey instrument.
The measurement items of all constructs were adapted from the previous literature to match the context of this study and ensure the validity and reliability of the measurement.The questionnaire was divided into two sections: the first section included demographic information such as gender, age, and education level; the second part comprised items related to each variable, measured using a seven-point Likert scale.The items used to assess ASC were adapted from Joshi et al. 15 and Smith et al 48 .Items for ASR were adapted from Zhang et al. 49 and Wang et al. 50.The measurement tool for SOC was adapted from Li-Chun Hsu 51 and Huang et al. 52 .The items for PHB were adapted from Hsu and Lin 53 and Wiedmann et al. 54 .Both the measurement of PRA and SDB were taken from Khan et al. 55 .The items on SDI were adapted from Kim et al. 11 and Putrevu and Lord 56 .All corresponding details are presented in the supplementary materials (S1.Research Instrument).

Common method bias (CMB).
As a critical concern, Common Method Bias (CMB) could potentially jeopardize the reliability of research findings.The study employed ex-ante and post-hoc based on the recommendation of previous studies 57,58 .During the data collection progress, the respondents were consulted using the concealed identity approach, which mainly involved the following steps: (a) Before the respondents engaged in the questionnaire survey, they were informed about the purpose of data collection, the ultimate use of the data, the non-commercial nature of the study, and the confidentiality of the questionnaire.(b) The respondents were informed of their right to withdraw from participating in the data collection at any time.(c) Anonymous questionnaires were used, and the respondents were not required to provide their names or contact information.
(d) Considering that the research topic was related to environmental protection, to avoid respondents consciously selecting socially desirable "correct answers", they were informed at the beginning of the questionnaire that all options in the questionnaire had no distinction between correct and incorrect and were asked to provide responses based on their genuine thoughts.Finally, after obtaining informed consent, the study provided an explanation of the term "second-hand clothing" to the respondents, offering a detailed definition and explanation of it.The purpose of this module was to enable the respondents to understand the research context and, at the same time, alleviate any nervousness and apprehension they might have had before proceeding with the questionnaire.
Although thorough preventive measures were taken, the study employed post hoc remedies to assess the potential impact of remaining CMB on the final data results.Podsakoff and Organ 59 proposed the Harman single-factor test as a common and reasonable post hoc remedy for CMB.In this study, the Harman single-factor test result showed that the variance explained by the first factor was 0.491, which did not exceed the recommended threshold of 0.50.Additionally, previous research acknowledges that the number of constructed items increases the values obtained from factor analysis.Therefore, this study considered more than one CMB testing method and used variance inflation factor (VIF) for collinearity testing, which is the most common approach in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) 60 .The collinearity test finding presented in Table 1 showed that the maximum VIF value was 3.154, and below the recommended threshold of 3.3 according to Kock 60 .Considering the results of the Harman single-factor test and the full collinearity test, this study concludes that CMB is not a significant issue.

Multivariate normality.
As it is commonly used to test the potential non-normality of multivariate data, Mardia's multivariate skewness kurtosis, recommended by Cain et al. 61 , was used in this study to test multivariate normality.(Source: https:// webpo wer.psych stat.org/ wiki/ tools/ index).The results of Mardia's multivariate skewness and kurtosis show that the p-values of both skewness and kurtosis are less than 0.05, which indicates that the data are not normally distributed.Compared with other parametric analysis software, SmartPLS is more suitable for this study because it uses a non-parametric analysis approach 62 .

Data analysis method.
This study applied PLS-SEM for statistical data analysis, which uses separate ordinary least squares regressions to calculate partial regression relationships in the measurement and structural models 63 .It has appealed to many studies owing to its strengths, such as dealing with complex models that have many constructs or variables and being more robust with non-normality data analysis than with other parametrical approaches 62 .In order to account for detecting potential heterogeneity and testing the existence www.nature.com/scientificreports/ of differences across group-specific parameter estimate that could help researchers to identify meaningful differences, a multi-group analysis (MGA) was also performed, and this approach is also considered an effective method for evaluating moderation across multiple relationships 64 .Before conduction MGA, a permutation test that to assess measurement invariance through MICOM procedure was employed in this study.This approach was also recommended by Hair et al. 62 as it is a non-parametric method and has the ability to control type I errors.

