Introduction

Cardiac troponins (cTn) exist as two specific isotypes; I and T (cTnI, cTnT). Elevated concentrations of cTn are seen in a range of acute and chronic cardiac disease states, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure1, as well as in non-cardiac disease2. In addition, cTn has been shown to be a robust marker of cardiovascular- and all-cause mortality, both in the general population3,4,5, in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD)6, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)7,8, as well as in patients with non-cardiac disease9.

Currently, high sensitivity (hs) assays exist for both troponin isotypes, enabling accurate quantification of cTn even in patients without known cardiovascular disease (CVD)10. In addition to the widely adopted Roche hs-cTnT assay and Abbott hs-cTnI assay, novel very high-sensitivity cTnI assays, such as the Nanosphere VeriSens and Quanterix SiMoA cTnI assays, have been developed. Additionally, a Single Molecule Counting (SMC) hs-cTnI assay developed by Singulex was briefly available for clinical use, and is the hs-cTnI assay utilized in the current study. The increased analytical sensitivity of these assays facilitates high precision cTn measurements which can be utilized for diagnostic purposes other than acute ischemia11,12,13.

With the advent of high-resolution computer tomography (CT) machines, Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) has become an attractive modality in the assessment of CAD. Population studies have demonstrated that an anatomical approach to evaluating chest pain is non-inferior to traditional cardiac stress testing and might enable targeted intervention and prevention of cardiovascular events14,15. In the evaluation of suspected chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), European guidelines (2019) emphasize the utility of CCTA16. Further, CCTA enables the quantification of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, a robust CVD risk marker17. Additionally, international guidelines for prevention of CVD recommend both systematic and opportunistic application of multifactorial risk estimation scores to assess patient’s CVD risk prior to intervention18,19.

In this study we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic properties of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT assays for obstructive CAD in patients with suspected CCS evaluated with CCTA. We hypothesized that (1) the utilization of a single hs-cTn measurement would enable rule-out of obstructive CAD, (2) the higher analytical sensitivity of the hs-cTnI assay would provide superior rule-out abilities to the hs-cTnT assay, and (3) the addition of hs-cTn to an established cardiovascular risk stratification model would enable more accurate identification of individuals at risk of obstructive CAD. Lastly (4), we aimed to assess the comparative association between hs-cTn and CAC scores in the study population.

Material and methods

Study design

This study utilizes data from a prospective cohort study from the University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), a secondary cardiological referral center, investigating the comparative performance of CCTA and invasive coronary angiography (clinical trial identifier: NCT01476579). A total of 1511 patients referred for invasive evaluation of CAD at the clinical discretion of designated cardiologists, were eligible for inclusion. Referral for coronary evaluation was independent of the current study and included classical sign and symptoms of CCS, such as exertional chest pain and dyspnea, evaluation of new onset heart failure without acute coronary syndrome, evaluation of primary arrythmias and evaluation of CAD prior to valve replacement surgery. Of the patients eligible for inclusion, 805 had missing data, declined participation or were otherwise unable to be included in the study or final analyses, or were excluded by predefined criteria. (Supplemental Fig. 1). The study was approved by the Norwegian Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research, Division North, and conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Cardiac computed tomography angiography

All CCTA were performed on a 128 × 2-slice dual source CT machine (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) with the test protocol chosen based on patient heart rate characteristics.

All angiograms were analyzed at UNN by either of two senior thorax radiology consultants with > 5 years of experience and a Level 2 or equivalent expertise per the standards of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography20. Angiograms were described on a segmental basis per the American Heart Association classification21. CAC score was calculated using the Agatston method22.

The primary endpoint in this study was obstructive CAD, which was defined as the presence of any epicardial coronary luminal diameter reduction of 50% or more (CAD50) assessed by CCTA. Accordingly, patients with coronary stenosis ranging from 50% obstruction to complete occlusion were classified as CAD50. The presence of coronary plaques with < 50% stenoses was defined as ‘non-obstructive CAD’, and coronary arteries without plaques was defined as ‘no CAD’.

