Introduction

Bacterial infections, predominantly caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, are among the world’s principal causes of morbidity and even mortality both in the community and hospital1. Albeit there are a considerable number of antibacterial agents to eliminate or suppress the growth of these pathogens2,3,4, there is still great failure to control the bacterial infectious owing to multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens that are extraordinarily resistant to the routine antimicrobial agents5. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), producing E. coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) are among the examples of the evolved drug-resistant pathogens6,7,8. The statistics reveal about 700,000 deaths are related to bacterial infection annually, and this number will increase dramatically to 10 million in 2050 if no practical solution is discovered9,10. As a result, the need for the synthesis of new drug-like small molecules is critical11. Ciprofloxacin, as the second generation of fluoroquinolones, has demonstrated to have notable activity in this regard. Furthermore, the suitable pharmacokinetic profile of fluoroquinolones and their relative clinical safety have made them a valuable therapeutic choice for various respiratory, soft tissue, and bone infections11.

Urease enzyme, the first enzyme ever prepared and isolated in crystalline form in 192612, is a cell-surface nickel-containing enzyme available in a myriad of living things. It is also the most potent enzyme that enhances the reaction rate approximately 1015 times faster compared to uncatalyzed reactions13. The vital function of urease is the hydrolysis of urea to convert it into ammonia and carbon dioxide14,15. This process results in the formation of a considerable amount of ammonia through the urea hydrolysis when Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) utilizes this enzyme to survive the harsh acidic conditions of the stomach16. Under these circumstances, this human pathogenic bacterium colonizes the stomach and leads to many severe gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer17,18. The H. pylori infection is a major cause of GI problems and it is highly prevalent worldwide19,20. As a result, inhibition of urease activity can be construed as a favorable action to mitigate the negative effect of ureolytic bacterial infections in humans21. Along the same line, designing new urease inhibitors is of critical importance for approximately 50% of the world’s human population infected by such a human bacterium. Urea and thiourea derivatives15,22,23, compounds containing phosphate24, five and six-membered heterocycles, natural products, and metal complexes25 are the main sub-categories into which the inhibitors are divided.

Here, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro urease inhibitory activity as well as antibacterial potential of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives. In addition, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed.

Result and discussion

Designing

Ciprofloxacin derivatives were excessively reported as highly potent antibacterial agents26,27. Ciprofloxacin-dithiocarbamate hybrid bearing ortho-chlorine group exhibited promising effects on the standard Gram-positive bacteria (Fig. 1, compound A) while changing the chlorine position from ortho to meta increased the activity against Gram-negative bacteria28. In silico assessment also demonstrated the important role of the sulfur atom through forming hydrogen bonds with the residues of S. aureus DNA gyrase28. Compound B is another example of a potent antimicrobial agent with ciprofloxacin moiety. SARs reveals that a nitro substituent at the 4-position of the benzyl ring improved the antimicrobial activities compared to the rest of the synthesized derivatives. A molecular docking study of compound B against E. coli showed that the sulfur atom of the dithiocarbamate participated in two interactions with residues Asn46 and Val120, and the ciprofloxacin group also interacted with residues Arg76, Ile78, Pro79, Ile90, and Arg136 in the active site of DNA gyrase29. Along the same line, the urease inhibitory and antibacterial activities of the ciprofloxacin-piperazinyl derivatives were proved (Fig. 1, compound C)30. These results demonstrated the critical role of ciprofloxacin as a critical building block for the design of anti-urease agents.

Figure 1
figure 1

Identified representative lead candidates.

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Thioamides, whether cyclic analogs or open-chain structures are among the fascinating organic compounds because of their adequate stability and low toxicity31. Thioamide moiety showed beneficial activity against various types of bacterial32, and fungal infections33. Dixon et al. showed for the first time that acetamide is a substrate for urease with a Km value of 750 (at pH 7) which was around 260-fold better than that of urea. These findings showed that such moiety properly fitted in the binding site of the urease enzyme34. In another study, the urease inhibitory effect of coumarinyl-pyrazolinyl-thioamide derivatives against jack bean urease was evaluated. The most potent derivative (Compound D, Fig. 1) showed significant inhibitory activities (IC50 = 0.000358 ± 0.000017 µM) compared to thiourea as positive control (IC50 = 4.720 ± 0.174 µM). A molecular docking study of compound D in the binding pocket of urease showed that the thioamide group forms hydrogen bonds with Ala440 and Asp49435. In another study, N-thioamide analogs of pyrazolylpyrimidine were also shown to have antibiotic activity against bacterial species (Fig. 1, compound E). In silico study exhibited that this moiety as hydrogen sulfide donor participated in several interactions with the binding pocket of E. coli, S. aureus Hydrolase, and P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase enzymes. Recently, N-Aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline carbothioamide analogs were tested against urease and recorded IC50 values in the range of 11.2 to 50.6 µM compared to the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.7 ± 0.34 μM). Molecular docking studies of the most potent compound (compound F) presented strong interactions between sulfur and two Ni co-factors. Also, the nitrogen of the thioamide linker participated in H-bound interaction with the residue of the binding site36. Mentioned point inspired the use of aryl-thioamide moieties as an important functional group in the design of the new urease inhibitors.