Ethics approval.
The human research ethics committee of Changzhi University approved this study (Ref. CZ-2022-080).This study has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent to participate.Written informed consent for participation was obtained from respondents who participated in the survey.No data was collected from anyone under 18 years old.

Findings
Demographic characteristics.Validity and reliability.The first step in evaluating the PLS-SEM results was to examine the measurement models.Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and reliability coefficient ρ A (rho_a) have been widely recommended as the proper indication to evaluate internal consistency reliability 62 .According to the analysis results in Table 3, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and reliability coefficient ρ A of all the constructs are above 0.7, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency reliability.Moreover, the evaluation of convergent validity is also critical to ensure that the indicators of the reflective construct converge to a high proportion of variance, and the average variance extracted (AVE) is the traditional indicator to measure it 62 .As presented in Table 3, the AVE values of all seven constructs were higher than the threshold of 0.5, confirming the convergent validity of the measurement model.
Discriminant validity measures the level of one construct that is distinct from others.As a traditional method, the Fornell-Larcker criterion can be used to evaluate discriminant validity, in which the square root of the AVE should be larger than the latent variable correlations 62 .Based on the results in Table 4, each square root of the AVE was higher than the correlations of the other constructs.Cross-loading was also employed in this study to  5. All the outer loadings were above 0.5, which is higher than other cross-loadings.The heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT) is another accurate indicator for measuring discriminant validity; all HTMT values should be below the threshold of 0.9 to ensure discriminant validity 65 .According to Table 4, none of the HTMTs exceeded 0.9.Concluding all three measurement indicators, the discriminant validity of this study was confirmed.
Structural model.To evaluate the explanatory power of the structural model, that is, data fitness, this study tested the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the f 2 effect size recommended by Hair et al. 62 .According to Cohen 66 , an R 2 value of 0.26 is considered meaningful, 0.13 is fair, and 0.02 is undesirable.In Table 6, the R 2 for SDI is 0.684, which is above 0.26, and the R 2 for SDB is 0.280, close to 0.3, which indicates an acceptable level of explanatory power.In addition, Cohen 66 recommends f 2 values of 0.02 for small, 0.15 for medium, and 0.35 for large effect sizes.However, in some contexts the observed effect size is smaller than the f 2 value according to the www.nature.com/scientificreports/conventional definition, even when the results produce meaningful effects 67 .In conjunction with the findings of this study, the range of f 2 between 0.013 and 0.192 consider as a small effect size.

Multi-group analysis (MGA).
MGA in this study was conducted through the MICOM procedure, which includes three steps: configural invariance, compositional invariance, and equality of a composite's mean value and variance across groups.As this study ran the MICOM procedure in SmartPLS, configural invariance was automatically established 68 .In Step II, a non-significant permutation value indicated compositional invariance.
The results showed that permutation p-values for constructs in gender (male vs. female), frequency of buying clothing (less than or equal to 2 times per month vs. more than 2 times per month), and monthly spending (spending less than or equal to RMB600 vs. spending more than RMB600) were all larger than 0.05, and only 1 out of 7 associations toward education level (Bachelor degree and below vs. Master degree) were lower than 0.05; therefore, the comparison of path coefficients among these four groups were conducted through MGA, and the results are presented in Table 7. Table 7 shows that, for gender, only the path from PHB to SDI had a difference in path coefficient.In the groups with different educational levels, the associations of ASR with SDI, SOC, and SDI were all different.The path coefficients of SDI to SDB also differ based on monthly spending.In addition, no other multi-group differences were found, as all their 2-tailed p-value were greater than 0.05.

