Refuting the sensational claim of a Hopewell-ending cosmic airburst

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Archaeological context
Tankersley et al. 1 make numerous errors concerning archaeological data and context that undermine the veracity of their claims; a few of these are highlighted herein.First, they conflate the stratigraphy and results of two discrete test units (Units A and B) from Tankersley's own work at the Jennison-Guard site (12D246), Lawrenceburg, Indiana (Table 1).The primary technical reports for this fieldwork 14,15 indicate that the unit shown in Fig. 4, Unit B, was a 1 m × 1 m unit excavated in 2019.Tankersley's final report 14 (p.7) on the excavations notes "No artifacts were recovered from the 2019 1-m 2 unit." The artifacts are reported as coming from the "2020 1 × 2 m 2 [sic]" Unit A in Table 1 of the final report 14 .This list is identical to the artifact inventory in the preliminary report's 15 appendix without provenience information.Thus, all of the artifacts recovered were from Unit A, while the claimed evidence for "piles of carbonized timbers" (see Fig. 4 of ref. 1 ) and all the Pt and Ir samples reported were recovered from the culturally sterile Unit B, approximately 10 m away on a dynamic floodplain.Second, the depth of Unit B is represented variously as 1.6 m and 2 m, while the changes in soil horizons are inconsistently presented.The layer (1.57-1.6 m) that produced the charcoal-impregnated clay, which they believe represents burned house wall timbers, is characterized as being "Pre-habitation" (Table S9) with the same date range as the layer above (Table S10).This 0.38 m to 1.57 m series of horizons (C1, C2, and C3) are presented as dating to 1-400 CE (Table S9) and 259-410 CE (Table S10).Thus, there is no substantiated connection between the proposed proxies for the cosmic airburst (burned timbers and elevated Pt and Ir in Unit B) and the Hopewell artifacts recovered from Unit A; it is not proper archaeological practice to copy and paste an artifact assemblage into another context.Thus, no evidence presented in the article 1 or the technical reports 14,15 supports catastrophic burning at Jennison-Guard, let alone a synchronous regional-scale catastrophe.
Another example of conflated archaeological context is from the Marietta earthworks site, Marietta, Ohio, where Tankersley et al. 1 report (Table S1) they sampled from the area of the large circular enclosure (Mound A) at the southeast end of the earthworks complex, approximately 940 m from the fire-hardened floor referenced as evidence of catastrophic burning (Fig. 1).Their elemental analysis and identification of pallasites and presumed microspherules of cosmic origin is in an artificially constructed earthwork (presumably within the mound or embankment at the coordinates listed in Table S1, but this is not specified) nearly a kilometer away from the other supposed evidence of the catastrophic event.Tankersley et al. do not report new radiocarbon dates for the location they actually sampled, but instead appropriate the radiocarbon dates from Greber 12 and Pickard 13 , which are from a completely different element of the Marietta monumental landscape.These radiocarbon dates were produced from organic material derived from four separate features in the Hopewellian platform mound best known as the Capitolium Mound.There is no established relationship between the construction of the intentionally burned clay platform within Capitolium Mound and their samples from an unspecified context Table 1.A comparison of presentation of evidence from the Jennison-Guard site by Tankersley et al. 1 , Tankersley 13 , and Tankersley et al. 14 Horizontal lines are representations of horizon breaks in various units and the diverse and problematic ways the data are presented for each in the cited reports and article.
Final Report 13 Preliminary Report 14 Preliminary Report 14 Final Report 13

Scientific Reports article 1 2020 1 m x 2 m Unit
No Artifacts 0.46 0.17 www.nature.com/scientificreports/within Mound A. Minimally, both sets of deposits (like all the cultural deposits analyzed by Tankersley et al. 1 ) date broadly to the Middle Woodland period.However, the origin and formation of each earthwork and the strata within each cannot be assumed to be synchronous.In fact, the probability of synchronous construction of both monumental structures, to include synchroneity between the Ir/Pt anomaly layer of Mound A and the prepared ceremonially fired surface within Capitolium Mound, is quite low given the magnitude of the constructions, the scope of the Marietta monumental landscape, and the wide probability distribution for the Capitolium dates alone (see Fig. 21 in 1 ).Tankersley et al. 1 make no attempt to establish this chronological relationship, and provide no justification for their reinterpretation of the prepared surfaces, here and elsewhere, as "habitation surfaces." With the absence of evidence, the only thing that ties these discrete contexts together is that the conclusion of the authors requires this relationship.Given the lack of relationship, there is no support for an event that took place over seconds (the airburst) to days or weeks (the fires).Space precludes enumeration of the similar errors present for most of the sites discussed in the Scientific Reports article.
Additional discrepancies occur between Tankersley et al. 's text descriptions, figures, and supplemental material.Specifically, none of the figures of soil profiles bear any sign of in situ, fire-hardened habitation surfaces, and in most cases, labels of "Charcoal" are imposed onto profiles with no identifiable carbonized material present in the profile.Moreover, after careful review of the primary reports of their investigations (e.g., Fig. 20, Fig. 23, Fig. 24 in 14 ), the authors fail to show an association of burned habitation surfaces with Ir/Pt anomalies and microspherules and that the alleged "remains of burned Hopewell structures" were "swept into piles of carbonized timbers and thatch, fire-hardened daub, and thermally damaged artifacts" (p. 10 in 1 ; see 17 ).In the absence of such evidence, the claim of a catastrophic event recorded in the soil profiles is not credible.