Inspired by all these findings, a new series of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin 3a–n were designed as antimicrobial and anti-ureolytic agents. It was proposed that ciprofloxacin as an elegant skeleton provide the antimicrobial activity of derivatives while thioamide moiety implemented the condition so that compounds could properly fit in the active site of urease and the improvement of anti-urolytic activities might be seen. Furthermore sulfur might afford better interactions with critical Ni (I) and Ni (II) coordinated with His519, His545, Lys490, His407, His409, Asp633, and Lys490 residues37. Compounds were synthesized using a facile and straightforward method and were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All the mentioned derivatives, besides, were evaluated for their in vitro urease inhibitory activities. Along the same line, in silico induced fit docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed to investigate the interaction, orientation, and conformation of the compounds with the best inhibitory activity over the active site of jack bean (JB) urease.

Chemistry

The synthetic method employed to prepare N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n is depicted in Fig. 2. Commercial ciprofloxacin 1 was submitted to thioamidation with the equivalent amount of various aldehydes 2a–n in the presence of sulfur (S8) to give the corresponding final products 3a–n, respectively. The latter compounds were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis.

Figure 2
figure 2

Outline for the synthesis of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n. Reagents and conditions: (a) DMSO, 50 °C, 4–8 h.

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Kale et al. developed a facile Willgerodt–Kindler-type reaction for preparing thioamides under catalyst‐free conditions at room temperature or 120 °C in DMSO38. The plausible mechanism for this Willgerodt–Kindler reaction is proposed in Fig. 3. In this pathway, ciprofloxacin molecule 1 is featured in two roles. Initially, the elemental cyclooctasulfur (S8) I undergoes a nucleophilic attack by the secondary amine group on the ciprofloxacin 1, which results in the cleavage of S–S bond, and reversible formation of polysulfide anion II. In the meantime, the different aldehyde 2a-n react with another molecule of ciprofloxacin 1 to form the intermediate iminium ion III by removal of the hydroxyl group. The reaction between the intermediates II and III subsequently leads to the formation of IV, which experiences oxidation to yield the desired product 3.

Figure 3
figure 3

A plausible mechanism for the preparation of 3a.

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In vitro inhibitory activity of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives against JB urease

All the N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n were screened against JB urease enzyme. The obtained results revealed that (Table 1) most of the compounds showed significant inhibition against urease with IC50 values of 2.05 to 32.49 µM compared to hydroxyurea and thiourea as reference inhibitors with an IC50 value of 100 and 23 µM, respectively.

Table 1 The urease inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds 3a–n.
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In particular, the 4-nitro derivative (3n) was the most promising urease inhibitor of this series (IC50 = 2.05 µM). Further investigations illustrated that the compound 3d (IC50 = 2.94 µM) containing 4-fluoro substitution, which is also an electron-withdrawing group was another potent inhibitor in this series. Other para-substituted derivatives such as 3e (R = 4Cl, IC50 = 6.55 µM) and 3l (R = 4Br, IC50 = 8.21 µM) even demonstrated better inhibitory activity compared to reference inhibitors. With these reports in hand, it was estimated that the presence of electron-withdrawing groups at the para position is a potential structural point for urease inhibition activity.

Afterward, the effect of the same substitutions on the meta-position was explored. In testing the compounds 3g and 3h, it was shown that 3-nitro substitution (3g) has less effect on empowering the urease inhibitory potential than the 3-fluoro derivative (3h). A plausible explanation for such a difference can be drawn from the variation of the groups’ steric hindrance, in a way that the more bulky group 3-nitro’s effect was lower compared to 3-fluoro (which is not much larger than hydrogen). The compound 3k with the phenoxy group in meta-position had the lowest effect due to the substitution’s considerable steric hindrance. This compound was the only compound that showed less activity than thiourea as the standard drug.

The importance of steric hindrance and its effect on the urease inhibition potential of the compounds was also proved by comparing ortho-substituted one (3i) with others mentioned above. Obviously, ortho-substitutions provide more hindrance than the meta- and para-substituents. Therefore, the presence of bulky groups in this position has a higher negative impact. The hypothesis was strengthened further by the inhibitory effect reports of 3e and 3m with Cl at para, and meta position, respectively.

Again, to prove the positive effect of the electron-withdrawing ability of substitutions and the negative influence of steric hindrance, a comparison between compounds bearing 4-Cl and 4-Br (respectively 3e and 3l) showed that the para-chloro-substituted inhibitors had a higher potency than the para-bromo-substituted one. Plus, the presence of electron-donating groups, namely hydroxyl, methoxy, and methyl in either position decreased the inhibition potential compared to 3a.

Antimicrobial activity and structure–activity relationships (SAR) study

Antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds 3a–n were determined according to the agar dilution methods for Gram-positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228) and Gram-negative bacteria strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027). Table 2 shows the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of the target compounds in comparison with ciprofloxacin as the standard drug.

Table 2 Structure and antibacterial activity of compounds 3a–n.
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The screening of the antibacterial results disclosed a considerable number of compounds that displayed better activity against S. epidermidis in comparison with the parent drug ciprofloxacin. Also, some of the products showed similar activity to ciprofloxacin against S. aureus such as 3f. (R = 4-OMe), 3g (R = 3-NO2), and 3i (R = 2-F). Noteworthy, compound 3h (R = 3-F) showed similar activity to ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa and E. coli with MIC values of 0.048 and < 0.003 µg/ml, respectively. To better understand the SARs, synthetic compounds were divided into four groups based on tested strains.

Assessment on type and position of halogen-substituted groups against S. aureus demonstrated the following other of potency R = 2-F (3i) > R = 3-F (3h)–R = 3-Cl (3m)–R = 4-Cl (3e) > R = 4-Br (3l) > R = 4-F (3d). It seems that ortho fluorine substitution had the most dominant role in anti-S. aureus activity. On the other hand, as can be seen in 3b, 3c, 3j, and 3k, electron-donating groups had destructive effects against S. aureus. The exception in this trend came back to 3f containing 4-OMe with a MIC value of 0.024 µg/ml. Investigation of the nitro as a strong electron-withdrawing substitution showed that the 3g bearing ortho group had superior activity compared to the para counterpart (3n).