Discussion
This study attempted to enhance the understanding of SDI and SDB by considering cognitive (ASC), environmental (PRA and ASR), social (SOC), and personal (PHB) factors.The findings not only confirm the significant influence of constructs related to TIB (cognitive, social, personal) on individuals' intention to donate SHC.Simultaneously, the incorporation of environmental factors (PRA and ASR) into the TIB was undertaken to broaden its scope, while also substantiating the favorable influence of variables PRA and ASR on individuals' inclination to donate secondhand clothing.More specifically, First, the finding towards the relationship between ASC and SDI in this study are consistent with previous studies on sustainable behavior and consider ASC a prerequisite for sustainable intention and behavior 21 .This demonstrates that people with a higher level ASC are more likely to donate SHC in a sustainable manner.Furthermore, the impact of individual ASC on SDI varies depending on educational attainment levels.This observation highlights the significance of residents' educational attainment in influencing their perspectives and behaviors regarding sustainability.Second, this study showed that environmental factors (PRA and ASR), which were not included in the TIB framework, significantly impacted SDI.Environmental factors have been the primary focus of previous research on sustainable consumption.In addition, PRA and ASR have been confirmed as factors influencing sustainable behavior intention 24,25 , which is similar to the conclusions of this study.This study demonstrates that PRA has a greater effect on SDI than any other variable except ASC.People's awareness of environmental issues, as well as the responsibility for both themselves and others, can encourage them to make SHC donations, which will increase their desire to address environmental issues because they will be more willing to live in a sustainable development society.
Third, the findings of this study indicate that SOC, which refers to social factors, is the antecedent of SDI.Similar results have been reported in previous literature regarding pro-environmental behaviors 27,28,35 .This interesting finding implies that the intention to choose donations of SHC comes from a person's sense of belonging to society.In the context of sustainable SHC disposal, SOC is salient in motivating sustainability.A possible explanation is that the ability to be externally constrained by a connection to a communication group may be effective in forming a willingness to engage in beneficial behaviors toward the whole community 35 .Simultaneously, this study also finds that individuals with different educational levels will have different degrees of impact of SOC on SDI.This indicates that the sensitivity of SDI to social attachment could be influenced by personal educational experiences.Fourth regarding personal factors in the construct model (PHB), the results indicate that positive emotions play a significant role in determining whether people are interested in SHC donations.This result is also supported by prior research on sustainable consumption, namely, that hedonic emotions can serve as an incentive for individuals to engage in sustainable behaviors 39 .This may be owing to the fact that people's material lives become progressively more abundant, and consequently, they become more interested in spiritual pleasure and more willing to engage in SHC donations that can bring them happiness.This may be one reason TIB, a theory emphasizing personal factors, has become popular in contemporary society.This study also found that gender differences resulted in different effects of PHBs on the intention to donate to SHC.These differences have also been noted in pro-environmental studies 69 , and may be attributed to inherent personality differences between men and women.
Fifth, this study examines the influence of SDI on SDB.According to the findings, there is a statistically significant relationship between the two constructs.As a pre-variable of actual behavior in a vast number of proenvironmental behavior studies, the intention has always been a powerful motivation for the conduct or adoption of actual behavior 43,44 .This was confirmed in the present study.With the rapid development of the Internet, the sustainable disposal of SHC is an emerging phenomenon.Among the various options SHC disposal methods (discarding, incinerating, donating, swapping and selling etc.), with a high willingness for donation is more conducive to people donating SHC.This study also found that individuals who spent different costs per month on clothing differed in the extent to which their donation intentions translated into actual donation behavior.
Finally, the mediating effect of SDI on the relationship between ASC, PRA, ASR, SOC, PHB, and SDB was examined.This indicates that SDI is partially responsible for the relationship between these predictors and SDB in emerging economies such as China.Previous studies have also confirmed that when the intention is enhanced by cognitive, environmental, social, and personal factors, it becomes an important consideration in  21,70 .It is evident that the SDI plays a crucial role in constructing the transformation between psychologically related factors and pro-environmental behaviors, particularly SHC donation behavior.