Chronological modeling
Tankersley et al. 's chronological modeling is insufficiently explained (methods, model code, etc.), incorrectly characterized, and does not support the inference of a single event.While characterized as "Bayesian adjustment" (see Fig. 21, Figure S2, Figure S5, Figure S7, Figure S11, Figure S15 in 1 ), no Bayesian models are included in the article or supplemental material.No OxCal code is and the functions used to generate their graphs are not revealed.(K.C.N. requested these details from Tankersley, who declined to share these details prior to submission.)Based on the type of OxCal graphs shown, it appears the authors calculated a weighted mean of the radiocarbon dates from the presumed airburst strata across four different sites.Despite the characterization in the article, weighted means is not one of the Bayesian functions in OxCal.This method only makes sense to date a target event (e.g., an airburst) if the dated samples died at the same time as the event.The 20 radiocarbon measurements that Tankersley et al. claim directly date their airburst event cannot feasibly be interpreted as the same age.This sample of dates fails to pass a Χ 2 test 18 (T = 42.899;df-19; T'(0.05) = 30.1)indicating that the dated samples were deposited over a prolonged period of time.Therefore, the dated samples from these strata cannot be presumed to date a single event and cannot support the airburst hypothesis.To the contrary, the chronological analysis demonstrates that their multi-proxy evidence of the airburst accumulated via many discrete events over decades to centuries.

Cosmic geochemistry
Tankersley et al. 1 misinterpret recent evidence for high-temperature components in comets leading to problematic geochemical analyses and interpretations of supposed pallasite samples.While samples of comet 81P/ Wild2 collected by the Stardust mission contain high-temperature components formed in the solar nebula prior to planetary accretion, melting and differentiation 19 , materials formed as a result of planetary differentiation, such as pallasites, are unknown from cometary samples.Comets likely never reached temperatures much above the freezing point of water 20 , whereas the formation of pallasites required extensive melting of asteroids at temperatures ≥ 1300°C 21 .Moreover, isotopic signatures separate meteorites into two groups, thought to form in the inner and outer Solar System and isolated by the formation of Jupiter 22,23 .These isotopic signatures indicate that pallasites formed in the inner Solar System, isolated from the outer Solar System and the comet-forming region.Main group pallasites, like the Brenham meteorite argued to have been used by the Hopewell, are mixtures of olivine ((Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) and Fe,Ni metal (Fig. 2) 24 .In contrast, the Si-rich and Fe-rich spheres illustrated by Tankersley et al. (Fig. 15) 1 are depleted in or lack Mg and Ni, respectively.This suggests that the Si-rich and Fe-rich spheres are not derived from pallasites, and more likely represent local soil chemistry.Thus, Tankersley et al. 1 mischaracterize the composition and life histories of comets, and they misidentify pallasites.Had Tankersley et al. 1 correctly identified pallasites, it would in fact be evidence against a comet airburst.Neuhäuser and ------------https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39866-0

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Comparison of the Location of the fire-hardened floor investigated by Greber 11 and Pickard 12 within Capitolium Mound and the location of the coordinates from Tankersley et al. 's Table S1 1 for their Marietta sample over Squier and Davis 15 map of the site.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Comparison of EDS spectra for Fe-rich (metal) and Si-rich (silicate) spectra from the Brenham pallasite (pictured right) in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution collected with a FEI Nova NanoSEM 600 at the Smithsonian with spectra of Tankersley et al. 's Fig. 15. 1 Brenham consists of olivine ((Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) and Fe,Ni metal.EDS spectra of olivine (a) contains prominent peaks for Si, Mg, O and Fe, whereas those of Tankersley et al. (a inset) contain minimal Mg and abundant Al, with lesser K, Ca, and Ti, likely indicative of a local soil composition.EDS spectra of Fe,Ni metal (b) exhibits a significant Ni peak, which is weak or absent in the spectra (b inset) of Tankersley et al., which contains abundant O, Si, Al, K, Ca and Ti, suggesting an iron oxide composition with a local soil component.