In the case of S. epidermidis, similarly, 3i (R = 2-F) exhibited significant inhibitory activity followed by para-halogen substituted groups (3d, 3e, and 3l with MIC = 0.048 µg/ml) and ortho ones (3m and 3h with MIC = 0.097 µg/ml). It can be easily understood that position of halogen had a more important role compared to the type of substitutions. In comparison with the parent drug ciprofloxacin, S. epidermidis had lower activity in the presence of 3b (R = 3-methoxy), and 3c (R = 4-methyl) as the electron-donating groups; however, these derivatives exhibited lower potency on the other tested species. In comparison with the other electron-donating derivatives, the significant advantage of compound 3f was that it had a serious impact not only on S. epidermidis, but also on S. aureus. Similar to S. aureus meta-nitro moiety (3g) possessed better anti-S. epidermidis activity compared to para-nitro derivative (3n).

From the screening data, it was revealed that just 3h (3-F) demonstrated similar activity to ciprofloxacin in comparison with the rest of the derivatives against P. aeruginosa. It was proposed that its small size with moderate lipophilicity plus weak electron-withdrawing properties had the most critical role against P. aeruginosa. Other halogenated compounds did not generally show a significant potency against P. aeruginosa in comparison with 3h. The other potent derivative in this group was 3g > 3e > 3l.

Noteworthy these compounds showed better activity against E. coli with MIC values ranging from < 0.003 to 0.097 µg/ml than P. aeruginosa (MIC range = 0.048–6.250 µg/ml) and compound 3h containing 3-F exhibited the best potency in this set. Although there were no statistically significant differences among the rest of the derivatives; however, in most cases halogen-substituted groups seem to slightly improve the anti-E. coli activity.

SARs assessment regarding all tested strains it can be seen that the substitution of the meta-position by nitro in the compound 3g caused an identical effect compared to para-position (3n) on all tested bacteria. Compound 3f (R = 4-OMe) bearing electron-donating group, improved the effect on all tested Gram-positive bacterias. Examining the effects of fluorine on the para- (3d), meta- (3h), and ortho- (3i) positions proved that the ortho-position-substituted fluorine compound had the best outcome on Gram-positive bacteria while 3-F represented ciprofloxacin-like effects on the Gram-negative bacterium P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Evaluation of Gram-positive bacteria exhibited that 3f (R = 4-OMe), 3g (R = 3-NO2), and 3i (R = 2-F) was the most active compound in this series with MIC value of 0.024 µg/ml against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. On the other hand, screening on the Gram-negative species recorded compound 3h bearing meta fluorine moiety as the most active compound.

Anti-ureolytic activity of 3n against urease positive microorganisms

The most potent derivative in enzymatic as well as antimicrobial assay was selected to evaluate against urease positive microorganisms including standard species of C. neoformans (H99), and clinical isolate of P. vulgaris. As can be seen in Table 3, derivative 3n significantly reduce the urease activity of tested pathogens which support the proposed therapeutic pathway to reduce urease activity against urease-positive microorganism.

Table 3 Antimicrobial assay and anti-ureolytic effects of 3n against C. neoformans and P. vulgaris.
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Molecular modeling

The docking procedure was applied based on our previous docking validity study39, to evaluate the interaction between newly synthesized compounds; 3a–n against the JB urease active site in comparison to thiourea as a reference urease inhibitor. The top induced-fit docking (IFD) scoring pose of all compounds was analyzed inside the binding site of JB urease. In the binding model, all the compounds are successfully occupied in the bi-nickel active site cavity.

Figure 4a shows the IFD pose of all compounds over JB urease. The docking results follow the cornerstone of SARs urease inhibition in which, the ciprofloxacin nucleus orients toward the two-nickel atoms through the 3-carboxylate and 4-carbonyl moiety of quinolone ring (Fig. 4b), similar to the behavior of the carbonyl oxygen in the AHA (crystallographic ligand of PDB ID: 4h9m). Also, different thioacyl moieties adopt a flexible conformation in the large hydrophobic opening of the active site flap pocket which is related to the attached substituents (Fig. 4a).

Figure 4
figure 4

Representation of the compounds docking poses over the active site (a) close-up illustration of ciprofloxacin nucleuses relative to the binuclear center (b), the active site flap (colored in green color).

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To understand the criteria for rational designing of urease inhibitors, it is necessary to uncover the structural perturbations incurred by the most potent compound (compounds 3n) over urease and the effect of this compound on the active site environment in comparison to thiourea as the urease standard inhibitor.

To study the steadiness of the protein–ligand complex root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the protein’s backbone from its starting to terminal conformation investigated over 30 ns MD simulation. Based on the ligand-complex RMSD result it can be concluded that the engaged simulation period has been adequate to reach a balanced structure over the simulation time (Fig. 5). Therefore, the average structure at the MD equilibrium state was used to explore the structural character of the ligand–protein complexes. The green line in Fig. 5 shows urease complexed with thiourea. The RMSD simulation got overall stability after 10 ns of MD simulation time with the RMSD value at around an average of 3.80 Å while the bound-state of compound 3n reached an equilibration state after 7 ns of MD simulation with an obviously lower RMSD value (2.2 Å) (Fig. 5, yellow line).