Blood sampling and biochemical assays

Venous blood samples were obtained prior to the same-day CCTA examination. The samples were centrifuged, and the serum was frozen and stored at -80 °C at UNN. Analyses of cTnT was performed at the central clinical laboratory at UNN utilizing the Roche hs-cTnT assay (Elecsys STAT cardiac troponin T) on a Cobas 8000/e602 platform with a limit of detection (LoD) at 3 ng/L, as per manufacturer documentation, and a sex-neutral 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) of 14 ng/L. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 2.8% at a sample concentration of 28 ng/L. cTnI was analyzed at Akershus University Hospital with the Singulex Clarity SMC ultra-sensitivity cTnI assay with a LoD at 0.08 ng/L and a sex-neutral 99th percentile URL of 6.74 ng/L, as reported by the manufacturer. In our laboratory the CV was 14.5% at a low concentration sample (0–2.0 ng/L, n = 60) and 6.8% at a high concentration sample (100.0 ng/L, n = 59).

To allow for an assumed hs-cTn distribution below the LoD, concentrations < 3 ng/L for hs-cTnT and < 0.08 ng/L for hs-cTnI are imputed as half the LoD in all analyses. To fully utilize the analytical precision of the hs-cTnI assay, concentrations are reported to one decimal place. hs-cTnT concentrations are reported as whole numbers, as recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC).

Cardiovascular risk stratification

European guidelines for CVD risk assessment in primary prevention currently utilize the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) model, while the Norwegian national guidelines utilize the NORRISK2 model18,23. The NORRISK2 is a SCORE-like model calibrated to the demographic and morbidity characteristics of the Norwegian population. The NORRISK2 model calculates the age specific 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events and yields both a graded and categorical evaluation of a subject’s risk profile. In the context of this article the NORRISK2 score is not used to provide pre-test probability scores for obstructive CAD or CVD prognostication, but rather as a graded marker of CVD risk without incorporating the associated age-dependent clinical decision limits18,19,23,24. Patient’s anginal burden is assessed by the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)25.

Statistical methods

All categorical variables are reported as absolute numbers with percentages and continuous variables as medians with quartiles 1 and 3. Baseline variables were analyzed with non-parametric tests; comparison of categorical variables was done using the Pearson’s chi-square test and continuous variables with the Mann–Whitney-U test. Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analyses were utilized to assess predictors of hs-cTn. Logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze associations between hs-cTn and the presence of CAD and CAC scores, respectively. The following covariates were a priori selected and included in the regression models as adjustment for known confounders: Age, sex, current smoking, a history of CAD, diabetes or heart failure (HF), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). All covariates were first assessed for univariable associations, followed by multivariable modelling of significant predictors utilizing a stepwise backward elimination approach. Due to right-skewed distributions, we use base 2 log-transformed values of hs-cTn and LDL-C in all regression models. CAC scores of zero was imputed as 0.1 and log2-transformed in all models. The continuous association between CAC scores and hs-cTn was assessed by flexible cubic spline models tested for best fit (2 to 7 knots) based on the lowest Akaike Information Criterion. Patients were stratified by tertiles of the NORRISK2-score as either low, intermediate or high-risk. The performance of hs-cTn in diagnosing CAD50 was examined by receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) with corresponding c-statistics, continuous Net Reclassification Improvement (cNRI) and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI).

Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated for the hs-cTn concentration thresholds at the assay specific LoD, total population median and the 99th percentile URLs. To facilitate comparison between the hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT assays in individuals with very low hs-cTn concentrations, the group-specific hs-cTnI 25th, 50th and 75th concentration percentiles were used as diagnostic thresholds in the subgroup of patients with hs-cTnT concentrations below the LoD.

All statistical analyses were performed with STATA 15 (StataCorp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15.1. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC). Two-sided p-values with a significance level of 5% or confidence intervals (CI) with a confidence level of 95% are used to indicate assumed statistical significance.

Results

Baseline characteristics

In total, 706 patients referred for angiographic evaluation of CAD were included in the study analyses. Where available, the primary reason for referral was suspected CCS in 645 (91%) patients, evaluation of CAD prior to valve replacement surgery in 31 (4%) patients and new onset or worsened HF in 14 (2%) patients. Median age was 65 (range 28–87) years and 245 (35%) were women. Established CAD and HF were present in 280 (40%) and 41 (6%) patients. An overview of patient characteristics by primary reason for referral is available as Supplemental Table 6.

