A study of triple-mass diffusion species and energy transfer in Carreau–Yasuda material influenced by activation energy and heat source

The mechanism of thermal transport can be enhanced by mixing the nanoparticles in the base liquid. This research discusses the utilization of nanoparticles (tri-hybrid) mixture into Carreau–Yasuda material. The flow is assumed to be produced due to the stretching of vertical heated surface. The phenomena of thermal transport are modeled by considering Joule heating and heat generation or absorption involvement. Additionally, activation energy is engaged to enhance heat transfer rate. The mathematical model composing transport of momentum, heat and mass species is developed in Cartesian coordinate system under boundary layer investigation in the form of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. The complex partial differential equations are converted into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the appropriate similarity transformation. The conversion of PDEs into ODEs make the problem easy to handle and it overcome the difficulties to solve the PDEs. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved with the help of help of finite element scheme. The obtained solution is plotted against numerous involved parameters and comparative study is established for the reliability of method and accuracy of obtained results. An enhancement in fluid temperature is recorded against magnetic parameter and Eckert number. Also, decline in velocity is recorded for Weissenberg number and concentration is controlled against higher values of Schmidt number. Furthermore, it is recommended that the finite element scheme can be implemented to handle complex coupled nonlinear differential equation arising in modeling of several phenomena occurs in mathematical physics.


Scientific Reports
| (2022) 12:10219 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13890-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Haq et al. 6 captured consequences of energy transfer inserting SWCNTs in trapezoidal cavity solved by finite element method. The involvement of nanoparticles for the enhancement of heat transport in thermal exchanges under several important effects computational study was presented by Bondareva et al. 7 to analyze the thermal transport by mixing different nanoparticles indifferent phase changing materials. Mallawi and ullah 8 examined the continuation of slip in Darcy-Forchheimer inclined plane medium containing the mixture of hybrid nanoparticles. They derived the flow governing equation in the form of partial differential equations by engaging boundary layer survey and solved the resulting transformed ordinary differential equations by incorporating similarity transformation with the help of homotopic procedure. They monitored the decline in velocity field by augmenting the values of slip parameter. Algehyne et al. 9 studied the inclusion of ternary hybrid nanoparticles mixture in pseudo-plastic material past over a heated porous surface in the presence of heat generation and modified heat flux (Cattaneo-Christov model). They analyzed the shear thinning and thickening behavior of considered model for different values of power law index. They engaged a powerful numerical scheme namely finite element procedure to handle the model equations. They found the description in fluid velocity against porosity parameter. Modeling of fluid flows over a stretching surface got remarkable consideration due to their industrial wider applications. For instance, Dadheech et al. 10 implemented magnetic field in energy transfer phenomena based on natural convention inserting approach of hybrid nanoparticles and nanofluid. They investigated comparative analysis among nanofluid and hybrid nanoparticles. Khan and Pop 11 studied the stretched viscous nanofluid boundary value problem past over a linear stretching sheet. They have shown the increase in temperature against Brownian motion parameter and depreciation in concentration field. Moreover, validity of result is expressed by comparing the obtained solution as a limiting case of previously published findings. Rajagopal et al. 12 presented the numerical study on second grade liquid past over a stretching sheet. Chabani et al. 13 used hybrid nanoparticles to obtain maximum amount of energy transfer in triangular enclosure. Shafiq et al. 14 developed model hyperbolic tangent liquid inserting role of bioconvective flow with nanoparticles over porous surface. Saeed et al. 15 investigated thermal enhancement in couple stress liquid using hybrid nanoparticles approach in the presence of Darcy-Forchheimer theory. Saeed et al. 16 studied physical significance of nanoparticles over a stretching surface via convective energy transfer. Ullah et al. 17 used the Lie group similarity analysis to handle the problem of non-Newtonian model with thermal transport. They mentioned that higher values of magnetic retard the flow. Some important contributions are covered in [18][19][20][21] . Elkoumy et al. 22 discussed influences of Maxwell liquid in heat energy in the presence of peristaltic flow under action of Hall current and magnetic field. Abdelsalam 23 studied electro-magnetically containing swimming sperms in the presence self-propulsion in heated channel. Eldesoky et al. 24 discussed thermal aspects in peristaltically induced incorporating slip conditions in catheterized heated pipe. Bhatti and Abdelsalam 25 studied impacts of hybrid nanoparticles in peristaltic propulsion under action of magnetic effects. Marzougui et al. 26 captured features of magnetic field in entropy generation and energy transfer in the presence of nanofluid. Pushpa et al. 27 determined phenomena of convective flow inserting approach of nanofluid in thin baffle. Rasool et al. 28 discussed model of Second grade liquid considering features of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation using Darcy-Forchheimer model. Shafiq et al. 29 investigated mechanism magnetic field in the presence of Darcy-Forchheimer theory in nano-Casson material. Kumar et al. 30 studied phenomena regarding enhancement of heat transfer in ferromagnetic flow in the occurrence of hybrid nanoparticles considering with solar radiation. Ganesh Kumar et al. 31 performed modeling of heat transfer implementing nanoparticles considering various shapes effects over a moving heated frame numerically simulated by least square approach. Kumar et al. 32 analyzed study of thermal energy enhancement due to carbon nanotubes in heated channel (convergent/divergent) under the occurrence of Darcy-Forchheimer medium. Souayeh et al. 33 investigated characterizations of thermal radiation in energy transfer involving rheology of ferromagnetic in the presence of nanomaterial based on dusty fluid using slip conditions. Kumar et al. 34 discussed features of Maxwell liquid in Double-diffusive free approach related to conservative heat transfer including thermal radiation over a heated surface. Kumar et al. 35 studied double diffusion phenomena in convective flow including Casson liquid involving the concept of thermal radiation using slip conditions and thermal radiation. Kumar et al. 36 discussed thermal features in viscoelastic fluid inserting nanofluid under action of thermal radiation implementing convective boundary conditions past a stretching heated surface. Ganesh Kumar 37 developed energy transfer model in term of three dimensional flows in the presence of thermal radiation and nanoparticles over heated surface. Kumar et al. 38 investigated impacts of non-Newtonian liquid considering nanofluid and slip factor across a heated surface. Ali et al. 39 analyzed modeling of blood behavior in stenosis simulated by finite difference approach. Khan et al. 40 modeled problem regarding energy transfer including anomalous diffusion amorphous semiconductors implementing fractional calculus. Hussain et al. 41 studied mixed convective heat transfer in presence of CNTs nanofluid considering reactions and variable viscosity. Irfan et al. 42 evaluated thermal aspects in term of convective heat transport using new mass flux approach in Carreau liquid. Ali et al. 43 studied dynamics behavior regarding Josephson junction using fractional calculus procedure. Hussain et al. 44 discussed features of thermal flux in Jeffery flow using concept of heat source past stretching surface. Hussain et al. 45 studied thermal and solute effects in hybrid nanoparticles using chemical reaction over curved surface involving various shapes effects. Irfan et al. 46 investigated theoretical analysis of Carreau liquid in heat and mass fluxes using new concept of activation energy under magnetic influence. Rafiq et al. 47 studied thermal features of Maxwell liquid in the presence of thermal radiation including suspension of nanoparticles.
Available study shows that no one attempted the ternary hybrid nanoparticles mixed Carreau-Yasuda model numerically via finite element scheme along with activation energy. The utilization of viscous dissipation, Joule heating in the mixture of ternary hybrid nanoparticles is an important novel contribution to the existing body of knowledge. This report is organized as follows. • Literature survey is reported in "Introduction" section; • Modeling under several important physical aspects with similarity analysis is included in "Transportation of mass diffusion species" section; • Utilized scheme is explained in "Numerical method for solution" section; • Results are analyzed in "Results and discussion" section and important findings are reported in "Conclusions" section. Further, tri-hybrid nanoparticles are made by mixture of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide in ethylene glycol.

