Productivity performance of peach trees, insecticidal and antibacterial bioactivities of leaf extracts as affected by nanofertilizers foliar application

The current study was performed on eight years old peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees cv. Florida prince to study the influence of spraying of commercial nano fertilizer on vegetative growth, pollen grain viability, yield, and fruit quality of the "Florida prince" peach cultivar. Furthermore, extracts from the nanofertilizer treated leaves were studied for their bioactivity as insecticidal or bactericidal activities against some stored grain insects and plant bacterial pathogens. Seventy uniform peach trees were sprayed three time as follow: before flowering; during full bloom, and one month later in addition using the water as a control. Commercial silver particales (Ag NPs) at 10, 12.5, and 15 mL/L and zinc particales (Zn NPs) at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L as recommended level in a randomized complete block design in ten replicates/trees. Spraying Ag NP at 15 mL/L increased shoot diameter, leaf area, total chlorophyll, flower percentage, fruit yield and fruit physical and chemical characteristics, followed by Ag NPs at 12.5 mL/L and Zn NPs at 7.5 mL/L. Moreover, Zn and Ag NPs caused a highly significant effect on pollen viability. Different type of pollen aberrations were detected by Zn NPs treatment. The commercial Ag NPs showed a high increase in pollen viability without any aberrations. The Ag NPs significantly increased the pollen size, and the spores also increased and separated in different localities, searching about the egg for pollination and fertilization. Peach leaves extract was examined for their insecticidal activity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzea L.) and the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica, Fabricius) by fumigation method. The antibacterial activity of all treatments was also performed against molecularly identified bacteria. Ag NPs treated leaves extract at concentration 3000 µg/mL were moderate sufficient to inhibit all the bacterial isolates with inhibition zone (IZ) ranged 6–8.67 mm with high efficiency of acetone extracts from leaves treated with Ag NPs compared with Zn NPs. Also, S. oryzae was more susceptible to acetone extracts from leaves treated with both nanomaterials than R. dominica.


Scientific Reports
| (2021) 11:10205 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89885-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Preparation of nanofertilizers. The commercial product Ag NPs "LINS-MF14" and Zn NPs were obtained from the company "Lotus Middle East Pharma ® , Egypt". The products were received from the company in a very high concentration (200 ppm), and without any characterization. As per the datasheet provided by the company, serial dilution with deionized water was performed to prepare the following working concentrations (Ag NPs) 10, 12.5, and 15 mL/L and Zn NPs (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mL/L).
Characterization of Ag NPs. First, the particle shape and particle distribution were determined using "transmission electron microscope": "TEM; JEOLJEM-1230; Japan". The stock concentrated solution of LINS-MF14 (Ag NPs) was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 60 min to give Ag NPs in a powder form. The obtained Ag NPs powder was observed using "scanning electron microscopy; SEM: Quanta 400, Oxford, UK" to inspect the morphological characteristics of LINS-MF14 (Ag NPs).
Characterization of Zn NPs. The Zn NPs shape was examined by transmission electron nanoscopy (TEM) (JEOL-TEM 100 CX) at the Electron Nanoscopic Unit, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University. Analyses of particles were performed using an H-7500 transmission electron nanoscope (Hitachi, Japan) with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. TEM was used to examine particles in suspension. The TEM samples were prepared by placing a drop of the suspended particles on carbon-coated copper grids and allowing water to evaporate. The samples on the grids were dry in 4 min. The particle shapes were determined from the TEM nano graphs 76 .
Experimental design and site. The current experiment was carried out during the year 2020, on eightyears-old "Florida prince" peach trees, planted at 4 × 4 m apart in a sandy clay loam soil under drip irrigation in a private orchard located at El Omid region, Marsa Matruh governorate, Egypt. The physicochemical analysis of experimental soil was carried out according to 77 as follow: pH (8.17), EC (2.58 dS/m), Na + (15.2), K + (1.6), Ca 2+ (5.0), Mg2 + (4.0), Cl − (14.5), HCO 3 (5.0), CaCO 3 (26.7%) and SO 4 (6.0). Seventy uniform trees were selected at the same vigor as possible for performing this study and were subjected to the same agricultural practices during the two seasons. The trees were sprayed at three times, before flowering, during the full bloom and one month later with the following treatments: water (control), Ag NPs at 10, 12.5 and 15 mL/L and Zn NPs at 2.5, 5 Scheme 1. Graphical abstract for the whole experimental steps (Correspondence author, Nader R. Abdelsalam who drawn the graphical abstract).