Figure 5
figure 5

RMSD plot of the urease backbone in complexed with thiourea (in green) and compound 3n (in yellow) over 30 ns of the MD simulation time.

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Additionally, to show the flexibility of the protein structure, the RMSF value of the protein’s residues was analyzed. Normally, the secondary structure related to α-helixes and β-sheets is more organized which show lower RMSF value while loops with loosely arranged structure show a higher one. As it is obvious from Fig. 6a the residues ranged in 590–606 with a helix-turn-helix structure, known as mobile flap region, covering the urease active site, depict significantly lower RMSF value in urease-compound 3n complex rather than urease-thiourea complex40.

Figure 6
figure 6

RMSF plot of the urease residue in complexed with thiourea (in green) and compound 3n (in yellow) (a), individual RMSF plot regards to ligand binding location over 30 ns MD simulation time (b). α-helical and ß-strand regions are highlighted in light pink and blue backgrounds, respectively.

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Furthermore, Fig. 6b shows that compound 3n well occupied and tightly anchored the helix-turn-helix motif over the active-site cavity (vertical green line), which reduced the flexibility of the mobile flap residues (590–609) by interacting with key amino acids and results in the inhibition of urease activity.

In order to investigate the flexibility of the mobile flap loop during the MD simulation time, the relative length between Ile599 at the tip of the flap region and Ala440 at the root and entrance of the active site channel are analyzed and compared in urease complex with compound 3n and thiourea, respectively. Figure 7a displays the length between Ile599 and Ala440 in urease complex with thiourea was about 34 Å corresponding to the open flap conformation, while in the case of urease complex with compound 3n this distance swung moderately with the significantly lower value of 23 Å associated to the close flap conformation (Fig. 7b) which promote the inhibition of the ureolytic reaction through stabilizing the reaction intermediate during41.

Figure 7
figure 7

The distance between Ala440 and Ile599 urease residues when complexed with thiourea (green), and compound 3n (yellow) during the whole MD simulation time. (a) Representative snapshots of MD simulations where the active site flap adopts the open (urease-thiourea complex) and closed (urease-compound 3n) conformations which depict in green and yellow color, respectively (b).

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The molecular interactions of thiourea and compound 3n over the binding site of urease were represented in Fig. 8. As can be seen, Fig. 8a shows thiourea formed H-bound interaction with Thr442, Thr467, and Cys405 through both of its NH2 groups during the equilibrated phase of MD simulation.

Figure 8
figure 8

2D representation of ligand-residue interactions that occur at least 30% of simulation time at the equilibrated phase of MD simulation which include urease bound-state with thiourea (a) and compound 3n (b). Timeline rendering of interacting residues during the whole simulation time in urease complexed with thiourea (c) and compound 3n (d).

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In addition, Fig. 8b shows the 3-carboxylate and 4-carbonyl moiety of quinolone ring of compound 3n tightly coordinated along the metal bi-nickel center and stabilized through residues His407, His409, Lys490, His519, His545, Gly550, and Asp633 for the whole simulation time.

The interaction timeline representation depicts that thiourea provided interactions through residues His407, His409, His519, and His545 which coordinated at the bi-nuclear center of the active site for about the first quarter of MD simulation time (Fig. 8c). By progressing the simulation procedure, the mentioned interactions disappeared and some new interactions with residues Thr442, Thr467, and Cys405 emerged and produced stabilized interactions for the rest of the simulation time (Fig. 8c). The changes in interacting pattern are because of some shifting in thiourea location which results in decreasing the number of effective interactions from 8 to about 4–5 during the simulation time (Fig. 8c, the top navy plot).

Furthermore, Fig. 8d shows that for about the first half of the MD simulation time compound 3n provided interactions with Ala436 and Arg439 in which they were disappeared and substituted by His594 and Asp602 located at the wall of the active site flap and stabilized until the end of the simulation time.

To reveal the origin of this phenomenon, the trajectory file of the MD simulation to detect any changes that cause residues Ala436 and Arg439 substituted by His594, Asp602 and Ala636 over the residue interaction timeline were monitored (Fig. 8d, green dash boxes). Based on the result, it figures showed that from the beginning of the simulation time (t = 0 ns) up to 16.56 ns compound 3n got the conformation in which the 4-nitro phenyl thioamide moiety adopted sin planar rotamer (sp rotamer) in which the thio and cyclopropyl groups oriented along the same side (Fig. 9a), while from that time the mentioned moiety instantly rotated to the anti-planar rotamer (ap rotamer) which stabilized until the end of MD simulation time (Fig. 9b). The difference in the orientation of the 4-nitro phenyl thioamide moiety results that the 4-nitro group formed electrostatic interaction with Arg439 in sp rotamer while it provided π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions with His594 and Asp602, respectively which both of them located at the sidewalls of the active site flap in ap rotamer. Also, the RMSD of compound 3n during the whole simulation time is presented in Fig. 9c.

Figure 9
figure 9

Two different configurations of 4-nitro phenyl thioamide moiety of compound 3n from the beginning of MD to the 16.56 ns (a) and from the time at 16.56 ns to the end of the MD simulation time (b). The RMSD of compound 3n during the whole simulation time (c).

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Moreover, in both of the conformers, the quinolone ring came up with π–π stacking and π–cation interaction with His593 and Arg609 at the root of the active site flap, respectively. It is noteworthy that His593 and His594 at one site and Arg609 at the other side of the active site flap seem to be at the strategic location because of affecting the flexibility of the mobile flap covering the active site entrance followed by inhibiting the ureolytic activity.

