RETRACTED ARTICLE: Taurine ameliorates thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats via modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

Liver fibrosis is a significant health problem that can cause serious illness and death. Unfortunately, a standard treatment for liver fibrosis has not been approved yet due to its complicated pathogenesis. The current study aimed at assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats through the modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Both concomitant and late taurine treatment (100 mg/kg, IP, daily) significantly reduced the rise in serum ALT and AST activities and significantly reversed the decrease in serum albumin and total protein. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations and immunehistochemical inspection of α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB. The antioxidant potential of taurine was verified by a marked increase of GSH content and a reduction of MDA level in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effects of taurine were evaluated by investigating the expression of TLR4, NF-κB. The protein levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were determined. Docking studies were carried out to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex and it showed good binding with the hydrophobic binding site of MD2. We concluded that the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

Liver fibrosis is a major health condition that can cause serious disease and death 1 . Liver fibrosis is initiated by the activation of immune cells that secrete cytokines and growth factors, leading to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and subsequent collagen production. Consequently, ECM accumulates in the liver and collagenolysis process continues [2][3][4][5] , eventually leading to cirrhosis with its complications of cancer and death 6,7 .
There is no FDA approved drug for liver fibrosis, although considerable efforts have been exerted to defeat liver fibrosis through the inhibition of common crucial pathways of the fibrogenesis process 8 . Many trials have been made with the aim of inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate and Kupffer cells, because they act to propagate oxidative and inflammatory responses, and subsequently to stimulate many fibrogenic mediators 9 . When remedies are used for long periods, it is essential to protect against the development of fibrotic complications that are associated with hepatic injury. Many previous reports have shown that liver fibrosis can be reversed under certain conditions, with a restoration of near normal architecture 10,11 . It is hoped that therapeutic approaches to liver fibrosis and the management of cirrhosis could be developed by understanding the etiology of liver fibrosis and developing improved diagnostic tools.
Taurine, 2-aminoethane sulfonic acid, is the most abundant free amino acid in most animal tissues. Taurine is present in our daily foods, and also in anti-fatigue energy soft drinks and energizers for athletes [12][13][14] . It has a crucial role in many biological processes 15 ; stabilizing biological membranes and regulating calcium flux. It also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties achieved by regulating the release of pro-inflammatory

Results
Biochemical assays. Leakage of the hepatic enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) from liver cells into the blood after the administration of thioacetamide (TAA) was identified by a significant elevation of their activities. There was a decrease in albumin and total protein concentrations in the TAA group compared to the control group. Concomitant (Con TAA + Tau) and late taurine (late TAA + Tau) treatment significantly decreased TAA induced elevation in the activity of AST and ALT, and reversed the decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations in the TAA group. The activity of AST was significantly decreased in the Con TAA + Tau groups compared to the late TAA + Tau groups, while total protein levels increased significantly in the Con TAA + Tau groups compared to the late TAA + Tau groups, as shown in Table 1.
A significant rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was observed in the TAA group compared to the control group. This rise was accompanied by a significant depletion in hepatic GSH content, compared with the control group. Concomitant and late taurine treatment produced significant reductions in MDA level and a marked increase in hepatic GSH content compared to the TAA group. The Con TAA + Tau group had significantly decreased MDA content, and significantly increased GSH content compared to the late TAA + Tau group, as shown in Fig. 1.

Protein level and gene expression.
In the present work, the levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNFα were measured in liver homogenate of rats treated with TAA, some of which were treated with taurine either concomitantly or later groups. The relative expressions of hepatic TLR-4 and NFκB were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Significant increases in the levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1, and TNF-α were observed in the TAA group compared to the control group. Both taurine treated groups showed decreases in IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1, and TNF-α levels compared to the TAA group. IL-6 and TGF-β1 levels decreased significantly in the Con TAA + Tau group compared to the late TAA + Tau group, as shown in Fig. 2.
The levels of TLR-4 and NFκB were significantly upregulated in the TAA group compared to the control group. A significant downregulation of TLR-4 and NFκB levels was observed in both taurine treated groups in Table 1. Liver function analysis. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Tau, taurine; TAA, thioacetamide. *Significance against control group (P < 0.05), # Significance against TAA group (P < 0.05), $ Significance against Con TAA + Tau group (P < 0.05).

