Entanglement and entropy squeezing in the system of two qubits interacting with a two-mode field in the context of power low potentials

We study the dynamics of two non-stationary qubits, allowing for dipole-dipole and Ising-like interplays between them, coupled to quantized fields in the framework of two-mode pair coherent states of power-low potentials. We focus on three particular cases of the coherent states through the exponent parameter taken infinite square, triangular and harmonic potential wells. We examine the possible effects of such features on the evolution of some quantities of current interest, such as population inversion, entanglement among subsystems and squeezing entropy. We show how these quantities can be affected by the qubit-qubit interaction and exponent parameter during the time evolution for both cases of stationary and non-stationary qubits. The obtained results suggest insights about the capability of quantum systems composed of nonstationary qubits to maintain resources in comparison with stationary qubits.

www.nature.com/scientificreports/ repeaters 36 and networks 37 . Advance rapid in the development of quantum superconducting circuit based on measuring quantum correlations between artificial atoms and itinerant photons has been considered [38][39][40][41][42] . The concept of squeezed states has been widely examined for various radiation field schemes. Squeezing in a quantized electromagnetic field has received considerable attention and provided intriguing works in the literature 43 . This concept has expanded to atomic systems with analogous definitions of radiation fields [44][45][46][47] . The atom-photon interaction was used to determine the condition in which the squeezing effect would be present 48 . The aspect of atomic squeezing in a three-level atoms placed in a two-mode cavity is analyzed in the presence the dipole-dipole interaction 49 . The squeezed atomic model was considered on the basis of Raman scattering with a strong laser pulse to describe the transfer of the change in correlation between the atom and light 50 . The effect of the squeezing in the cases of nonlinear and optimal spin states was studied [51][52][53] . In addition, the experimental implementation for a set of V-type atoms was considered 54,55 . In all these cases, the atomic squeezing has been investigated in the context of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation (HUR). However, HUR cannot provide enough information on atomic squeezing, especially when the atomic inversion takes zero value 56 . This difficulty was overcome by applying the entropy uncertainty relationship (EUR) 57 .
This work is in keeping with the aforementioned spirit of putting forward another extension of the TCM, that is, an interactive version of it for the description of two identical nonstationary qubits. The qubits interact with each other via dipole-dipole and Ising-like interaction and with two-mode quantized field in the framework of pair coherent states of power-low potentials (PCSPLPs). The interaction characteristics of the proposed model is that the interaction between the qubit system and the field is considered to be a time-dependent function and the said field is associated with PLPs that provide energy differences. It is worth commenting that the set of results reported here, regarding the aforesaid nonlinear coupling scheme, may also be of some relevance in the light of novel experimental and theoretical research on optical simulation of the Tavis Cummings and Rabi models in current designs of architectures intended for quantum computation and communication. Motivated by these considerations, we strive to comprehend how the time-dependent coupling and exponent parameter influence the dynamics of qubits-fields entanglement, qubit-qubit entanglement and qubit squeezing in the presence of the dipole-dipole and Ising-like interaction.
The content of the manuscript is the following. In "Physical model", the Hamiltonian system and general solution for a two-qubit system coupled to PCSPLPs with dipole-dipole and Ising interactions are introduced. "Measures and numerical results", we present the numerical results of the possible effects of such features on the evolution of some quantities of current interest, such as population inversion, entanglement among subsystems and squeezing entropy. In "Conclusion", some conclusions are given.