Leaf extraction and Insecticidal Activity. Leaf samples collected from the peach trees treated with nanoparticle concentrations were first air-dried at room conditions for 10 days and then ground to powder using a small laboratory mill. About 50 g from each treatment's powdered leaves were extracted by 100 mL acetone by soaking method for one week 45,84 . The extracts were then filtered throughout filter paper (Whatman no.1), and the extracts were concentrated by evaporating the solvent and stored in brown vials for further analysis. Leaf acetone extracts were determined for their insecticidal activity against some stored-product insects adults of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzea L.) and the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica, Fabricius)). The fumigation bioassay method used three concentrations from each Ag NPs (10, 12.5, and 15 mL/L) and Zn NPs (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mL/L).
Insect culture. The rice weevil S. oryzea (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and lesser grain borer R. dominica (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae) are considered primary storage insects which reared using autoclaved wheat grains in 1-L glass jars covered by fine mesh cloth for ventilation according to the method of 6,85 . Adult insects used in bioassay were about 14 days old. Both culture breeding and experimental procedures were carried under the same laboratory condition (27 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% R.H).
Fumigation toxicity bioassay. Twenty adults were exposed from each insect S. oryzea, R. domonica to vapor toxicity by transferring into glass jars (250 ml/L) containing 20 g of sterilized wheat grains. The inner surface of the screw lid of the glass jars was attached with filter papers (9 cm diameter), which applied with different doses of extracts from tree leaves treated with Ag NPs (10, 12.5, and 15 mL/L) and Zn NPs (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L) dissolved in (100 µL) acetone. Before closing, the jars allow the solvent to evaporate for 5 min. Control jars were treated with acetone alone. According to 86,87 , all treatment and control were replicated three times. Mortality percentage (M%) was determined for each concentration, and LC 50 (lethal concentration 50%) values were calculated according to 88 . Bacterial identification and antibacterial activity. Bacterial isolation. Pathogens isolation were performed from infected pear and cabbage leaves, guava root galls, and potato tubers that exhibit symptoms and retrieved from the Beheira Governorate, Egypt. The plant materials were thoroughly rinsed, inserted for 30 s in 1% sodium hypochlorite, cleaned in sterile distilled water, and left to dry. Pieces of plant samples were grinded with 0.9% sodium chloride buffer, a loopful streaked on nutrient agar dishes, and incubated at 28 ± 2 for 48 h 89 . The appeared colonies were purified, cultured, and kept at 4 °C for further analysis.
Bacterial morphological and molecular identification. The phenotypic characteristics of bacterial isolates were described according to 89 . DNA extraction was done for all purified bacterial isolates, and the template DNA was used in Techne PCR machine (Cambridge, UK) to amplify a 1550 bp fragment of the 16S rDNA gene. The PCR was performed in total volume 25 µl consisting of P0 (5′-GAA GAG TTT GAT CCT GGC TCAG-3′), P6 (5′- HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in leaf extracts. The phenolic compounds from the acetone extract from each of the treated leaves with nanoparticles were identified using HPLC-Agilent 1100, (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), which is composed of a quaternary pump and UV/Vis detector. C18 column (125 mm × 4.60 mm, 5 µm particle size). Chromatograms were obtained and analyzed using the Agilent Chem-Station. Phenolic compounds were separated by employing a mobile gradient phase of water/acetonitrile/glacial acetic acid (980/20/5, v/v/v, pH 2.68) and acetonitrile/glacial acetic acid (1000/5, v/v) with flow rate at 1 mL/min and detected at 325 nm. All chemical standards (HPLC grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Assessment of pollen grain fertility.