A R T I C L E
Histological and immunohistochemical examination. Microscope images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained liver sections showed normal architecture of the hepatic lobules in the control and Tau groups (score 0). Liver sections of the TAA group showed disarrangement of the hepatic cords, central veins, and portal areas, and ballooning degeneration (short arrows), focal necrosis (red arrow), fibrous expansion of portal areas with infiltration of leukocytic cells (long arrows), and marked portal bridging, as well as portal-to-central bridging (score 5). Liver sections from the Con TAA + Tau and late TAA + Tau groups showed hepatic fibrosis (score 3) (long arrows), as shown in Fig. 4. Microscope images of Sirius red stained liver sections showed significant collagens deposition in TAA induced liver fibrosis, which was significantly reduced by taurine treatment, as evidenced by the decrease of the positively stained area (long arrows point to fibrous tissue), as shown in Fig. 5.
Microscope images of liver sections immunostained against α-SMA showed positive expression only in the smooth muscle layers surrounding the blood vessels in the control and Tau groups. The expression of α-SMA protein increased, as indicated by brown staining in the fibrotic areas in the TAA group. The positive staining was decreased in the Con TAA + Tau and late TAA + Tau groups (long arrows point to positively stained fibrous tissue). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, as shown in Fig. 6.
Microscope images of liver sections immunostained against caspase-3 showed very mild staining in the control and Tau groups, strong positive brown staining in the TAA group, and mild positive staining in the Con TAA + Tau and late TAA + Tau groups (long arrows point to positively stained hepatocytes). IHC was counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, as shown in Fig. 7.
Microscope images of hepatic sections immunostained against NF-κB showed negative staining in the control and Tau groups and strong positive brown staining (nuclear reaction) in the TAA group. The positive brown reaction was markedly decreased in the Con TAA + Tau and late TAA + Tau groups (black arrows point to positive cells). IHC was counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, as shown in Fig. 8.  www.nature.com/scientificreports/  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Molecular docking study. Analysis of the docking results showed that taurine could be fitted into the hydrophobic binding pocket of MD2 within less than 0.3 Å RMSD where the docking score of best docked pose was 7.63 kcal mol −1 , as shown in Fig. 9A. In order to have good results we performed a series of docking simulations using TLR4/MD2 complex (pdb code: 4G8A). We selected a large docking search area that contained the entire LPS binding pocket in MD2 which has a β-cup fold structure composed of two antiparallel β-sheets separated from each other forming a hydrophobic pocket. Looking closely at amino acid interactions between taurine and the pocket site, we found that the ligand was in contact with the phenyl rings of Tyr131 and Phe126, which move into this position upon binding. The polar interactions with the two amino acids in the binding site Tyr131 and Phe126 were at bond lengths of 2.82 and 3.53 A°, respectively. We also found hydrogen bond interaction with the basic amino acid Lys125 and another polar interaction with Ser127 of the binding site of MD2, as shown in Fig. 9B,C.

Discussion
The secretion of inflammatory cytokines from Kupffer cells was accompanied by the progression of liver fibrosis, which has an essential role in the pathogenesis of several liver diseases 48 . Liver fibrosis is characterized by alterations of the hepatic ECM. After the activation of quiescent HSCs they are differentiated into myofibroblast-like cells with increased proliferation, accumulation of ECM, and expression of α-SMA. Therefore, collagen accumulation in the liver is considered to be a mark of fibrosis 49 . α-SMA is the most widely used marker of activation of HSCs 50 . Thioacetamide metabolism produces a hepatotoxin metabolite that triggers the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and ending with HCC 51,52 . This metabolite is produced by cytochrome2E1 (CYP2E1) 53 , the principal P450 for the metabolism of many xenobiotics, such as TAA [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] . Excess formation of superoxide free radicals leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation, and consequent formation of MDA. MDA targets DNA and causes mutations. GSH usually counteracts the deleterious effects of oxidative stress. GSH also detoxifies many toxic compounds 52 . Our study found that concomitant and late treatment with 100 mg/kg taurine significantly conserved hepatocyte integrity, as indicated by the reduced serum activities of ALT, AST, and hepatic MDA. Taurine reversed the reduction of serum albumin, total protein  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ concentration, and GSH. Histological results confirmed the protective effect of taurine against hepatic injury and fibrosis induced by TAA. In this study, there was a significant increase in the levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1, and TNF-α in the TAA group compared to the control group. Previous reports have shown that collagen accumulation and the activation of fibroblasts are closely related to epidural fibrosis 62 , and that alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) plays an important role in fibrotic pathogenesis scars 63,64 . The overproduction of TGF-β is considered to be one of the underlying mechanisms by which fibrosis occurs 65,66 . TGF-β activates specific receptors, TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII, which leads to the activation of Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation, and then the formation of a complex with Smad4. The SMAD complex translocates into the nucleus and activates the transcription of collagens 67 , as confirmed by histological examination with H&E and Sirius red, and α-SMA immune-expression.