CAD50 was present in 397 (56%) patients, 233 (33%) had non-obstructive CAD and 76 (11%) had no CAD. The prevalence of CAD50 in patients referred for evaluation of new onset or worsened HF or evaluation of CAD prior to valve replacement surgery was 36% and 58%, respectively (Supplemental Table 1). Patients with CAD50 were older, more often male, had higher BMI, higher systolic blood pressure, lower eGFR, lower LDL-C, had a higher comorbidity burden and used more preventive medication. CAC scores were higher in patients with versus without CAD50: median 501 (Q1-3 145–1427) and 23 (0–201), respectively. The median (Q1-3) NORRISK2 score was 13 (8–18) in patients with CAD50 and 9 (5–13) in patients without CAD50 (p < 0.001). (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography stratified by the presence of ≥ 50% luminal stenosis (CAD50) in any coronary segment.
Full size table

Predictors of high sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T

All patients had hs-cTnI concentrations above the LoD (median 1.9 [Q1-3 1.2–3.6] ng/L), whereas 511 patients (72%) had hs-cTnT above the LoD (median 5 [2–11] ng/L). The correlation between hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT was 0.64, p < 0.001.

The median (Q1-3) hs-cTnI concentrations in women and men were 1.4 (0.8–2.2) ng/L and 2.3 (1.4–4.8) ng/L (p < 0.001). The respective median hs-cTnT concentrations were 4 (2–8) ng/L and 8 (4–13) ng/L (p < 0.001).

In adjusted linear regression modelling of the total population, older age, male sex, history of diabetes, history of HF and higher BMI significantly predicted both higher hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT concentrations. Lower eGFR was significantly associated with higher hs-cTnT but not hs-cTnI, whereas higher SBP was significantly associated with higher hs-cTnI, but not hs-cTnT. These variables accounted for 33% and 29% of the variance in hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in the regression models (adjusted R2 = 0.33 and 0.29). (Supplemental Table 2).

Association between cardiac troponins and obstructive CAD

The median (Q1-3) hs-cTnI concentration was 2.3 (1.4–4.7) ng/L in patients with CAD50, 1.5 (1.0–2.6) ng/L in patients with non-obstructive CAD, and 1.3 (0.8–2.4) ng/L in patients without CAD, p < 0.001 for both comparisons. The corresponding values for hs-cTnT were 8 (3–12) ng/L, 6 (2–9) ng/L and 5 (2–8) ng/L, p < 0.001 for both comparisons.

Men with CAD50 had higher hs-cTn concentrations than women with CAD50 (hs-cTnI: 2.7 [1.6–5.2] ng/L vs. 1.6 [1.0–2.4] ng/L, p < 0.001, and hs-cTnT: 8 [4–14] ng/L vs. 5 [2–9] ng/L, p < 0.001).

Higher concentrations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were associated with CAD50 in unadjusted analyses (hs-cTnI: Odds Ratio (OR) 1.45, 95% CI [1.28–1.64], p < 0.001, hs-cTnT: OR 1.27 [1.13–1.41], p < 0.001). However, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, history of CAD, diabetes and HF, BMI, SBP, LDL-C and eGFR, only hs-cTnI remained significantly associated with CAD50 (OR 1.20 [1.05–1.38], p = 0.009). (Supplemental Table 3).

The area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) for hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in predicting CAD50 was 0.65 (0.61–0.69) and 0.60 (0.65–0.64), respectively, p = 0.01 for difference. There were no significant sex-dependent differences between the AUCs of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in diagnosing CAD50 (hs-cTnI: Women: 0.60 [0.53–0.67], Men: 0.63 [0.58–0.68], p = 0.53; hs-cTnT: Women: 0.55 [0.48–0.62], Men: 0.60 [0.54–0.65], p = 0.32).

Diagnostic properties of cardiac troponins stratified by risk categories

The NORRISK2-score was computable in 696 of the 706 patients included in the main analyses. CAD50 was present in 96 (41%), 127 (55%) and 168 (72%) in the low, intermediate and high NORRISK2 tertiles. The median (Q1-3) hs-cTnI concentrations were 1.2 (0.8–1.9) ng/L, 2.2 (1.3–3.8) ng/L and 2.7 (1.6–5.6) ng/L, respectively. The corresponding values for hs-cTnT were 4 (2–7) ng/L, 7 (3–11) ng/L and 9 (5–14) ng/L. (Fig. 1). The median (Q1-3) summary SAQ-scores in the same groups were 72 (56–89), 69 (53–83) and 65 (50–86), respectively. SAQ-scores were not significantly associated with CAD50 in any of the tertiles in univariable logistic regression analyses.

