Analysis of cnidarian Gcm suggests a neuronal origin of glial EAAT1 function

In bilaterian central nervous systems, coordination of neurotransmission by glial cells enables highly sophisticated neural functions. The diversity of transcription factors (TFs) involved in gliogenesis suggests multiple evolutionary origins of various glial cell types of bilaterians. Many of these TFs including the glial cells missing (Gcm) are also present in genomes of Cnidaria, the closest outgroup to Bilateria, but their function remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the function of Gcm, a multifunctional TF involved in development of glial and non-glial cell types, in the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nematostella Gcm altered expression of cell adhesion proteins, glutamate and GABA transporters, ion channels, metabolic enzymes, and zinc finger and Ets-related TFs. NvGcm and mRNAs of downstream genes are expressed in broad neural cell clusters. However, immunostaining of a NvGcm target protein, the glutamate transporter, NvEAAT1, visualized a novel class of cells with flat cell bodies and no clear processes. Together with the finding of unique morphological features of NvEAAT1-functioning cells, these data suggest that extracellular glutamate metabolism, one of major glial functions, is deployed downstream of Gcm in specific neural cell types in Cnidaria.

uncharacterized, blast hit -Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A [Exaiptasia pallida], Catalyzes the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in beta 1-6 linkage to the alpha-linked mannose of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides, Via its role in the biosynthesis of complex N-glycans, plays an important role in the activation of cellular signaling pathways, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell-cell adhesion and cell migration.Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts downstream of cell surface receptors for growth factors and plays a role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, microtubule assembly, lamellipodia formation, cell adhesion, cell migration and chemotaxis.Plays a role in synapse organization, trafficking of synaptic vesicles, the generation of excitatory postsynaptic currents and neuron-neuron synaptic transmission.cell motility

NVE9019 XM_032374594
B-cell lymphoma 3 protein (BCL3) Contributes to the regulation of transcriptional activation of NF-kappa-B target genes.In the cytoplasm, NF-kappa B inhibits the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappa-B p50 subunit.In the nucleus, acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of NF-kappa-B target genes.Contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation adhesion G-protein coupled receptor V1-like, G-protein coupled receptor which has an essential role in the development of hearing and vision.In response to extracellular calcium, activates kinases PKA and PKC to regulate myelination by inhibiting the ubiquitination of MAG, thus enhancing the stability of this protein in myelin-forming cells of the auditory pathway.In retina photoreceptors, the USH2 complex is required for the maintenance of the periciliary membrane complex that seems to play a role in regulating intracellular protein transport.ECM/cell adhesion NVE17236 XM_032370293 proline-rich extensin-like protein EPR1, matches brevican isoform 1 variant, partial [Homo sapiens], In zebrafish matches neurocan core protein [Danio rerio] ECM/cell adhesion NVE10653 XM_001625963 RAB11-binding protein RELCH homolog, Regulates intracellular cholesterol distribution from recycling endosomes to the trans-Golgi network through interactions with RAB11 and OSBP (PubMed:29514919).Functions in membrane tethering and promotes OSBP-mediated cholesterol transfer between RAB11-bound recycling endosomes and OSBP-bound Golgi-like membranes.lipid metabolism NVE15290 XM_032371075 uncharacterized, blast hits -stabilin-1 [Homo sapiens], Acts as a scavenger receptor for acetylated low density lipoprotein.Binds to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and may play a role in defense against bacterial infection.When inhibited in endothelial tube formation assays, there is a marked decrease in cell-cell interactions, suggesting a role in angiogenesis.ECM/cell adhesion NVE18731 XM_032384894 P2Y purinoceptor 6-like, belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors.lipid metabolism

NVE22894 XM_032382668
Trace amine-associated receptor 6-like, belongs to a class of G protein-coupled receptors.Trace amines are endogenous amine compounds that are chemically similar to classic biogenic amines like dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine.Trace amines were thought to be 'false transmitters' that displace classic biogenic amines from their storage and act on transporters in a fashion similar to the amphetamines, but the identification of brain receptors specific to trace amines indicates that they also have effects of their own.TAAR6 expressed in kidney and brain.In mouse TAAR6 is pecifically expressed in neurons of the olfactory epithelium, to discrete glomeruli predominantly localized to a confined bulb region.

Table 2 . GO terms and function (UniProt) of DE genes grouped by p-adj.
Genes used for RT-qPCR verification are highlighted in yellow.
Replication factor C subunit 1.The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins PCNA and activator 1.This subunit binds to the primer-template junction.Binds the PO-B transcription element as well as other GA rich DNA sequences.Could play a role in DNA transcription regulation as well as DNA replication and/or repair.