A R T I C L E
Elevated collagen expression stimulates the transdifferentiation of myofibroblasts, which secrete ECM that hinders the cellular capacity for ECM degradation, with the net result being fibrosis 68 . The sustained signaling by the TGF-β1 cascade promotes the proliferation of HSCs, which also produce ECM, resulting in fibrous scars 69 . TGF-β1 induces the differentiation of myofibroblasts through the PI3K-Akt pathway, resulting in liver fibrosis 70 .
The hepato-protective role of taurine was clarified by the reduction of either CYP2E1 metabolic activity or oxidative stress caused by hepatotoxin. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of taurine have previously been explained by the diminution of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil adhesion 12-14 a suggestion that was confirmed, in the present study, by the significant decrease observed in IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels in the taurine treated groups compared to the TAA group.
TLRs include a highly conserved family of receptors that recognize pathogens and facilitate the host detection of microbial infection. Recent studies have indicated that TLR4 may be linked to inflammatory and fibrogenic response [71][72][73] . Previous studies indicated an important role for TLR4 in several signaling pathways involved in liver fibrogenesis. TLR4 polymorphism is strongly associated with fibrosis insult 74 . Signaling of TLRs is initiated when their ectodomains engage and complex with their respective ligands, and consequently enhances the recruitment of TLR adaptors, mainly through interaction of the TLRs with these adaptors. Known TLR signaling adaptors are MyD88, TRIF, TRAM, TIRAP, SARM, and BCAP 75 .
Inflammatory diseases, liver diseases and subsequent ROS overproduction can be the result of LPS induced hepatic injury by the resuscitation of dormant organisms which shed inflammatory molecules 76,77 . This process occurs by disruption of intestinal barrier and the release of a large amount of cell wall components, such as LPS, by intestinal flora passing the systemic and portal circulation and activating the release of inflammatory cytokines which further injure the intestinal mucosa 78 . The reduction of ROS signaling by the administration of  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents such as taurine is beneficial, since it relieves such damage as indicated by previous studies 79 . TLR4 is expressed in liver cells which are constantly confronted with gut-derived LPS. Normally, liver has relatively low expression of TLR4 and its adaptor molecules, MD2 and MyD88, and negatively regulates TLR4 signaling, a process known as "liver tolerance". A breakdown of liver tolerance due to increased exposure and/ or sensitivity of TLR4 to LPS may induce an inappropriate immune response 72 . Initially, the intestinal barrier is disrupted and a large amount of LPS is released by intestinal flora passing into the circulation 80 .

R E T R A C T E D A R T I C L E
LPS induces excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, and the production of ROS, by binding with toll like receptor 4 on the surface of Kupffer cells 75 . According to previous studies, the response of hepatocytes to LPS is complex, and requires cell-cell interaction between hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and stellate cells. The hepatocytes were assumed to have a direct response to LPS, similar to that of monocytes and macrophages. Hepatocytes have a rapid response, and therefore bypass the time needed for Kupffer cells, which are also considered to be highly responsive to LPS, to synthesize cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-10, in addition to nitric oxide and oxygen radicals 81 . Because of the unique anatomical link between the liver and intestines, Kupffer cells are the first cells to encounter LPS and accordingly, Kupffer cells express TLR4 72 . The complexity of Kupffer cell participation in hepatic toxicity is becoming more and more apparent, as some hepatic injury has been attributed to the deleterious effects of activated Kupffer cells 82 . Although there is no specific marker to identify hepatic Kupffer cells, Kupffer cells can be identified by their expression of CD14, CD16, CD68, CD68, and CD16 83 . The expression of CD14 is considered to be a marker of activation of Kuppfer cells in the liver, which is thought to cause inflammation and fibrosis 84 . Upregulation of CD14 in Kupffer cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of liver injury. TNF-α production by Kupffer cells, a marker for Kupffer cell activation, increases in a dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of LPS. CD14 knockout mice and CD14 antibodies show significantly decreased production of TNF-α from Kupffer cells in response to LPS 85 .  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The degree of liver injury correlates with the level of LPS, and with the level of Kupffer cell CD14 expression. Also, CD14 expression on Kupffer cells is low in normal human liver, but increases in different inflammatory liver diseases 86 .

