Thermal and solute aspects among two viscosity models in synovial fluid inserting suspension of tri and hybrid nanomaterial using finite element procedure

Inclusion of nanoparticles boosts thermal performance and is essential for thermal transport. The current investigation has been made to conduct research on heat mass transport in synovial material with the mixing of hybrid and tri-hybrid comprising variable viscosity past over a heated surface having constant density and a steady environment. The conservation laws have been considered in the presence of Lorentz force, heat generation/absorption, modified heat and mass fluxes together with chemical reaction. The mathematical model is developed in Cartesian coordinate in the form of coupled partial differential equation (PDEs). The derived PDEs are simplified by a boundary layer approach (BLA) and reduced PDEs have been converted into ordinary differential equation (ODEs) using scaling group Similarity transformation. The converted ODEs are highly nonlinear and have been solved numerically by finite elements scheme (FES). The used scheme is effective for nonlinear problem and can be frequently utilized to tackle nonlinear problems arising in mathematical physics.

Magnitude of magnetic field Q 0 Heat source/absorption C p Specific heat capacitance k 1 Chemical reaction number C ∞ , C Ambient concentration and concentration ∞ Infinity number C w Wall concentration η Independent variable ϕ 2 , ϕ 1 , ϕ 3 Volume fractions ODEs Ordinary differential equations Re Reynolds number M Magnetic number δ 1 , δ 2 Relaxation numbers Sc Schmidt number SiO 2 Silicon dioxide Aluminum oxide Re Reynolds number Sh Sherwood number Researchers got much attention on studying nanoparticles to boost thermal performance. Nanoparticles are immersed in different materials (base fluid) to improve thermal performance. Nanomaterial plays a vital role in the treatment of cancer therapy and is frequently used in industries in different physical processes. Several studies have been conducted on nanomaterial for thermal and mass transportation. For instance, Nazir et al. 1 estimated comparative consequences among variable and constant viscosities in Carreau fluid over a stretchable frame. They have used FEM to know numerical results of model related to non-Fourier's along with variable viscosity. Sohail et al. 2 performed model of Sutterby fluid inserting suspension of nanomaterial along with thermal radiation past stretching surface in the presence of variable fluidic properties. They have used a numerical approach to conduct consequences. Nazir et al. 3 conducted numerical impacts of Carreau-Yasuda martial in mass species and thermal energy inserting hybrid nanomaterial under the occurrence of thermal properties numerical implemented by finite element approach. Sohail et al. 4 computed boundary layer flow regarding Carreau martial in heat energy in a disk considering bio-convection phenomena. They have implemented numerical method to investigate numerical results. Nazir et al. 5 performed the thermal enhancement of ternary hybrid nanoparticles in Sisko martial involving heat generation over stretchable cylinder. They implemented FEM and include the tri-hybrid nanomaterial was significant the best performer to enhance heat energy. Imran et al. 6 investigated the performance of shapes impacts into hybrid nanoparticles past flat frame considering solar collector. Imran et al. 7 studied the impacts of thermal radiation and magnetic field including variable fluidic properties and slip conditions past a vertical heated frame. Danish et al. 8 16 investigated the performance of hybrid nanofluids in solar collectors in this study. Zamzari et al. 17 studied mixed convection in a vertically heated channel to determine various aspects of entropy production. Using this method, multiple aspects of entropy production were examined to determine how they were affected. Li et al. 18 determined the flow and thermal properties of a Darcy-Forchheimer fluid using a non-Fourier method and a Prandtl method. To achieve this objective, nanoparticles were incorporated into a Darcy-Forchheimer motion. Klazly et al. 19 studied comparative consequences among non-Newtonian for single-phase and Newtonian for single-phase containing nanoparticles in the presence of two-phase models in backward-facing step. Klazly et al. 20  Comprehensive review on literature demonstrates that study on mass species and heat energy in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model (CCHM) along with chemical reaction and heat absorption in synovial fluid is not investigated yet. Such complex model involving suspension of three types of nanoparticles considering two viscosity models is not studied yet. Additionally, hybrid nanomaterial and tri-hybrid nanomaterial are inserted in ethylene glycol. Present model is numerically solved by finite element method (FEM). Analysis is divided into five sections. Section one, section two, section three, section four and section five are based on literature review, mathematical procedure, numerical method and conclusions, etc.