During this study only, mature pollen was used. At the flowering stage, morning from 9 to 11 clock, the anthers of peach were selected from the field after different nano fertilizer treatments and control to study pollen grains fertility 66,70 . To estimate the pollen grain viability, the acetocarmine coloration of the pollen grain was used pollen grains of normal size, which were stained well with acetocarmine were considered fertile. In contrast, those which were stained appeared shrunken, partially filled, and smaller in size than normal were deemed to be sterile 93,94 . Pollen awns, glumes, and lemmas were carefully removed and sampled when lodicules swelled, the stigma fanned out, filaments stretched, and anthers enlarged and turned greenish to bright yellow. Earlier the tip of the anther opened, at least five anthers were transported, and pollen shedding was supported by opening gently with a needle. Nearly 1000 pollen grains were examined and estimated. One drop of aceto-carmine solution was transferred onto the slide, the pollen grains of fresh mature buds were scattered on the slides, the coverslip was placed gently on the slide, and pollen grains' viability was tested.
Statistical analysis. The gained data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance according to 95,96 . A least significant difference at 0.05% was used to compare between the means of the treatments and measured with CoHort Software (Pacific Grove, CA, USA).
Compliance with ethical standards. This study is complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. "This study does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. "

Results
Characterization and impact of nanofertilizers. This work was to evaluate a commercial nano-products called Ag NPs and Zn NPs as nanofertilizers and study their effect on the vegetative growth, pollen grain fertility, yield, and fruit quality of peach. The challenge in this current work was to find out the best concentration of these nanofertilizers that can improve vegetative growth parameters,pollen viability, and yield, fruit physical and chemical characteristics of peach. To characterize the commercial nanoparticles, TEM was used for the detection of the particle shape. It was observed at two different magnifications, as shown in Fig. 1A-D. The analysis was performed by diluting the original sample, Ag NPs, with deionized water followed by ultrasonication for 5 min at room temperature. It was depicted that the particle's shape was small, spherical size (around 40-60 nm). The concentrated available sample as obtained from the company makes it feasible for industrial application in several domains. Below are the commercial fertilizer Zn NPs physical characteristics using TEM, scanning electron nanoscopy SEM. Figure 1C,D shows the commercial fertilizer's particle shape; according to the Zn NPs, the sample has no clear shape with noticeable agglomeration, which shows that the material has very high size particles. Table 1 cleared that shoots thickness, leaf area, and total chlorophyll were significantly improved by the foliar application of Ag NPs at 10, 12.5 and 15 mL/L and Zn NPs at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L compared with control. The highest values were obtained by using Ag NPs at 15 mL/L, which was the superior treatment comparing with the rest applied treatments and control. Besides, using 12.5 mL/L Ag-NP and 7.5 mL/L Zn NPs also have a positive effect in improving the same vegetative growth parameters comparing with the other applied treatments and control. Flower %, yield (kg/ tree) and yield (t/h) were remarkably raised by the foliar application of Ag and Zn NPs compared to control. The best increments were obtained by spraying Ag NPs at 12.5 and 15 mL/L and Zn at 7.5 mL/L more than the other applied treatments and control. Besides, the superior treatment was Ag NPs at 15 mL/L ppm, as compared to the rest treatments. Table 2 demonstrated that all treatment were greatly increased by spraying Ag NPs 10, 12.5 and 15 mL/L and Zn NPs at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L comparing with control. The best results were obtained by using 12.5, 15 mL/L Ag NPs, 7.5, and 5 mL/L Zn NPs over control. The superior treatment was spraying Ag NPs at 15 mL/L, which gave the highest values over the other applied treatments. Foliar spraying of Ag NPs at 10, 12.5 and 15 mL/L and Zn NPs at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L increased the fruit firmness as www.nature.com/scientificreports/ compared to control but the increment was so slight not enough to be significant and the highest value was obtained by using Ag NPs at 15 mL/L. Table 3 showed that TSS (total soluble solids), total, reduced and non-reduced sugars percentages, TSS/Acidity, vitamin C and anthocyanin content were significantly increased by the foliar spraying of Ag NPs at 15, 12.5 mL/L and Zn NPs at 7.5 mL/L over the rest applied treatments and control. On the opposite side, they reduced statistically the fruit acidity percentage as compared to control. Moreover, the spray of tree with Ag NPs at 10 mL/L and Zn NPs at 5 and 2.5 mL/L also raised clearly also the fruit content from TSS, total, reduced and non-reduced sugars percentages comparing with control. The highest values were obtained by using of Ag NPs at 15 mL/L comparing with the rest treatments. Fig. 2A,B indicate that the leaf acetone extract with an increase of nanomaterials concentration increases the mortality percentage for both insects. The results revealed high efficiency of an acetone leaf extract from treated   Fig. 3).