Finally, the MM-GBSA protocol was performed in order to uncover the impact of sp and ap rotamers on the free binding energy of compound 3n. In this way, two sets of 100 snapshots were extracted at the time interval of 30 ps from the last 2 ns of the sp rotamer (14.56 to 16.56 ns) and ap rotamer (28 to 30 ns) which can provide scope for predicting the binding energy of compound 3n. The calculated binding free energies (ΔGbind) and the individual energy components reveal that the binding free energies of urease complexed with ap rotamer is higher than sp rotamer (− 20.34 vs. − 14.65 kcal/mol, respectively) during the MD simulation time which may attribute to the more stabilizing effect of ap rotamer than sp rotamer (Table 4). Comparing other energy components show that in both of the rotamers ΔGCoulomb and ΔGvdW have the main contribution in providing free energy of binding which corresponds to the carboxylate ionization state and the hydrophobic character of the substitutions over the quinolone ring, respectively.

Table 4 Binding free energies and the individual energy terms of urease-compound 3n complex during the first 16.56 ns (0–16.56 ns) and the rest of the simulation time (16.56–30 ns) (kcal/mol).
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In silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesized compound

The main physico-chemical properties of the synthesized compounds, which represent drug-likeness, partition coefficient, solubility, and cell permeation, were calculated with the aid of the pkCSM web server (http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/pkcsm).

Assessments of molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), calculated LogP, and defining the number of violations of Lipinski’s rule of five (ROF violations) showed that the N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin scaffold meets the Lipinski drug-likeness criteria.

Relay on the impact of solubility and permeability on gastrointestinal absorption42, some relevant physico-chemical parameters like predicted aqueous solubility (Log S), the predicted permeability (LogCaco-2), and the predicted % human intestinal absorption (% HIA) were computed for newly synthesized compounds 3a–n and hydroxyurea (Table 5). Based on the obtained value, all compounds showed favorable solubility and exhibited high HIA in which their value is higher than 30%.

Table 5 Physico-chemical properties of compounds 3a–n.
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Conclusion

In conclusion, a new series of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin 3a–n were synthesized based on a facile Willgerodt-Kindler-type reaction under catalyst‐free conditions at a mild temperature. Besides, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the compounds was examined on two Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and two Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. A considerable number of compounds displayed better activity against S. epidermidis in comparison with the parent drug ciprofloxacin. Some of the compounds exhibited similar activity to ciprofloxacin against S. aureus. Among the derivatives, compound 3g displayed perfect activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli. This compound’s activity against S. epidermidis was twofold higher than that of ciprofloxacin, and its activity against S. aureus was similar to the value for the parent drug. In addition, compound 3h showed similar activity to ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Furthermore, these compounds showed excellent inhibitory activity against JB urease enzyme in comparison with the standard inhibitors (hydroxyurea and thiourea). The obtained results revealed that almost all the title compounds 3a–n were more potent than standard urease inhibitors. Moreover, the compounds 3d, 3e, 3g, 3h, 3l, and especially 3n were highly potent with IC50 values less than 10 µM. IFD investigation and MD simulations showed that compound 3n exhibited pronounced interaction with essential urease active site and mobile flap residues through the quinolone ring by coordinating toward the metal bi-nickel complex and the essential residues at the active site flap-like His593, His594, and Arg609, respectively. In addition, the results uncover the prominent ap rotamer of the 4-nitro phenyl thioamide derivative, which is the energetically favorable conformation rather than sn rotamer. The compatibility investigation of the compounds for both antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities revealed that the most pronounced compounds for the mentioned assays are 3g and 3h compounds, in which fluoro and nitro substituents were located at meta position, respectively. 3n also recorded IC50 values of 5.59 ± 2.38 and 5.72 ± 1.312 µg/ml to inhibit urease enzyme against C. neoformans and P.vulgaris in the ureolytic assay.

Without a doubt, the results of these structures can be construed as a lead compound for further investigations.

Materials and methods

Ciprofloxacin and sulfur, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and aldehydes were obtained from Merck. All chemicals and solvents employed in this research were of analytical grade. Melting points were also determined on a Kofler hot stage apparatus and reported uncorrected. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were also recorded on a Bruker FT-300, using TMS as an internal standard. IR spectra were taken by a Nicolet Magna FTIR 550 spectrophotometer (KBr disks). Elemental analysis was additionally performed on an Elementar Analysen system GmbH VarioEL CHNS mode.

General procedure for the synthesis of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n (Fig. S1-14)

A mixture of ciprofloxacin 1 (1 mmol), aromatic aldehydes 2a–n (1 mmol), and sulfur (4.0 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was stirred at 50 °C for 5–8 h at the closed condition. Then, the mixture was poured into the cold water, and the pure final derivatives 3a–n were filtered off. Recrystallization in ethanol was later on used to give pure target products.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(4-(phenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,4 dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3a

Yield 83%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3436, 3029, 1716, 1178 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53–7.28 (m, 3H), 4.55 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (h, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H), 3.64 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.30–3.16 (m, 2H), 1.44–1.29 (m, 2H), 1.28–1.12 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 199.56, 176.78 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.35, 154.87 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.51 (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 144.841 (3JC–F = 9.75 Hz), 142.94, 139.56, 129.13, 128.78, 126.40, 119.29 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 111.65 (2JC–F = 21 Hz), 107.21, 106.98 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 51.48, 48.91, 36.40, 8.10 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H22FN3O3S: C, 63.84; H, 4.91; N, 9.31. Found: C, 63.94; H, 4.99; N, 9.21.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(3-methoxyphenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3b