Figure 1
figure 1

Boxplot with whiskers showing concentrations of cardiac troponin I (Panel A) and cardiac troponin T (Panel B) in patients with and without obstructive coronary artery disease, stratified by tertiles of NORRISK2 score. CAD50 – obstructive coronary artery disease, hs-cTnI – high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, hs-cTnT – high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.

Full size image

In adjusted logistic regression modelling, hs-cTnI was associated with CAD50 in the lowest risk tertile (OR 1.52, 95% CI [1.19–1.93], p = 0.001). hs-cTnT concentrations were not significantly associated with CAD50 in the univariable analysis (OR 1.16 [0.95–1.43], p = 0.15). In the intermediate risk tertile, hs-cTnI was associated with CAD50 in univariable analyses (OR 1.23, 95%CI [1.01–1.48], p = 0.04). This association was attenuated and statistically not significant in adjusted analyses. hs-cTnT was not significantly associated with CAD50 in univariable analyses (OR 1.21 [0.99–1.48], p = 0.06). In the highest risk tertile, neither hs-cTnI nor hs-cTnT were associated with CAD50 in univariable analyses (hs-cTnI: OR 1.25, 95%CI [0.99–1.58], p = 0.06; hs-cTnT: OR 1.00 [0.80–1.26], p = 0.98). (Supplemental Table 4).

Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for the LoD, total population cTn medians and the assay specific 99th percentile URL stratified by risk tertiles are presented in Table 2. For both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT, the highest specificity and NPV, and lowest sensitivity and PPV were observed in the lowest risk tertile. The diagnostic performance of hs-cTnI concentrations in the subgroup of patients with hs-cTnT concentrations below the LoD are presented in Supplemental Table 5.

Table 2 Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the high-sensitivity cardiac troponin cut-offs by risk strata.
Full size table

The ROC-AUC for the NORRISK2-score in predicting CAD50 in the total population was 0.65 (0.61–0.69). Neither hs-cTnI, nor hs-cTnT significantly improved the AUC for predicting CAD50. The addition of hs-cTnI to the NORRISK2-score significantly reclassified patients to a more correct risk stratum, mainly by downgrading the risk attributed to patients without CAD50 (cNRI 0.28 95% CI [0.11–0.42], IDI 0.02 [0.005–0.05]). The addition of hs-cTnT to the NORRISK2-score did not yield significant reclassification of risk (cNRI 0.12 [-0.13–0.25]), IDI 0. 004 [-0.002–0.02]). (Supplemental Table 6).

Association between hs-cTn and coronary artery calcium

CAC scores were available in 646 patients (median 209 [Q1-3 15–769]). In patients referred for evaluation of new onset or worsened HF or evaluation of CAD prior to valve replacement surgery the CAC scores were median 339 (Q1-3 59–842) and 530 (104–1534), respectively. There was a graded association between higher concentrations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT and higher CAC-score in the total population (p < 0.001 for overall trend for both; Fig. 2). This association was linear for hs-cTnT (Panel B) and non-linear for hs-cTnI (Panel A) with a stronger association below 3 ng/L. Log2-transformed hs-cTn significantly predicted log2-transformed CAC scores in adjusted linear regression analyses (hs-cTnI: B 0.68, 95% CI [0.43–0.93], p < 0.001; hs-cTnT: B 0.52, 95% CI [0.25–0.79], p < 0.001).

Figure 2
figure 2

Restricted cubic splines models showing the association between log2-transformed calcium score and log2-transformed cardiac troponin I (Panel A) and T (Panel B) concentrations in the total population with available calcium score (n = 646). The splines are superimposed on histograms of cardiac troponin I and T distributions. The logarithmic x and y-axis have been exponentiated. The hs-cTnI-model is fitted to three knots and the hs-cTnT-model to two knots, based on the best fit according to the lowest Akaike Information Criterion. The dotted lines reflect the 95% confidence interval. hs-cTnI – high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, hs-cTnT – high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.