A R T I C L E
Therefore, the secretion of chemokines is upregulated, and HSCs are sensitized to the action of TGF-β 73 . The TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway is the main pathway involved in the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators during inflammation, in which TNF-α is the principal factor 87 . TNF-α regulates other inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 16,88 .
It has been reported that taurine decreases TNF-α, IL-6, and peroxide levels and, thus fibrogenic mediators and collagen accumulation were reduced during fibrogenesis 36 . Taurine reduces the elevation of TNF-α and modulates the inflammatory response through the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway 89 .
We used RT-PCR to assess the expression of mRNA for some factors involved in the LPS induced signaling pathway, such as TLR4 and NF-κB, because they are considered to be the main factors involved in these signaling pathways 80 . Taurine reduced the level of mRNA for TLR4 and NF-κB, consequently blocking the activity of the pathway, and decreasing the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines 80 .
Previous studies have shown that TLRs can regulate immune receptors and modulate the inflammatory process 90 . The stimulation of TLR4 by LPS is a complex process, which involves LBP, CD14, and MD2. LBP, a soluble protein, extracts LPS from the bacterial membrane and shuttles it to CD14 72 . CD14 is considered to be a receptor of LPS on the membrane surface of KC, which mediate LPS signal transduction 80 .
The CD14-LBP-LPS complex stimulates TLR4, a specific receptor of LPS, to trigger a KC signaling pathway involving the phosphorylation of IκB proteins, and subsequently activates the translocation of NF-κB. According to Wu et al., taurine can inhibit the LPS-KC signal pathway by downregulating the expression of CD14 and its combination with LPS 80 . This conclusion was supported by the results of the present study, as there was a significant decrease in TLR-4 and NFκB gene expression and IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1, and TNF-α levels in both taurine treated groups compared to the TAA group. There was also a significant decrease in the NF-κB immune-positive brown staining in the taurine treated groups compared to the TAA group.
CD14 transfers LPS to MD2 91 which is considered to be a secondary associated protein which forms a complex with CD14-LPS. It is also considered as a co-receptor which physically associates with TLR4, and binds the   72 , which in turn may trigger the KC signaling pathway. Consequently, NF-κB translocation is activated, leading to overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines 80 , including TNF-α, which provoke the release of ROS 91 . Therefore, docking studies were conducted to predict the binding mode of a ligand to its receptor, and also to explore the binding mode of taurine, to investigate the possible interactions, and consequently to understand the binding mode and key active site interactions. The damaging effects lipopolysaccharides take place via interactions with LBP and binding to TLR4 through CD14 and MD2 93 . TLR4 activates both the MyD88-and TRIF-dependent (MyD88-independent pathway) signaling pathways. Early activation of NFκB is strongly related to the MyD88-dependent pathway, while the TRIFdependent pathway is involved in late phase activation of NFκB. Activation of both pathways is important for the induction of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to TLR4 stimulation 75 . MyD88 recruits IRAK4, TRAF6, and TAK1. Subsequently, degradation of the IκB kinase complex subunits occurs, and NF-κB is released. NF-κB is then translocated into the nucleus 94 , and as a result the transcription of IL-6, IL-12, and TNFα is induced 95 . Taurine administration could inhibit the binding and the expression of TLR4 to the CD14-LBP-LPS complex, thus decreasing the synthesis and release of cytokines that injure the hepatocytes 80 . It appears that taurine can alleviate liver injury and inhibit KC activation resulting from overproduction of LPS, TLR4, and NF-κB. The suggested mechanism for the effect of taurine on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is summarized in Fig. 10.