Implications
Theoretical implications.Based on a literature review, this study notes that existing research has paid less attention to the adoption of sustainable SHC disposal, and the sustainable development of the clothing industry urgently requires more in-depth research in most countries with a large population base.Therefore, this study makes a valuable contribution regarding the factors that influence sustainable SDB.Additionally, with the theoretical foundation of TIB, this study extends it through including environmental factors at the psychological level.Environmental factors have not received much attention in previous studies that have used the TIB model in a pro-environmental context.However, in studies on sustainable consumption, environmental factors have been proven to have a strong explanatory effect on intention 71 .Through a review of the relevant literature, some important variables that contribute to environmental research were adopted.Therefore, this study adds environmental factors into TIB which can advance the development of the TIB model within the realm of environmental conservation, address certain deficiencies of current research.Furthermore, the utilization of MGA with respect to demographic characteristics sheds light on the significant difference among several causal pathways influenced by the different group which included gender, education, and monthly expenditure on clothing.This not only underscores the significance of these demographic characteristics in understanding sustainable clothing disposal practices but also offers valuable insights for potential avenues of future research in this domain.
Based on a literature review, this study notes that existing research has paid less attention to the adoption of sustainable SHC disposal, and the sustainable development of the clothing industry urgently requires more indepth research in most countries with a large population base.Therefore, this study makes a valuable contribution regarding the factors that influence sustainable SDB.This study also employs TIB to develop a theoretical framework.Psychologically, cognitive (ASC), environmental (PRA and ASR), social (SOC), and personal (PHB) factors explain the formation of SDI, which ultimately leads to SDB.Among these, environmental factors have not received much attention in previous studies that have used the TIB model in a pro-environmental context.However, in studies on sustainable consumption, environmental factors have been proven to have a strong explanatory effect on intention 71 .Through a review of the relevant literature, some important variables that contribute to environmental research were adopted.Therefore, this study can advance the development of the TIB model within the realm of environmental conservation, address certain deficiencies of current research.Furthermore, the utilization of MGA with respect to demographic characteristics sheds light on the significant difference among several causal pathways influenced by the different group which included gender, education, and monthly expenditure on clothing.This not only underscores the significance of these demographic characteristics in understanding sustainable clothing disposal practices but also offers valuable insights for potential avenues of future research in this domain.

Practical implications.
This study also provides a practical and empirical understanding of the key factors that must be considered when political or commercial parties want to promote donations of SHC.First, consider the importance of cognitive factors, people's ASC of SHC should receive more consideration.With the rapid growth of the Internet, the rate of global information dissemination has exponentially accelerated.Therefore, online platforms can serve as potent tools for promoting environmentally responsible clothing disposal.Relevant organizations can use emerging social media to establish multichannel, diverse, and multimedia public relations strategies to increase consumers' positive perceptions of ASC, and different implementation plans should be developed for residents with various educational backgrounds.
Second, environmental considerations cannot be disregarded when encouraging residents to donate SHC.To improve the PRA and ASR of residents, it is crucial to foster their understanding of the anthropogenic implications of environmental issues and their underlying factors to increase their environmental awareness and sense of responsibility.The dissemination of knowledge to the public regarding environmental protection is often regarded as a viable strategy for cultivating a collective awareness and concern for the preservation of the environment.Furthermore, it is advisable for both governmental entities and businesses to contemplate the adoption of incentive policies and pertinent regulations aimed at fostering a heightened engagement among residents in the SHC donating practices.This approach would effectively contribute to the establishment of a virtuous cycle, which will offer sustained external motivation for engaging in environmentally protective behaviors.
Third, social factors are among the most influential factors affecting sustainable behavior change.This study confirms that a clear understanding of an individual's scope of responsibility can motivate them to dispose of SHC sustainably.And the importance of education background although be emphases through the findings from MGA analysis.Education is an effective way for individuals to develop a sense of responsibility, and education on responsible disposal of used clothing should be widely disseminated.The government should strengthen publicity and education on topics related to the sustainable disposal of SHC through online platforms or live lectures that are more accessible to the public.Simultaneously, an improvement in SOC helps stimulate a higher level of SDI.To improve the community's internal recognition of SDB, the community must provide positive feedback, such as using the influence of celebrities to launch advocacy activities within the community and commend individual donation behavior, on the individual donations of SHC.
Finally, PHB was confirmed as a motivating factor for people's intention to donate to SHC sustainably.A ritualized donation process is more likely to bring happiness and fulfillment.Relevant organizations may wish to consider issuing certificates to individuals who donate to SHC and encourage individuals to share them online to further spread sustainable SHC behavior.People's awareness of these issues should also be considered.Raising consumers' awareness of the environmental problems caused by the failure to reasonably dispose of SHC is also www.nature.com/scientificreports/an effective way to improve SDI.The environmental burden of textile waste must be publicized.Related public or social media accounts should be established to regularly push relevant knowledge and news to the public.