Full size image

Discussion

Our study of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in diagnosing obstructive CAD in patients with suspected CCS has three main findings. First, there was a graded association between higher concentrations of circulating hs-cTn and the severity of CAD in the total population, both assessed by CAC and the presence of stenotic coronary lesions. The relationship between hs-cTnI, but not hs-cTnT, and obstructive CAD remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Second, higher hs-cTn concentrations and higher NORRISK2-scores were both associated with obstructive CAD and with comparable discriminatory performance. The diagnostic properties of hs-cTn were dependent on the patients’ background CVD risk as assessed by the NORRISK2-score, and hs-cTnI provided some reclassification abilities, mainly by downgrading the risk attributed to patients without obstructive CAD. Third, low concentrations of both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT provide some rule-out ability of obstructive CAD in patients with low background CVD risk, albeit with modest specificity and NPV.

Cardiac troponin and the presence of coronary stenosis in chronic coronary syndrome

The association between cTn and CAD in CCS has previously been demonstrated. In the Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain (PROMISE) trial, investigators observed a graded relationship between higher concentrations of hs-cTnI, measured with a SMC hs-cTnI assay, and the severity and extent of coronary lesions assessed with CCTA26. In the Scottish Computed Tomography of the Heart (SCOT-HEART) trial, investigators found that atherosclerotic burden, as well as left ventricular mass, were independent predictors of increased hs-cTnI concentrations measured with a SMC assay27. Similar association between anatomical severity of CAD and concentrations of circulating cTn has been confirmed in other smaller studies with coronary imaging28,29.

When assessing functional outcomes of CAD, higher concentrations of hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI have been shown to be associated with reversible myocardial ischemia30, even after adjusting for cardiac structure and function31. In the Evaluation of Integrated Cardiac Imaging (EVINCI) trial, patients with suspected CCS underwent both an anatomical assessment of CAD and a functional imaging test, and abnormalities in either test were independently associated with higher hs-cTnT concentrations32. In the setting of CCS, the observed concentrations of cTn are often minute compared to those observed in AMI, and often below the LoD of the contemporary cTn assays employed. This clearly limits the diagnostic efficacy of contemporary cTn assays, as the analytical noise caused by high CV at these concentrations limits our ability to correctly discriminate patients. Whether higher sensitivity assays with increased analytical precision at low concentrations might increase the diagnostic yield in patients with the lowest cTn concentrations has not been thoroughly examined. In the PROMISE trial, the investigators were able to measure hs-cTnI concentrations with high precision in 98.5% of the study population26. This, however, did not translate into a clinically viable rule-out model for CAD. As diagnostic performance is both test and population dependent, we extend these results to a higher risk population referred for invasive coronary angiography (CAD50 present in 56% compared to 24% in PROMISE), as well as compare the performance of high-sensitivity assays for both the I and T isotype. We further stratify patient by CVD risk with the SCORE-like NORRISK2 model, calibrated to account for national demographic and comorbidity idiosyncrasies. In the majority of the population, hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT had comparable diagnostic performance. As expected, the NPV of cTn for ruling out obstructive CAD was greatest in patients with the lowest CVD risk. In contrast, cTn did not sufficiently discriminate between those with and without obstructive CAD in higher risk patients. In the subgroup of patients with hs-cTnT concentrations below the LoD, the superior analytical sensitivity of hs-cTnI extended the diagnostic abilities of cTn and enabled further discrimination of patients, albeit with high statistical uncertainty. However, even with the superior analytical sensitivity, hs-cTnI did not provide clinically satisfactory predictive values and the diagnostic yield in this group was low.