The impact of nanofertilizers (leaves extract of peach) as antibacterial activity. Four bacterial
isolates were retrieved from pear, guava, cabbage, and potato plants. The phenotypic features and the 16S rDNA gene sequences identified the isolates as Erwinia amylovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Dickeya solani, and Serratia pylumthica ( Table 5). The acetone extract's antibacterial activity from the peach leaves treated with Ag NPs, or Zn NPs is shown in Table 6. In general, the extract concentrations did not exhibit antibacterial activity against the growth of all bacterial strains used in this study except the Ag NPs treated leaves extract at conc. 3000 µg/ mL gave inhibition zone (IZ) ranged from 8.67, 7.33, 6 and 6 mm for E. amylovora, A. tumefaciens, D. solani, and S. pylumthica, respectively compared to control where the IZ reached 8.33 mm in the antibiotic treatment. Table 2. Influence of spraying Ag and Zn NPs on weight, length, diameter, size, flesh weight, and firmness of fruit of "Florida prince" peach cultivar during 2020. *Means not sharing the same letter(s) within each column, significantly different at 0.05 level of probability. ns not significant.  Table 3. Influence of spraying Ag and Zn NPs on TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reduce sugars, acidity percentages and anthocyanin of fruit of "Florida prince" peach cultivar during 2020 season. *Means not sharing the same letter(s) within each column, significantly different at 0.05 level of probability.    Table 7 and Fig. 4 present the changes in phenolic compounds of acetone leaf extracts from peach trees as affected by different treatment concentrations of nanoparticles. Catechol found in 4.22 mg/g in extract from leaves sprayed with Ag NPs 10 mL/L and control (without foliar application) and decreased to 1.22 mg/g in leaves treated with Ag NPs 12.5 mL/L, and then it was not detected in other treatments. Caffeic acid was found in 6.15 mg/g in both leaves from control and treated with Ag NPs 10 mL/L and not detected in other treatments. The high amount of ferulic acid detected in extract from leaves treated with Ag NPs 10 mL/L and control (17.09 mg/g) and in Zn NPs at 2.5 and 5 mL/L (12.09 mg/g). High amounts of p-Coumaric acid (6.06 mg/g) in extract from leaves treated with Ag NP 12.5 mL/L, gallic acid (11.14 mg/g) from leaves treated with Zn NPs at 2.5 and 5 mL/L, chlorogenic acid (8.14 mg/g) when leaves treated with Ag NPs 12.5 mL/L, p-hydroxybenzoic acid with 10.66 mg/g (leaves treated with Ag NP 15 mL/L) and 8.55 mg/g (leaves treated with Zn NPs at 2.5 and 5 mL/L), cinnamic acid at 14.17 mg/g as leaves sprayed with Ag NP 12.5 mL/L, salicylic acid at 6.13 and 7.51 mg/g when application of Ag NPs at 10 and 15 mL/L, was used, epicatechin at 7.11 and 9.03 mg/g as leaves in control  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ and sprayed with Ag NPs10 mL/L, respectively, ellagic acid was found at high amounts of 6.88 mg/g (control trees), 7.63 mg/g (trees sprayed with Ag NPs 10 mL/L) and 6.24 mg/g (trees sprayed with Ag NPs 15 mL/L), pyrogallol (1.36 mg/g) and as trees treated with Zn NPs at 2.5 and 5 mL/L, protocatechuic acid at 16.09 and 14.36 mg/g as trees treated with Zn NP at 2.5 and 5 mL/L, respectively, and finally tyrosol was only found in leaves treated with 4.19 mg/g Ag NP 12.5 mL/L.

The impact of nanofertilizers on Pollen grains viability.