Mathematical procedure
Model regarding mass and heat energy transport in synovial fluid is developed for constant density and steady flow past a stretching surface. Viscosity is considered as function temperature and concentration. Suspension of tri-hybrid nanoparticles into fluidic motion is made composite of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide and aluminum oxide in the presence of base liquid named ethylene glycol. Fluidic motion regarding various nanoparticles is produced with the help of wall velocity. Heat and energy solute particles are carried out using concept of non-Fourier's law including heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction. Figure 1 captures flow and thermal transport in a geometrical view. The physical situation of the developed model is transformed into a system of PDEs, which is formulated.
The concept of BLA (boundary layer approximations) are used to achieve system of PDEs are Momentum equation for Model-I which is The Correlations of hybrid nanoparticles and nanoparticles are used and Table 1 contains the numerical values A system in term of ODEs is derived as

FEM procedure (Finite element method)
Numerical solution of dimensionless ODEs is achieved using finite element method (FEM) which is presented with the help of Fig. 2. Following steps related FEM procedure.
• Desired residuals are known as weighted and residuals are integrated over each elements regarding computational domain;  Table 2; • Stiffness elements are obtained via residual procedure called Galerkin approximations; • Measure tolerance and error procedure. Table 3 reveals validation of numerical results with published work.

Results and outcomes
Comparative features in term of two viscosity models are studied over a 2D stretchable sheet. A non-Fourier's approach is considered in energy as well as concentration equation. Heat source and chemical species are addressed. Additionally, suspension of various nanoparticles (silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide) is inserted in base fluid) termed as ethylene glycol. The productive complex biological model is numerically handled using a finite element approach. Detail reports and discussion are mentioned below.
Comparison discussion among two viscosity models via fluidic motion. In the current subsection, acceleration into fluidic particles is measured in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6, including two viscosity models and tri-hybrid nanomaterial. It is mentioned that solid curves are captured to determine the impact of acceleration and fluidic motion for model-I while model-II is represented by dot curves. Figure 3 is plotted to visualize the role of Weissenberg number on fluidic motion, including two viscosity models. The acceleration into fluidic particles is produced less when Weissenberg number is enhanced. This is because Weissenberg number is ratio among elastic force and viscous force. From physically, Weissenberg number has inversely proportional relation against viscous force. Therefore, viscosity of fluid is increased when Weissenberg number is increased. Further, the concept of we is utilized into motion due to rheology of synovial fluid. Physically, we has inverse relation versus viscous force. Therefore, the thicknesses associated momentum layers are declined when we is enhanced. Thickness for momentum layers for we = 0 is higher than thicknesses for we = 0 . Figure 4 is plotted to observe visualization of flow analysis versus magnetic parameter. Flow becomes decrease when Lorentz force is implemented. It is mentioned that appearance of magnetic parameter is produced using concept of Lorentz force. Moreover, flow experiences less Lorentz force for model-II rather than flow for the case of model-II. Thickness linked with momentum boundary layer for model-II is less than Thickness linked with momentum boundary layer for model-I. Physically, the flow is reduced because of negative Lorentz force. The strength of magnetic field is applied against flow behavior. Therefore, resistance during flow is generated when Lorentz force is utilized. Hence, Lorentz force is utilized as reducing role into flow and momentum boundary layers thickness. The role of Reynolds number along with two models (viscosity models) is noticed on velocity distribution in Fig. 5. It is esti-   Table 3. Numerical validation for heat transfer rate when ϕ 1 = 0, ϕ 2 = 0, ϕ 3 = 0.