R E T R A C T E D A R T I C L E
NF-κB, a key regulator of transcription of inflammatory genes 96 , functions as a transcription factor after its translocation to the nucleus 42,97 . The activation of NF-κB stimulates inflammatory responses, cell growth, and survival, during carcinogenesis 98,99 . Therefore, targeting NF-κB and its related pathways is considered to be a promising approach for the management of liver fibrosis 100 .
A previous study showed that taurine may modulate inflammatory injury induced by S. uberis in mammary tissue, through TLR-2 and TLR-4. Taurine treatment also markedly repressed NF-κB DNA binding activity 89 . These findings were supported by the results of the present study, as there was a significant decrease in the o NF-κB immune-positive brown staining and relative gene expression in the taurine treated groups compared to the TAA group. Another study, conducted in rheumatoid arthritis patients, found NF-κB activity and DNA binding were reduced 16 . TLR4 deficient mice resist hepatic fibrosis in multiple models 73 , TNF-α stimulates the proliferation of HSCs, and consequently inflammatory signaling 101 .  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The exploration of the mechanisms of apoptosis has highlighted the involvement of NF-κB signaling in the regulation of apoptosis. However, apoptosis is dependent on caspase activation and the cleavage of specific death substrates within the cell, and therefore apoptosis may be viewed as a caspase-mediated form of cell death. Activated HSCs showed high levels of NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated anti-apoptotic proteins, such as IL-6 102 . There are two major pathways that link apoptosis: intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic. The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is primarily initiated through caspase-8, which activates the downstream effector caspases-3, leading to apoptosis 103 . The intrinsic apoptotic pathway involves the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane and the release of apoptotic factors. Caspase-9 activation promotes the production of caspase-3, and consequently the morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis 104 . In the present study, there was a significant decrease in caspases-3 immunostaining in the Con TAA + Tau and late TAA + Tau groups compared to the TAA group. The effect of taurine is based on its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities, which are consistent with previous murine models with respect to reduction in oxidation, apoptosis, and necrosis of liver cells 105 .

A R T I C L E
According to Marshall, et al. 106 , the TLR4/MD2 binding site is a known target for small molecule agonists activating TLR4. A recent study 107 reported that the synthetic peptidomimetic ligand Neoseptin-3 causes dimerization of TLR4/MD2 and activation of TLR4 signaling, with a ligand-binding mode distinct from that of the native LPS molecule. The pocket containing Phe126 and stretching from residue 120 to residue 129 exhibits a backbone conformational change when bound to a ligand. Upon binding, the side chain of Phe126 flips, and is directed inside the binding pocket. Molecular docking studies showed good binding of taurine with the hydrophobic MD2 binding site, forming four polar interactions with the conservative amino acids Lys125, Phe126, Ser127, and Tyr131, which may be a reasonable interpretation for the results obtained from the biological experiments.   www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Technology (Approval Number: FPDV 9/2019). All experiments were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines 108 . Animals were retained under specific measured environmental settings: 22 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10% humidity and a 12 h light/dark cycle, and were fed with standard pellets and free access to water was allowed.