Transportation of mass diffusion species
An enhancement in motion of Tri-hybrid nanoparticles in Carreau Yasuda liquid over a vertical heated surface is observed which is shown in Fig. 1. Two dimensional flow, thermal energy and concentration is carried out. Bouncy force is appeared while variable magnetic field is taken out. It is noticed that magnetic field is assumed as a 0, B 0 A x , 0 to make dimensionless magnetic parameter while velocity regarding stretching surface is taken as U w = ax. Double diffusion species along with hybrid nanoparticles and tri-hybrid nanofluid is addressed. Motion of Tri-hybrid nanoparticles is occurred due to movement of walls along y-direction. Features related to viscous dissipation, heat generation and Joule heating are inserted in heat transfer phenomena. Transport of mass species is occurred in the presence of activation energy and chemical reaction. Following physical actions 48 are considered below: • The rheology of Carreau Yasuda liquid is observed; • Triple species along with activation energy and chemical reaction is addressed; • Heat generation phenomena is taken out; It is noticed that Eq. (7) is used to obtain system of ODEs in Eqs. (1)-(6) modeled ODEs with dimensionless BCs  Table 1.

Numerical method for solution
A system of ODEs within BCs is numerically solved using finite element approach. Discussion regarding finite element approach is addressed below. A finite element method is adopted to simulate numerical results of present model which is clearly explained via Fig. 3. A field related structural mechanics is used to develop finite element method. A phenomenal role of finite element method is that to tackle complex geometries, unstructured grids and curved cells with ease. An important advantage of FEM is that to divide problem into finite number of elements. A finite element method is observed as good method in view of accuracy analysis, convergence analysis and stability analysis rather than others numerical methods. The following advantages of implementing finite element method are listed below.
• Numerous of applications of finite element method are investigated in computational fluid mechanics problems; • Complex types of geometries are tackled by FEM; • Physical problems based on applied science are developed by FEM; • It has ability to discretize the derivatives with very ease; • An important role of FEM is that to solve various types of boundary conditions; • FEM requires low investment and time rather than others numerical techniques.
Step-I: Equations (6)-(7) within BCs are called strong form. It is noticed that collecting all terms of Eqs. (6)-(7) on one side and integrating it over each elements of domain are residuals. Such procedure is known as weighted (residual method) for the development of weak forms. Step-II: Weak form is developed using linear shape functions by implementing Galerkin finite element method. The residuals of present analysis are formulated as The shape functions are developed as Step-III: Assembly approach is utilized for the development of stiffness element whereas assembly approach is performed via assembly procedure of FEA. Stiffness elements are derived as Step-IV: Picard linearization approach provides transformed algebraic system (linear equations).
Step-V: Finally, system of linear algebraic equations is numerically solved within computational tolerance ( 10 −5 ). The stopping condition is listed below.
Step-VI:  Table 5 when above stopping criterion is satisfied. Further, error analysis is simulated in Table 5.
where N is used for number iterations and S is called computational nodal value.

Validation of results. It is noticed that comparative numerical values of Nusselt number is validated with
published study 49 neglecting impacts of tri-hybrid nanoparticle, viscous dissipation, Weissenberg number and heat generation number. Good agreements are found among present work and published work 49 whereas com- (37) Error = S N+1 − S N

Results and discussion
Aspects related to triple-diffusion species and energy transfer are studied towards a stretching heated sheet. Rheology of Carreau Yasuda material is inserted into fluid particles along with base fluid called engine oil inserted hybrid nanoparticles under an influence of magnetic field. Thermal aspects are based on heat generation, viscous dissipation and Joule heating phenomena whereas concentration aspects are considered as activation energy and chemical species. Such complex developed model is numerical simulated using finite element method. It noticed that ranges of parameters and 0.2 ≤ δ 2 ≤ 3 are considered in simulations 50 . A detail and comprehensive discussion for concentration, flow behavior and heat energy is discussed below. Table 4. Comparison of numerical study regarding −θ(0) with published work 48 when Ec = 0, H t = 0, m = 0, ϕ 1 = 0ϕ 2 = 0ϕ 3 = 0.