Pr
Abel and Mahesha et al. 28  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ mated that flow develops slow down against higher values of Reynolds number. It is occurred because Reynolds parameter is ratio among viscous force and inertial force. Hence, viscous force is increased versus increment in Reynolds number. Additionally, the flow is generated significantly for mode-I rather than flow is generated for model-II. Figure 6 Figure 7 is captured to estimate the behavior of time relaxation number on temperature profile. It is determined that maximum heat energy is achieved for the case of γ 1 . The maximum heat energy is experienced when time relaxation number is enhanced. This is occurred maximum restoration regarding heat energy is produced. Representation of δ 1 is utilized in energy equation due to non-Fourier's approach. It is dimensionless parameter based on non-Fourier's law and δ 1 makes ability to restore heat energy into particles. Further, maximum manufacture of heat energy for model-II as compared for the case of model-I. Hence, thickness linked with thermal layers is higher for model-II rather than for model-I. Figure 8 captures the observation of heat source number on thermal profile. Thermal energy is gained maximum when heat source parameter is implemented. Two type's phenomena are experienced on flow based on heat generation and heat absorption.  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Heat generation is happened for H t > 0 while heat absorption for H t < 0. It can be noticed that heat generation process is higher than heat absorption process. Thermal layers can be managed trough variation in H t . Physically, it can be noticed that thermal layers in term of thickness are increased versus increment values of heat source number. Figure 9 is observed as significant in term of comparison among tri and hybrid nanomaterial. Solid lines are captured to comparative visualization among fluid, nanofluid, hybrid nanomaterial and tri-hybrid nanomaterial in base fluid. It is estimated that heat energy in view of tri-hybrid nanomaterial is higher than thermal energy for case hybrid nanomaterial, fluid and nanofluid. Hence, maximum enhancement and cooling process are achieved for case of ternary hybrid nanofluid.     Fig. 11. The diffusion into mass species is declined when time relaxation parameter is decreased. Moreover, the mass diffusion for model-II is greater than for the case model-I. It is observed that occurrence of δ 2 is noticed using theory of non-Fourier's in concentration equation. Diffusion of mass species is declined when theory of non-Fourier is utilized. Figure 12 is prepared to estimate the variation in mass diffusion when chemical reaction number in the presence of model-II and model-I. Figure 12 reveals the process of generative chemical reaction ( K c < 0 ) is less than process of destructive chemical reaction ( K c > 0 ). Appearance of K c is modeled when chemical reaction   Impacts of Sherwood number, skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate. Impacts of Sherwood number, heat transfer rate and skin friction coefficient are predicted versus variation in Weissenberg, heat source, magnetic and Schmidt numbers. These visualizations are recorded in Table 4. It is noticed that divergent velocity (skin friction coefficient) and heat transport rate are enhanced versus the variation in heat source number. But constant behavior for mass diffusion rate is observed for variation in heat source number. Magnetic parameter brings declination into heat transfer and mass diffusion rated while divergent velocity is decreased. Additionally, mass diffusion rate is enhanced when Schmidt number is increased. In case of Weissenberg number, flow rate is decreased and mass diffusion rate and heat energy rate are increased.

Conclusions
Comparison thermal aspects and solute aspects among model-I and model-II including tri-hybrid nanomaterial are observed past stretching frame. Heat energy and diffusion into mass species are carried out by non-Fourier's approach. Additionally, heat source and chemical species are implemented. Such complex problem is developed and numerical tackled by finite element approach. Main finding of such complex problem are mentioned below.
• Velocity profile is declined using higher numerical values of magnetic field intensity based on Lorentz force.
• Velocity profiles for model-I have less magnitudes rather than magnitudes for velocity profiles for model-II.
• External heat source brings enhancement into thermal energy and flow behavior.
• Cooling process thermal process can be achieved significantly by using mechanism of ternary hybrid nanofluid rather than mechanism of hybrid nanofluid. • Production of mass species and thermal energy for case of model-II as compared for model-I. • Mass diffusion decreases versus impacts of chemical reaction number and Schmidt number.
• Current development is applicable in biological field which is used in condyloid joints, hinge joints, pivot joints. • Such complex analysis is applicable in biological field which is used in condyloid joints, hinge joints, pivot joints and shoulder joints.

Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.