Physical model
Let the Hamiltonian model of the system under study be described as follows: where the constituent Hamiltonians are explicitly given by here, H F and H A describe the energy operators of the two-mode field and qubits, respectively, the interplay between the qubit system and the quantized field is prescribed by H AF , and H AI is the qubit-qubit interaction. The single field mode frequency is ω L , L is the qubit transition frequency, (t) is the time-dependent coupling term, which is considered to be the same for both qubits, and D and S are the dipole-dipole and Ising parameters, respectively. The photon number operators n A =â †â and n B =b †b where â † ( b † ) and â ( b ) are, respectively, the photon creation and annihilation operators for the field mode A (B) such that [X,X † ] =Î ( X = a, b ), and, on the other side, σ Large varieties of quantum systems can be described by PLPs 58-62 through a convenient choice of the exponent parameter denoted by ℓ . This parameter dictates and characterizes the level energy differences. For ℓ > 2 , the level energy differences E n decrease with energy level n, but inversely so for ℓ < 2 . For ℓ = 2 , all E n are independent of n, the energy levels being equally spaced. Here, we introduce quantized fields for which the potentials and their corresponding energies are given by 63 (1)
ν j (n) = (n + q + j)(n + j).  www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Based on the set of results, we are able to examine the influence of the PCSPLP, considering the case of an infinite square-well ( ℓ → ∞ , ϕ = 4 ) potential, triangular well ( ℓ = 1 , ϕ = 3 ), harmonic oscillator ( ℓ = 2 , ϕ = 2 ), and time-dependent coupling on some properties of physical interest relating to the time evolution of qubit systems in the presence dipole-dipole and Ising-like interaction, such as the population inversion, qubits-field entanglement, qubit-qubit entanglement dynamics based on the negativity features and qubit squeezing with the help of the HUR.

Measures and numerical results
Population inversion. Now we are ready to consider the population inversion and discuss the behavior of the phenomena of collapses and revivals of the system Hamiltonian (1). It is known that the mathematical formula of population is the difference between the probability of finding the particle in excited and ground states. The population inversion W(t) of the qubits is given by In Fig. 1 the behavior of the function W(t) is drawn with fixed parameters z = 8 and q = 4. For harmonic oscillator ( ℓ = 2 ), neglecting the motion, we find that the function W(t) ranges between −1 and 1 around the horizontal axis. The collapse periods at nπ 2 while the revivals at nπ . We also note that there are oscillations having a small amplitude between periods of collapse, as observed by the Fig. 1a. After taking time dependence into account, we notice that the periods of collapse extend to double, whereas we find that the periods of revival decrease to twice as seen in Fig. 1b. For triangular well ( ℓ = 1 , ϕ = 3 ), we exclude time dependence. We find that the revival periods are decreased and the fluctuation between the collapse periods in the previous case faded after taking into account triangular well. We also note that the amplitude of the oscillations expanded and became more regular compared to the previous case, see Fig. 1c. After adding dependence on time, we find once again that the periods of collapse increase while the periods of revival decrease and this result is consistent with the previous Qubits-field entanglement. To quantify the degree of the entanglement of the qubits-field state, we use the von Neumann entropy defined by In Fig. 3 the behavior of the von Neumann entropy is drawn with the same parameters as above. For harmonic oscillator ( ℓ = 2 ), after excluding time dependence, we see the entanglement fluctuating from weak to strong regularly, and the function S AB (t) reaches the smallest values when the extreme points of the population inversion. While the function S AB (t) reaches the maximum values from the center of the collapse areas as seen in the Fig. 3a. Fluctuations decrease and the function S AB (t) will reach the pure states ( S AB (t) = 0 ) regularly after taking time dependence into account as observed in Fig. 3b. For triangular well ( ℓ = 1 , ϕ = 3 ) and in the absence of dependence on time, the speed of fluctuations decreased which means that entanglement becomes weak. It is pointed that function S AB (t) reaches the maximum and minimum values regularly compared to the previous case, see Fig. 3c. In general, the entanglement between parts of the system increases and the small values of the function ( S AB (t) = 0 ) are reduced after taking time dependence into account as seen in Fig. 3d. For infinite square-well ( ℓ → ∞ , ϕ = 4 ), the minimum values are raised up and then the function S AB (t) does not reach the pure state. We note that the fluctuations of the function S AB (t) increased in the case of infinite square-well and the entanglement became strong compared to the previous two cases, see Fig. 3e. We note that the oscillations of the function S AB (t) become regular and reach the pure state periodically after adding the dependence on time in the (17) S AB (t) = −Tr(ρ AB ln ρ AB ). www.nature.com/scientificreports/ interaction cavity as observed in Fig. 3f. In order to observe how the dipole-dipole and Ising interactions affect on the time variation of the qubits-field entanglement, clearly, in Fig. 4, we show the time evolution of function S AB (t) with respect to different values of the model parameters. We observe that the amount of the entanglement is strongly affected by the qubit-qubit interaction during the time evolution. The presence of the parameters D and S lead to enhance the oscillations of the function S AB and increase its value during the evolution. On the other hand, the existence of these parameters reduces the effect of the qubit-field coupling parameter on the behavior of the entanglement.