Mechanisms of elevated cardiac troponin in coronary artery disease

cTn can be chronically elevated in conditions with ongoing myocardial injury such as CCS and HF and chronic kidney disease. Several mechanisms have been proposed, both ischemic and non-ischemic, but the exact pathophysiological processes underlying these phenomena are not fully understood33. Indeed, most risk factors for CVD are associated with increased cTn concentrations2. As such, patients with a higher baseline CVD risk, defined by comorbidity burden, are more likely to have CAD-independent chronically elevated cTn concentrations. Thus, the contribution of chronic ischemia to the circulating cTn concentration is less important, and this may explain the limited diagnostic performance of hs-cTn in patients with higher CVD risk, observed in our study. Additionally, only hs-cTnI was associated with obstructive CAD in models adjusted for demographics and comorbidities and might indicate differential confounding by these factors. Indeed, in a study by Welsh et al. both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were associated with CVD risk in the general population34. In this study, only hs-cTnI was associated with CAD, while only hs-cTnT was associated with risk of non-CVD death. In another study, by Omland et al., hs-cTnI was associated with incidence of myocardial infarction, whereas hs-cTnT was not6. As in our data, the differential associations are subtle, and further research is needed, but they nonetheless strengthens the assumption that the pathophysiological determinants of increased concentrations of hs-cTn are isotype-dependent, and that hs-cTnI might be superior to hs-cTnT as a marker of CAD.

Clinical applicability of high sensitivity cardiac troponin in risk assessment

In the total study population, both hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT displayed diagnostic performance comparable to the NORRISK2 score. Although there was no significant change in the ROC-AUC, adding hs-cTnI to the NORRISK2 score reclassified patients to a more correct risk stratum, mainly by downgrading the risk attributed to patients without obstructive CAD. hs-cTnT, however, did not display any significant reclassification ability. This is possibly explained by the higher analytical sensitivity of the hs-cTnI assay, enabling discrimination of patients with very low cTn concentrations. In the comparable SCOT-HEART trial, hs-cTnI measured with the same SMC assay displayed similar reclassification abilities when added to the CAD Consortium score for pre-test probability of obstructive CAD, mainly by downgrading the risk attributed to intermediate and high-risk patients35. Thus, a single measurement of hs-cTn may provide clinically important information to the treating physician, not only with respect to prognosis36, but also diagnosis in CCS. Whether hs-cTnI is superior to hs-cTnT in this regard remains to be conclusively determined.

As cTn concentrations are heavily dependent on comorbidities and disease characteristics, the diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of cTn exists on a continuum and is less robustly assessed by an arbitrary cut-off. Whether a singular diagnostic threshold or a weighted continuous approach is utilized, care should be taken to integrate confounding information when developing clinical decision tools. With increasing assay sensitivity and the application of cTn in conditions other than ACS, the limited disease specificity and confounded nature of cTn will become more evident and educational efforts should be made to train physicians to correctly interpret cTn concentrations in any given clinical context.

Limitations

As all patients eligible for inclusion were initially referred for invasive evaluation of CAD and symptoms suggestive of CCS, the study population had enriched risk of CAD, and indeed the prevalence of obstructive CAD in this study was high. There was a substantial loss of patients eligible for inclusion in the study, and as such the introduction of a selection bias cannot be discounted or controlled for. It is, however, reasonable to assume that the prevalence of CAD in an unselected population would be significantly lower. Consequently, our results might be skewed, and the real-world efficacy of hs-cTn at the various cut-offs might differ from the results of this study. We attempt to control for this population dependence by adjusting for known confounders and stratifying patients based on the multi-factorial NORRISK2 risk score. Current guidelines recommend the application of pre-test probability estimation in the diagnosis of CCS. Our utilization of the NORRISK2-score does not formally provide this information, as its intended utilization is as a prognostic tool in a primary prevention setting. However, traditional CVD risk factors have demonstrated independent discriminatory abilities for obstructive CAD in the setting of CCS37. Our intended use of the NORRISK2-score is to give a graded estimate of patient’s CVD risk based on its incorporation of these traditional risk factors. Further, we do not have access to any longitudinal outcome data for the patients in the study. This limits our ability to assess any clinical significance resulting from using hs-cTn as a decision tool in the context of CCS. Finally, we do not have data on cardiac structure and function and therefore cannot accurately estimate the impact of myocardial remodeling on circulating hs-cTn.

Conclusion

Elevated concentrations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT are associated with obstructive CAD and higher CAC burden. Our results suggest that hs-cTn have diagnostic value in patients with low baseline CVD risk, while the diagnostic value of hs-cTn measurements in patients with higher risk seems limited. hs-cTnI appears to have superior diagnostic properties to hs-cTnT with regard to CAD, and the added analytical sensitivity of the hs-cTnI assay add discriminatory power in patients with very low hs-cTn concentrations. Future studies randomizing CCS patients to troponin-guided decision-making or standard care, with long term follow-up, is needed.