A R T I C L E
Experimental design. After a one week adaptation period, 40 rats were assigned into five groups (n = 8) as follows: Control group (Control), Taurine group (Tau), TAA group, Concomitant Taurine (Con TAA + Tau); and Late Taurine (late TAA + Tau). The different groups received the doses shown in Table 2  Experimental design rationale. We aimed to investigate the indirect and direct effect of taurine on liver fibrosis induced by TAA, by measuring its antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and anti-apoptotic effects, and also by performing docking studies.
Collection of samples. All rats fasted for at least eight hours at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital vein and were centrifuged for fifteen minutes to obtain serum, which was stored at − 80 °C. Rat livers from all groups were collected, weighed, and divided into three specific portions. For histological and immunohistochemical examination, the first portion was fixed in 10%formalin saline (El-Nasr Chemicals Co, Cairo, Egypt). To prepare liver homogenate, the second portion was homogenized in tenfold volume of sodium potassium phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4) containing 1.15% KCl. To prevent protein hydrolysis, PMSF (protease inhibitor), EDTA (chelating agents) and DTT (reducing agents) were added to homogenizing solutions and then were centrifuged (5000 × g) for five minutes at 4 °C. The clear solution was stored at − 80 °C for further biochemical tests. For gene expression assessment by qRT-PCR, the last portion was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and was stored at − 80 °C.    Table 3.
Histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Liver samples from different experimental groups were instantly fixed in 10% formalin saline then paraffin blocks were prepared and 5-μm thick sections were sliced and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis to reveal the hepatic structural variations. The degree of liver fibrosis was evaluated and scored blindly as previously reported 111 . Where, portal tracts expansion and fibrosis was graded according to scoring system; (0): no fibrosis was detected, (1): some portal areas showed fibrous expansion with or without short fibrous septa detected, (2): most portal areas showed fibrous expansion with or without short fibrous septa, (3): most portal areas showed fibrous expansion with sporadic portal-to-portal (P-P) bridging, (4): portal areas showed fibrous expansion with obvious (P-P) as well as (P-C) bridging, (5): marked bridging (P-P and/or P-C) with infrequent nodules (incomplete cirrhosis), (6): probable or definite cirrhosis was identified. In addition; Sirius red staining was performed using standard protocols for morphometric analysis of collagen content indicating liver structural changes using image J program. Immunohistochemical analysis for caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) antibody was performed (Cat. No: 54-0017; from Genemed Biotecnologies, CA, USA) where, an antigen retrieval (EDTA solution, PH 8) was added to liver sections slides followed by hydrogen peroxide 0.3% and protein block, then incubation with either rat anti-Caspase-3 or anti-NF-κB or anti-α-SMA antibody (1: 100 dilution) was conducted. Incubation with anti-rat IgG secondary antibodies (HRP) was performed followed by visualization with (Liquid DAB + Substrate Chromogen System). Mayer's Hematoxylin was used as a counterstain. The positive staining results of liver tissue due to positive reaction was detected using Image J analysis software (National Institutes of Health, MD, USA) and the % of stained area (quantification of IHC staining) was expressed as mean ± SEM 112 . Molecular docking study. TLR4 has a characteristic horseshoe-like shape. MD2 is bound to the side of the horseshoe ring and smoothly interfaces with the ligand. MD2 has a β-cup fold arrangement consisted of two antiparallel β-sheets, forming a large hydrophobic pocket for ligand binding.
The molecular docking study is an effective method for the prediction of the binding mode of a ligand to its receptor. To explore the binding mode of taurine, we simulated docking of the compound into the large hydrophobic binding pocket of MD2, to see the possible interactions, and consequently, to understand the binding mode and key active site interactions. We performed our molecular docking study using the Molecular Operating Environment software (MOE) 113 on the crystal structure of human TLR4 in complex with MD2 and LPS (PDB code: 4G8A) 114,115 . The compound was built using MOE builder, energy minimized using the force field algorithm and the protein was prepared by adding missing hydrogens and 50 runs for the docking were performed with Triangle Matcher placement technique and energy of binding was scored according to London dG scoring function. In the present study, we tried to explore direct effect of taurine on TLR4 through docking study to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex.
Statistical analysis. The mean ± standard error was used for descriptive statistics of quantitative variables.
One-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons between groups. Student t-tests were used to compare differences between two groups. Examination of non-parametric data (fibrosis score) was done using Kruskal- Table 3. Primer sequences used for the RT-PCR step. TLR-4, toll like receptor-4; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kB. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Wallis tests and Dunn's post hoc test. GraphPad Prism 7 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California USA, www. graph pad. com) was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was predefined as P < 0.05.

Conclusion
Both concomitant and late taurine treatment showed significant activity against TAA induced liver fibrosis in rats, with the concomitant treatment showing much more promising results. The anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to its antioxidant (MDA, GSH), anti-inflammatory (LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6, TGF-β1, TNF-α) and anti-apoptotic effects (caspase-3), mainly through modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, indirectly by downregulation of LPS. The docking studies demonstrated good, direct binding of taurine inside the binding site of TLR4-MD2 complex with a binding energy of 7.63 kcal mol −1 . www.nature.com/scientificreports/