Flow analysis and distribution in various parameters
Flow of tri-hybrid nanoparticles is measured against variation in magnetic field number, Weissenberg number and fluid number whereas these influences are noticed by Figs. 4, 5 and 6. An influence of Weissenberg number on velocity field is addressed by Fig. 4. Velocity curves are decreasing function against an impact of W. This decreasing impact of velocity curves is occurred due to using the concept of Weissenberg number. The termed related to Weissenberg number is defined as relation among viscous force and elastic force. An increase in Weissenberg number results an increment in viscous force. So, higher viscous force makes fluid layers more thick. It is noticed that fluid layers are decreased using higher numerical values of Weissenberg parameter. The measurement of motion into base fluid along with Carreau Yasuda liquid against magnetic field is addressed by Fig. 5. The reduction into motion particles is visualized when magnetic field is enhanced. This decreasing influence is happened due to Lorentz force. From mathematical point of view, Lorentz force is appeared as a negative force which is opposite against flow of nanoparticles. It is revealed that flow speed into motion is gradually reduced when magnetic field is gradually increased. Moreover, magnetic field is placed towards opposite flow regarding nanoparticles. Therefore, fluid becomes more viscous when magnetic field is applied. Momentum layers are based on numerical values of magnetic parameter. It estimated that velocity into fluidic particles is decreased when magnetic parameter is increased. Physically, occurrence of magnetic parameter is appeared using an impact of Lorentz force. Further, Lorentz force is force which is applied by magnetic field into fluidic particles. Lorentz force in momentum equation is appareled as negative force which produces significant friction in fluidic particles. Therefore, velocity of fluid is declined when magnetic number is increased. Thickness associated with momentum layers are also declined versus variation in magnetic parameter. An impact of d is investigated into motion regarding particles considered by Fig. 6. The numerical values of d are used to characterize fluids category. Decreasing role of velocity is noticed against higher values of d. Such, kind effect is investigated by Fig. 6 including an impact of tri-hybrid nanoparticles. Here, the parameter is related to (d) is known as fluid number. Physically, it is formulated due to presence of Carreau Yasuda liquid. Fluid is became more viscous against higher impact of (d). A resistance force is produced into fluid particles when (d) is increased.   Figure 7 reveals an influence of Eckert number on an impact of heat energy. From Fig. 7, temperature into fluid particles is increased using higher values of Eckert number. From physical view, Eckert number means viscous dissipation of fluid particles. The direct relation among viscous dissipation and Eckert number is noticed. So, an increment in viscous dissipation reveals rate of work done of fluid particles is increased. Hence, heat energy is increased against higher values of Eckert number. Moreover, Eckert number is dimensionless number. Physically, it is defined as division among kinetic energy and enthalpy. So, an increment in Eckert number results higher kinetic energy of fluid particles. It is also used to measure the effect of selfheating phenomena into fluid particles. Thermal layers for the case of Ec = 0 is less than as compared for the case of Ec = 0 . A role of magnetic parameter against temperature profile is measured by Fig. 8. It is mentioned that an impact of magnetic number is appeared because of Joule heating phenomenon. Moreover, Joule heating means conversion of electric current into heat energy. So, fast process regarding conversion of electric current into heat energy is occurred which is based on Joule heating procedure. Hence, useful effect of magnetic parameter is visualized on temperature profile considering tri-hybrid nanomaterial. The term related to Joule heating is depicted in dimensionless energy equation. It is dimensionless number which is used to measure fluidic temperature and amount of thermal energy. Thermal layers are based on variation of Joule heating term. It is found that thermal layers have increasing function versus magnetic field. Figure 9 illustrates variation of heat energy versus applying numerical values of heat generation number whereas dual character of heat generation number is noticed. The dual behavior of H t is based on negative as well as positive values of heat generation number while negative values of H t is known as heat absorption and positive values of H t is termed as heat generation. Temperature profile is increased when heat generation number