Conclusions
As the main source of textile waste, the ecological pressure caused by SHCs has become the most direct manifestation of their excessive consumption.The better disposal of SHC has become a profound concern for governments and environmental agencies.This study focuses on the sustainable disposal method of second-hand clothing donation, taking into consideration the context of China as an emerging economy.The SHC donation behavior has been chosen due to its development potential and the relatively limited attention it has received from researchers.The examination of Chinese consumers' SHC donation behavior is instrumental in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the determinants influencing consumers' propensity to donate second-hand clothing.Moreover, this investigation can contribute to fostering the sustainable advancement of China's textile and garment sector to a certain degree.Based on a review of the existing literature, this study introduced environmental factors into the TIB model to construct a framework.Through data analysis, the psychological factors influencing intention toward sustainable disposal were identified.The results show that ASC, PRA, ASR, SOC, and PHB have significant positive effects on consumers' SDI.Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are proposed to provide references for future strategies and research related to the sustainable donation of SHC.
Limitations.Despite these encouraging findings, this study had some limitations.First, as a cross-sectional study, this study cannot accurately capture the changes in the target group in the real world.Besides, this study employs a self-reporting survey to measure SHC donation behaviours, a research method favoured in the social sciences.But a few academics have questioned the accurate of self-reported survey data, especially in some sensitive area 72,73 .Considering the potential bias, future scholars can use the behaviour experience of respondents as a measurement of actual behavior to improve the precision of data.Additionally, because of the limited geographical scope of the research, only consumer groups within China were investigated; therefore, it may be difficult to extend the results to other regions or even the world.Simultaneously, although the differences within groups are detected in the MGA analysis, this study does not provide in-depth research and discussion on this, and these groups with differences can be considered in future research.Furthermore, considering that the participants in this study encompass individuals who have not previously engaged in the SHC donation behavior.This study does not elaborate on the reasons and channels of SHC donation among the participants, there is a possibility of overlooking potentially valuable research insights.Hence, it is recommended that forthcoming researchers incorporate these past experiences within the scope of investigation, thereby enhancing the research findings.Finally, considering the current situation of SHC disposal in China, the sustainable disposal methods referred to in this study mainly focus on donation and do not involve other methods.Considering the above limitations, future research can expand the overall scope of the study, introduce other sustainable disposal methods, and conduct in-depth and comprehensive research on the statistical characteristics that may influence the results.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Research framework. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42437-y 40havior of Indonesian consumers, Fenitra et al.40also confirmed that emotional factors positively impact donation behavior.Therefore, a high PHB toward activities always indicates a high intention to conduct them.Hence, we proposed the following hypothesis: H 5 : PHB positively influences SDI.

Table 2 .
The sociodemographic characteristics of all respondents, including gender, age, education level, marital status, occupation, monthly income, buying clothing preference, and experience of SHC donation, are presented in Table2.Females accounted for the largest number of participants, which Profile of the respondents.was344(55.6%).Regarding age group, the largest group is the 20 to 30 age group, and there are 185 (29.9%) respondents who belong to it.The majority of respondents had a bachelor's degree, with a total of 244 (39.4%).More than half of the participants were married, and the number of them is 384 (56.2%).Participants from eastern China accounted for the largest proportion, which is 115 (18.6%).For occupation, 195 (31.5%) respondents were private employees, and the number in this category is higher than others.For monthly income, the majority of participants receive an income ranging from 4501 to 6000 RMB, with a number of 137(22.1%).273 (44.1%) participants bought clothing one to two times a month, while 194 (31.3%) participants spent 200 to RMB400 on their clothing each month, and both of them belonged to the largest group.The vast majority of respondents had experience with SHC donation, with a total of 569 (91.9%).

Table 3 .
Reliability and validity.Source: Author's data analysis.ASC attitude toward sustainable consumption, PRA problem awareness, ASR ascription of responsibility, SOC sense of community, PHB perceived hedonic benefit, SDI SHC donation intention, SDB SHC donation behavior, AVE average variance extracted, VIF variance inflation factor.

Table 5 .
Loading and cross loadings.Source: Author's data analysis.ASC attitude toward sustainable consumption, PRA problem awareness, ASR ascription of responsibility, SOC sense of community, PHB perceived hedonic benefit, SDI SHC donation intention, SDB SHC donation behavior.

Table 6 .
Hypothesis testing.Source: Author's data analysis.ASC attitude toward sustainable consumption, PRA problem awareness, ASR ascription of responsibility, SOC sense of community, PHB perceived hedonic benefit, SDI SHC donation intention, SDB SHC donation behavior.

Table 7 .
Multi-group analysis.Source: Author's data analysis.ASC attitude toward sustainable consumption, PRA problem awareness, ASR ascription of responsibility, SOC sense of community, PHB perceived hedonic benefit, SDI SHC donation intention, SDB SHC donation behavior.