Yield 87%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3436, 3016, 1717, 1181 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.63 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.49–3.38 (m, 3H), 3.22 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 199.77, 176.71 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.32, 160.20, 154.82 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.36, 144.84 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 139.52, 135.26, 132.25, 128.69, 119.17 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 114.96, 113.91, 111.59 (2JC–F = 21 Hz), 107.18, 106.83 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 55.80, 51.70, 49.35, 36.37, 8.09 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C25H24FN3O4S: C, 62.36; H, 5.02; N, 8.73. Found: C, 62.56; H, 5.22; N, 8.59.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(4-methylphenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3c

Yield 90%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3441, 3023, 1715, 1183 cm−1. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.19 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36–7.14 (m, 4H), 4.54 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J = 7.2, 3.8 Hz, 3H), 3.62 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 1.34 (dd, J = 7.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 1.25–1.12 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 199.86, 176.82 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 166.37, 154.89 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.51, 144.87 (3JC–F = 9.75 Hz), 140.21, 139.59, 138.86, 129.20, 126.60, 119.32 (3JC–F = 8.25 Hz), 111.67 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.22, 107.01 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 51.53, 49.04, 36.40, 21.28, 8.10 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C25H24FN3O3S: C, 64.50; H, 5.20; N, 9.03. Found: C, 62.66; H, 5.08; N, 9.23.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(4-fluorophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3d

Yield 92%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3454, 3032, 1719, 1190 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.17 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64–7.42 (m, 2H), 7.34–7.13 (m, 3H), 4.53 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (dd, J = 6.9, 3.6 Hz, 3H), 3.68–3.59 (m, 2H), 3.46 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (dd, J = 7.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 1.25–1.14 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 197.36, 176.77 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 166.34, 163.73 (1JC–F = 243 Hz), 154.84 (1JC–F = 246.75 Hz), 148.45, 144.93 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 144.80 (3JC–F = 12 Hz), 139.56, 131.09 (3JC–F = 8.25 Hz), 122.49 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 119.27 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 116.02 (2JC–F = 21 Hz), 113.62 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 111.66 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.21, 106.91 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 51.53, 48.85, 36.39, 8.10 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21F2N3O3S: C, 61.40; H, 4.51; N, 8.95. Found: C, 61.26; H, 4.36; N, 9.03.

7-(4-(4-Chlorophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3e

Yield 91%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3433, 3019, 1720, 1188 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.17 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.46–7.38 (m, 2H), 4.53 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.83–6.78 (m, 3H), 3.64 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (dd, J = 7.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 1.19 (dt, J = 7.5, 5.1 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 198.00, 176.79 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.34, 154.85 (1JC–F = 246.75 Hz), 148.49, 144.80 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 141.65, 139.57, 133.79, 128.83, 128.38, 119.29 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 111.68 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.23, 106.94 (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 106.89, 51.58, 48.98, 36.39, 8.10 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21ClFN3O3S: C, 59.32; H, 4.36; N, 8.65. Found: C, 59.57; H, 4.43; N, 8.47.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(4-methoxyphenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3f

Yield 91%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3438, 3019, 1715, 1176 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.17 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 3.88–3.83 (m, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 1.36 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 1.19 (s, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 199.15, 176.76 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 166.34, 154.83 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 153.04, 148.44, 144.85 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 139.56, 138.31, 138.07, 119.18 (4JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 111.65 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.19, (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 104.19, 56.55, 51.65, 49.03, 36.39, 8.10 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C25H24FN3O4S: C, 62.36; H, 5.02; N, 8.73. Found: C, 62.49; H, 5.14; N, 8.59.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(3-nitrophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3g

Yield 91%; orange solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3452, 3029, 1724, 1187 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.16 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.30–8.19 (m, 2H), 7.97–7.68 (m, 3H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (dd, J = 6.9, 3.6 Hz, 3H), 3.68 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 196.05, 176.76 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 166.32, 154.82 (1JC–F = 246.75 Hz), 148.46, 148.02, 144.76 (3JC–F = 9.75 Hz), 144.05, 139.55, 135.37, 132.64, 130.58, 123.75, 121.31, 119.24 (3JC–F = 8.25 Hz), 111.67 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.21, 106.84 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 51.70, 48.97, 36.37, 8.11 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21FN4O5S: C, 58.06; H, 4.26; N, 11.28. Found: C, 58.29; H, 5.34; N, 11.09.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(3-fluorophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3h

Yield 84%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3446, 3032, 1724, 1189 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.01 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73–7.37 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.05 (m, 3H), 4.53 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (dq, J = 8.8, 4.5, 4.1 Hz, 3H), 3.64 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.44–1.29 (m, 2H), 1.18 (p, J = 5.8, 5.2 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 197.40 (4JC–F = 1.5 Hz), 176.65 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.28, 163.73 (1JC–F = 243 Hz), 154.78 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.29, 144.92 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 144.75 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 139.48, 131.08, (3JC–F = 8.25 Hz), 122.48 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 119.15 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 116.01 (2JC–F = 20.25 Hz), 113.63 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 111.57 (2JC–F = 23.25 Hz), 107.16, 106.77 (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 51.53, 48.87, 36.35, 8.09 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21F2N3O3S: C, 61.40; H, 4.51; N, 8.95. Found: C, 61.31; H, 4.34; N, 9.09.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(2-fluorophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3i