The results indicated that the two commercial nanofertilizers (Zn NPs and Ag NPs) had significant effect on pollen viability, but unfortunately, with Zn NPs, the results in Fig. 5 (No. 21-31) detected different types of pollen aberrations such as stickiness in content, ultrastructural changes in the exine and interior walls of pollen grains, increase in ultrastructural changes, partially or fully degenerated content and shrunken in pollen content with big gap in capacity. On the other hand, the commercial Ag NPs showed high increase in pollen viability without any aberrations was observed. The commercial Ag NP highly increased the spores (Fig. 6, No. 21-26) the pollen size is increased and the spores also increased and separated in different localities searching about the egg for pollination and fertilization, this case is very important in plant breeding and improving, in addition fruit maturity and size. Data in Fig. 5 (No. 1-31) showing the effect of Zn NPs on pollen structure and staining capacity, from No. 1-5 showing control group with normal size, but still in round form without swelling like other groups; from Table 5. Morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and accession numbers of bacterial isolates retrieved from infected plants. + = More than 80% of isolates gave a positive reaction. − = Less than 20% of isolates gave a negative reaction. A acid, nd not determined.  Table 6. Treatments and bacterial isolates inhibition zone diameter (mm) calculations. *-, mean there no effect.  Fig. 6 was at the same trend in Fig. 5 but without any pollen aberrations. Besides, there were an observed increase in cell size and the length and numbers of swelling due to the great effect of the commercial product Ag NPs.

Discussion
The obtained results clearly demonstrated the positive effect of the foliar spraying of Ag and Zn NPs in improving the vegetative growth parameters, yield and fruit quality of peach cv. Florida prince. These results are consistent with the findings of many authors, they reported that the usage of Ag NPs in proper doses plays a crucial role in raising the efficacy of water and fertilizers utilization in soybean 97 . The application of Ag NPs on maize plants at 10-50 μl/l raised the rate of chlorophyll while, high condensations gave inverse effect 98 . Moreover, the application of Ag NP increased growth performance of borage 99 . Also 100 , reported that the application of Ag NPs on Bacopa monnieri affected positively on seeds germination, while it minimized the content of total phenol 101 . Furthermore, it was stated that Ag NPs have a crucial role in improving the efficacy of photosynthesis quantity and the content of chlorophyll 102 . Ag NPs increased the growth in Arabidopsis thaliana 103 and in Eruca sativa. Furthermore 104 , found that the usage of Ag NP on cucumber at different levels raised the yield and quality of fruit. Ag NPs stimulate the operation of photosynthesis in maize 105 . Ag NP improved the stem length of fodder beet 106 . Besides 107 , reported that using Ag NPs at 100 ppm enhanced significantly the yield of onion comparing with control 108 found that spraying fenugreek plant with Ag NPs at 20, 40 and 60 mg/l increased the yield components, because they improved the growth parameters and the most effective treatment was 40 mg/l compared with untreated plants.
Zinc is an important nutrient for plants, has various physiological roles in higher plants and is involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids, photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of auxin 109,110 . The foliar application of Zn on olive cultivar, greatly raised the fruit quality and minimized the percentage of fruit drop 111 . Moreover, spraying Zn improved the yield and fruit quality in orange 112,113 , grape fruit 114 , and mandarin 115,116 . Also 117 , found that zinc plays a crucial role in enhancing the leaf area because it raises the metabolic operations and prolongation of the plant cell. In addition, zinc is important in tryptophan synthesis, and it has a crucial role in auxin producing which is fundamental hormone of growth 118,119,120 stated that Zn is very important for photosynthesis operation where it is involved in carbonic anhydrase enzymes synthesis, which is responsible for transferring CO 2 35 . It was reported by 121 zinc is necessary to photosynthesis, tryptophan amino acid synthesis and cell division. Zn NPs has raised the seed germination, seedling vigour, leaf chlorophyll content, stem, and root growth in peanut 40 . Besides 122 , found that zinc is important for the enzymes, which are involved in the metabolism of nitrogen, transduction of energy and synthesis of protein, so its deficiency delays the growth and yield of plants. Also 123 , reported that Zn NP at 0.5 and 1 g/L significantly increased growth, fruit weight and yield per tree of mango since these compounds can easily penetrate plant tissues through stomata.