Mass species analysis and distribution in various parameters. The estimation of mass diffusion is
investigated versus an influence of Schmidt number, activation number, chemical reaction number and Lewis parameter considered by Figs. 10, 11 and 12. Figure 10 is plotted to measure investigation among Schmidt number and diffusion of mass species. Diffusion into mass species becomes slow down versus an impact of Schmidt number. The Schmidt parameter is noticed as a division among mass diffusivity and momentum diffusivity. An inversely proportional relation is noticed in view Schmidt number versus mass diffusivity. Therefore, an increment into diffusion via mass species is occurred when Schmidt parameter is increased. The role of activation energy is observed on mass species conducted by Fig. 11. A significant impact of activation energy is investigated on mass species. It is noticed that procedure of diffusion of species becomes fast using higher values of activation of energy. Figure 12 predicts investigation of chemical reaction on mass species. From graphical point of view, concentration field is decreased versus higher impact of chemical reaction number. A decreasing impact of concentration profile is noticed when Lewis number is also increased is shown through Fig. 13.
Analysis related to Nusselt number, drag force coefficient and Sherwood number. Table 5 is prepared for measure the influences against variation in Weissenberg number, magnetic number, heat generation number and chemical reaction number. It is noticed that argumentation is observed into motion via fluid particles versus the variation in Weissenberg number and magnetic parameter. Rate of heat transfer phenomena is decreased when magnetic parameter and Weissenberg number is enhanced. Role of heat generation is visualized as a significant for case of higher impact of heat generation number in view of fluid motion and thermal   www.nature.com/scientificreports/ energy as well as for case of mass diffusion. An inclination into heat energy and mass species are captured against the variation in chemical reaction number in base fluid along with Carreau Yasuda liquid (Table 5).

Conclusions
Developed model including double diffusion effect over a moveable vertical surface is considered. A rheology related to Carreau Yasuda martial is analyzed along with Darcy's Forchheimer model is addressed. A finite element scheme is utilized to simulate required results. The desired consequences are captured below.
• Convergence of problem is investigated carried by 300 elements; • Higher viscosity is generated versus higher numerical values of magnetic number, fluid parameter and Weissenberg number; • Maximum production in view of heat energy is obtained using argument impacts of magnetic parameter, Eckert number and heat generation number; • Diffusion into fluid particles is slow down versus higher values of Schmidt number, Lewis number and chemical reaction number are increased; • Ternary hybrid nanoparticles approach is visualized most significant to boost heat energy into fluid particles rather than hybrid nanoparticles approach; • Coolant in automobiles and dynamics of fuel are applicable involvement of ternary hybrid nanoparticles; • Remarkable achievement in heat transfer process which is applicable in industrial technologies, hybrid powered engines, fuel cells, microelectronics and industrial technologies; • Developing model is applicable in printing process, electronic devices, temperature measurements, engineering process and food making, coolant in automobiles, fluidic dynamic process and solar systems.

Data availability
All the data is given within the manuscript.