Yield 81%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3450, 3037, 1725, 1190 cm−1. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.11 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.17 (dt, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (dt, J = 8.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93–7.81 (m, 1H), 7.62–7.36 (m, 3H), 4.56 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 4.00–3.53 (m, 7H), 1.55–0.79 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 192.36 (4JC–F = 3 Hz),176.7448 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.30, 163.78 (1JC–F = 242.25 Hz), 154.85 (1JC–F = 246 Hz), 153.52, 148.41, 148.32, 145.22 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 140.94, 139.50, (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 133.77, 127.77, 126.95 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 125.73, 119.33 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 111.64 (2JC–F = 23.25 Hz), 111.57 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.22, 107.15 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 51.71, 49.66, 36.36, 8.09 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21F2N3O3S: C, 61.40; H, 4.51; N, 8.95. Found: C, 61.35; H, 4.38; N, 9.02.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(3-hydroxyphenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3j

Yield 84%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3446, 3019, 1715, 1176 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.15 (s, 1H), 9.75 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94–6.74 (m, 2H), 4.52 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.13–3.41 (m, 7H), 1.42–1.26 (m, 2H), 1.20 (dd, J = 6.1, 3.7 Hz, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 193.59, 176.76 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 169.52, 166.32, 157.83, 155.03 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.45, 148.40, 145.38 (3JC–F = 9.75 Hz), 139.54, 137.30, 130.07, 119.34 (3JC–F = 8.25 Hz), 117.87, 117.07, 114.31, 111.57 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.20, 107.17 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 51.76, 49.92, 36.36, 8.07 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H22FN3O4S: C, 61.66; H, 4.74; N, 8.99. Found: C, 61.71; H, 4.83; N, 8.86.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(4-(3-phenoxyphenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3k

Yield 78%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3441, 3019, 1716, 1174 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.16 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (ddd, J = 10.9, 6.1, 2.9 Hz, 3H), 7.26–6.97 (m, 6H), 4.51 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (dq, J = 15.0, 3.5 Hz, 3H), 3.62 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 1.44–1.28 (m, 2H), 1.25–1.12 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 198.24, 176.74 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.33, 157.05, 156.53, 154.84 (1JC–F = 247.5 Hz), 148.40, 144.80 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 144.56, 139.53, 130.65, 130.61, 124.39, 121.19, 119.80, 119.47, 119.23 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 118.83, 116.30, 111.63 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.20, 106.89 (4JC–F = 3.75 Hz), 51.54, 48.84, 36.37, 8.11 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C30H26FN3O4S: C, 66.28; H, 4.82; N, 7.73. Found: C, 66.55; H, 4.96; N, 7.68.

7-(4-(4-Bromophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3l

Yield 91%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3439, 3020, 1716, 1180 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.18 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69–7.46 (m, 3H), 7.34 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J = 83.1 Hz, 7H), 1.53–1.07 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (76 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 194.95, 176.86 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.40, 155.08 (1JC–F = 246.75 Hz), 148.56, 145.41 (3JC–F = 10.5 Hz), 139.61, 132.44, 132.40, 130.28, 130.16, 119.43 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 116.09, 115.80, 111.66 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.24, 106.98 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 51.49, 49.83, 36.39, 8.09 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21BrFN3O3S: C, 54.35; H, 3.99; N, 7.92. Found: C, 54.47; H, 4.06; N, 7.78.

7-(4-(3-Chlorophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3m

Yield 82%; yellow solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3435, 3016, 1712, 1176 cm−1. 1H NMR (301 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 15.08 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64–7.40 (m, 4H), 7.33 (td, J = 4.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.00–3.41 (m, 7H), 1.39–1.32 (m, 2H), 1.21–1.15 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (76 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 197.16, 176.66 (4JC–F = 2.25 Hz), 166.25, 154.96 (1JC–F = 246 Hz), 148.28, 145.28 (3JC–F = 9.75 Hz), 144.66, 139.46, 138.16, 133.76, 130.97, 130.08, 127.34, 126.11, 119.24 (3JC–F = 7.5 Hz), 111.52 (2JC–F = 22.5 Hz), 107.18, 107.01 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 51.58, 48.88, 36.33, 8.08 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21ClFN3O3S: C, 59.32; H, 4.36; N, 8.65. Found: C, 59.54; H, 4.47; N, 8.52.

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(4-nitrophenylcarbonothioyl)piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 3n

Yield 94%; orange solid; mp > 250 °C. IR (KBr): 3451, 3033, 1724, 1193 cm−1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.4 Hz Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96–3.72 (m, 3H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.40–3.36 (m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.26–1.10 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 196.29, 176.80 (4JC–F = 1.5 Hz), 166.36, 154.45 (1JC–F = 248 Hz), 148.54, 147.39, 144.87 (3JC–F = 11 Hz), 139.55, 128.92, 127.51, 124.33, 119.52 (3JC–F = 10 Hz), 111.67 (2JC–F = 23 Hz), 107.23 (4JC–F = 3 Hz), 107.00, 51.55, 48.63, 36.41, 8.08 ppm. Anal. calcd. For C24H21FN4O5S: C, 58.06; H, 4.26; N, 11.28. Found: C, 58.24; H, 5.37; N, 11.14.

In vitro urease inhibitory assay

All chemicals and jack bean urease (JBU; EC 3.5.1.5) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The urease inhibitory activity of N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n was determined by Berthelot colorimetric method. The ammonia (NH3) produced by the urease enzyme along with indicator solutions including hypochlorite (OCl−) and phenol make a blue-colored indophenol complex and the absorbance was measured at 625 nm by a Synergy H1 Hybrid multimode microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).

Assay completed in two steps, at the first step the enzyme cocktail for each compound consisted of 50 µl urease enzyme (3 mg/ml in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), 100 µl of test compound at different concentrations (0–10 mg/ml, in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and 850 µl urea solution (30 mM, in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). This mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min.