RT (min) Compound
Phenolic compounds (mg/g) in acetone extract of peach leaves  The present results indicated that Ag and Zn NPs were effective against the S. oryzae and R. domonica as the main stored products insects, which attained 100% mortality percentage. Current results agree with 6,126,127 , they reported the influence of nanomaterials as an alternative pesticide anti stored grains insects. The present data indicated that nanomaterials could improve to produce new insecticides and these results agreed with 128 , who reported the same finding. The use of nanomaterials as alternative pesticides represents a new approach to combat pests, which have become resistant to common chemical pesticides. Current nanomaterials get absorbed into the cuticular lipids by physio sorption and thus affect the insect's death.
The antibacterial results of peach leaf extracts were opposite to the results achieved by few authors. The normal peach leaves were found to be bactericidal or fungicidal in a study by 129 , who found that supercritical carbon dioxide extracted Prunus persica leaves had antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans. In our study, Zn NPs were not effective against all bacterial isolates used. The control treatment extract results did not affect the bacterial isolates' growth, which does not agree with 130 , who noticed a broad antibacterial effect of peach's (Persica vulgaris Miller) leaves methanol extract on several gram-positive or negative bacteria. The Ag NPs treatment   129,130 .
Currently an increase in usage of nanofertilizers worldwide due to their efficiency and decrease the use of chemical fertilization to save human health and the environment, so during this current study, we tested the efficiency of two commercial nanofertilizers on some morphological, yield, and pollen characteristics. Pollen grains viability refers to the pollen's ability to perform its function of delivering male gametes to the embryo sac. The pollen grain's functional property of their release from the anther varies significantly from species to species, and their quality is measured based on the pollen viability. The viable pollen is vital for species distribution, fitness, and survival of the following plant generation. Besides, it is critical for directed plant breeding and crop www.nature.com/scientificreports/ improvement. The results suggested that using nanofertilization caused successful pollination, and the gametophytes are essential processes for fruit production and improvements. Also, pollen's viability assessment is an important tool to assess the different biological status and pollen capacity to generate tubes, penetrate the stigma, and elongate inside the style until two male gametes are released within the female gametophyte. The current results are agreeing with this data, which reported that the pollen morphology had become a vital descriptor 131 , as the pollen has its own unique set of characteristics such as size, exine structure, and pore size or number 132 . The present investigation considers a useful tool to screen the effect of nanofertilizers on pollen grain viability test because the knowledge of the viability and capacity of pollen grains is crucial for the reproductive biology and genetic breeding of plants, and this finding agreeing with 133 . Current results in line with 134 reported that studies of pollen germination and pollen tube growth are essential for understanding fertilization and seed formation in flowering plants and are very useful for explaining any lack of plant fertility. Our results indicated a high effect of nanofertilizers on pollen grains, and these results agree with 135,136 . Also 137 , detected many factors that could affect pollen germination such as botanic species, cultivar, plant nutritional state, culture medium, temperature, pollen sampling time, photoperiod, sampling method, application of fertilizers or pesticides to plants, and pollen storage conditions. On the contrary, some studies detected the side effect of using nanomaterials, such as [138][139][140][141][142] .

Conclusion
Foliar spraying of Ag NPs at 15 mL/L was the best treatment, which gave the best results in improving shoot diameter, leaf area, total chlorophyll, flower percentage, yield, and fruit physical and chemical characteristics, followed by 12.5 mL/L and Zn NPs at 7.5 mL/L as compared to the rest applied treatments and control. The results indicated that with the increase of nanomaterials concentration, there is an increase in mortality percentage for the rice weevils S. oryzae and R. domonica. Also, there is a high efficiency of Ag NPs compared with Zn NPs; on the other hand, S. oryzae was more susceptible than R. domonica and showed more resistance to these nanomaterials. In our study, the peach leaves treated with Ag NPs acetone extract had a moderate inhibitory effect on E. amylovora, A. tumefaciens, D. solani, and S. pylumthica, whereas Zn NPs did not have an antimicrobial impact at all. The results also indicated that the two commercial nanofertilizers caused a highly significant effect on pollen viability, unfortunately, Zn NPs detected different types of pollen aberrations.

Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.