For the second step, each 100 µl of the above mixture was added to 500 µl of indicator solutions A (0.5 g phenol and 25 mg sodium nitroprusside in 500 ml distilled water) and 500 µl of B (2.5 g sodium hydroxide and 4.2 ml sodium hypochlorite (5%) in 500 ml distilled water) and further incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The absorbance of blue-colored indophenol of each cell is related to the percentage of enzyme inhibition using the following equation:

$${\text{I }}\left( \% \right) \, = \, \left[ {{1 } - \, \left( {{\text{T}}/{\text{C}}} \right)} \right] \, \times { 1}00.$$

In this equation, I (%) is assigned to the percent of enzyme inhibition. (T) is assigned to the absorbance of our test compounds and C is assigned to the negative control absorbance which is the absorbance of our cocktail without any inhibitor compound. Thiourea and hydroxyurea were used as the positive controls. The IC50 values of test compounds were calculated using GraphPad PRISM 8.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA).

Antibacterial activity

Two Gram-positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228) and two Gram-negative bacteria strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027) were used for evaluation of the synthesized N-thioacylated ciprofloxacin derivatives 3a–n. All the strains were obtained from Iranian Microbial Collection (Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran). The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was determined according to the agar dilution methods of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards43.

Briefly, a series of twofold dilutions of test compounds 3a–n and ciprofloxacin, the standard antibiotic, were dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO. Each concentration was added to molten test agars that have been allowed to equilibrate in a water bath to 55 °C, to attain the concentrations ranging from 100 to 0.003 µg/ml. To compare the MIC values; the standard antibiotic, ciprofloxacin was also diluted in the same manner.

To prepare the inoculums suspensions, the bacteria were cultured on Muller-Hinton agar 12–16 h before the test. On the day of the experiment, a single colony of each bacteria was suspended Muller–Hinton broth to reach the turbidity of 0.5 McFarland standard (0.08–0.1 absorbance at 600 nm), which is approximately equivalent to 1.5 \(\times\) 108 CFU/ml. The suspensions were then diluted at 1:10 in sterile saline to obtain a concentration of 1.5 \(\times\) 107 CFU/ml. The plates were dot inoculated with 2 ul of each bacterial suspension and incubated at 37 °C overnight. The MIC was also defined as the lowest concentration of test compounds that completely prevents the growth of bacteria on agar plate following overnight incubation.

Anti-ureolytic activity against ureolytic microorganisms

The colorimetric microdilution technique using urea broth media (Merck, supplemented with glucose; pH 6 for C. neoformans) was used to determine the ureolytic activity of C. neoformans (H99), and clinical isolate of P. vulgaris treated with 3n according to previously reported procedures18,37.

Molecular docking and dynamic simulations

The X-ray crystallographic structure of JB urease (www.rcsb.org; PDB ID: 4h9m) and the structure of the compound with the best urease inhibition activity along with the thiourea was used after preparation with the Protein Preparation Wizard and the LigPrep module of Schrödinger platform (Schrödinger, LLC, New York, NY, 2018). Molecular docking evaluations were performed according to previously reported procedures44.

The molecular simulation was performed using the Desmond v5.3 (Schrödinger 2018‐4 suite). To build the system for MD simulation, the protein–ligand complexes were solvated with SPC explicit water molecules and placed in the center of an orthorhombic box of appropriate size in the periodic boundary condition. Sufficient counterions and a 0.15 M solution of NaCl were also utilized to neutralize the system and to simulate the real cellular ionic concentrations, respectively. The MD protocol involved minimization, pre-production, and finally production MD simulation steps. In the minimization procedure, the entire system was allowed to relax for 2500 steps by the steepest descent approach. Then the temperature of the system was raised from 0 to 300 K with a small force constant on the enzyme to restrict any drastic changes. MD simulations were performed via NPT (constant number of atoms, constant pressure i.e. 1.01325 bar, and constant temperature i.e. 300 K) ensemble. The Nose–Hoover chain method was used as the default thermostat with 1.0 ps interval and Martyna–Tobias–Klein as the default barostat with 2.0 ps interval by applying isotropic coupling style. Long‐range electrostatic forces were calculated based on the particle‐mesh‐based Ewald approach with the cut‐off radius for Columbia forces set to 9.0 Å. Finally, the system was subjected to produce MD simulations for 30 ns for each protein–ligand complex. During the simulation, every 1000 ps of the actual frame was stored. The dynamic behavior and structural changes of the systems were analyzed by the calculation of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and RMSF.

Prime MM-GBSA

The ligand-binding energies (ΔGBind) were calculated using molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM‑GBSA) modules (Schrödinger LLC 2018) based on the following equation:

$$\Delta {\text{G}}_{{{\text{Bind}}}} = {\text{ E}}_{{{\text{Complex}}}} {-} \, \left[ {{\text{E}}_{{{\text{Receptor}}}} + {\text{ E}}_{{{\text{Ligand}}}} } \right],$$

where ΔGBind is the calculated relative free energy in which it includes both receptor and ligand strain energy. EComplex is defined as the MM-GBSA energy of the minimized complex, and ELigand is the MM-GBSA energy of the ligand after removing it from the complex and allowing it to relax. EReceptor is the MM-GBSA energy of relaxed protein after separating it from the ligand.

Prediction of pharmacokinetic properties of synthesis compounds

Prediction of the molecular properties of the synthesized compounds 3a–n was performed using the online servers as pkCSM (http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/pkcsm/).