Qubit-qubit entanglement. In order to quantify the qubit-qubit entanglement, we use the negativity measure introduced as 65,66 : where ρ T q is the partial transpose of ̺ qf for the qubit subsystem q, defined by The negativity has a zero value for an entangled state and one value for maximally entangled states or EPR states. In Fig. 5, the negativity is potted to illustrate the time variation of the entanglement between the field and the two atoms by the above conditions. For harmonic oscillator ( ℓ = 2 ), in general, the N AB (t) function fluctuates between the minimum (0) and the maximum (0.4), there is a partial entanglement between the field and the two atoms. We note that the function N AB (t) reaches the maximum values periodically at nπ while the function N AB (t) reaches the separation state at some points as shown in the Fig. 5a. After adding dependence on time, the previous chaotic oscillations become more uniform and the maximum values of N AB (t) decrease. This indicates that both the amount of entanglement and the points of separation state were reduced after taking time dependence into account as seen in Fig. 5b. For triangular well ( ℓ = 1 , ϕ = 3 ) and in the absence of dependence on time, the function N AB (t) becomes more chaotic, the maximum values decrease and the entanglement becomes weak, as is evident from the Fig. 5c. The negativity decreases a lot after taking dependence on time and k q , j f |̺ T q |r q , l f = r q , j f |̺ T q |k q , l f . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ entanglement becomes weaker than the previous case, see Fig. 5d. For triangular well ( ℓ = 1 , ϕ = 3 ) and in the absence of dependence on time, we note in this case the negativity is due to the differences between 0 and 0.4 and more regular than the previous cases. Minimum values are achieved for many periods, but the fluctuations have decreased compared to previous cases, see Fig. 5e. The fluctuations in negativity decrease and the periods of disentanglement between parts of the system increase after taking time dependence into account as observed in Fig. 5f. In order to observe how the dipole-dipole and Ising interaction affects the time variation of the qubitqubit entanglement, clearly, the numerical results for the negativity in this case are displayed in Fig. 6. We show the negativity in terms of of ǫt with respect to different values of the physical model. We observe that as we turn on the dipole-dipole and Ising interaction, the negativity is substantially increased at some specific times with an enhancement of the oscillations. This can be expected from the system' Hamiltonian, whose interaction part involving the qubit operators naturally turns a separable state of the type | + +� into an entangled state.
Single qubit squeezing phenomena. The principle of uncertainty is one of the most fundamental assumptions in quantum theory, was first introduced by Heisenberg, which shows the limits of error in the common measurements of non-commutating operators in measuring quantum states [67][68][69] . In general the uncertainty principle for any two hermitian operators Â and B obeys the relation [Â,B] = iĈ, therefore the Heisenberg uncertainty inequality is given by, where �(�Â) 2 � = (�Â 2 � − �Â� 2 ). As one of important application is a Pauli operators σ X , σ Y and σ Z which are describes the interaction between a two-level atom and the electromagnetic field, such that [σ X ,σ Y ] = iσ Z , therefore uncertainty can written as �σ X �σ Y ≥ 1 2 |�σ Z �|. The single qubit entropy squeezing for the component σ α 70 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ where δH(σ α ) = exp{H(σ α )} , and H(σ α ) is the Shannon information entropies of the atomic operators σ x , σ y and σ z . In Fig. 7, we display the entropy squeezing as a function of time considering the conditions as in the previous sections. Generally the squeezing is achieved with respect to E X (t) and never with respect to E Y (t) , in the first case we note that squeezing is achieved regularly and periodically before and after the center of the collapses regions as shown in the Fig. 7a. Squeezing areas decrease after adding time dependence to the interaction cavity. The squeezing occurs at the beginning and the end of the collapses periods and disappears in the middle of these periods with a comparison between Fig. 1b and 7b. In the second case, the squeezing periods increase and the maximum values increase to reach −0.4 periodically at nπ 4 as seen in Fig. 7c. Once again, the squeezing decreases after adding dependence on time. The squeezing occurs at the beginning and the end of the collapse periods and disappears in the middle of these periods, see Fig. 7d. In the last case, the squeezing disappears, with and without depending on time, as seen in the Fig. 7e,f. In order to examine the dynamical behavior of the entropy squeezing of the qubit system in the presence of the qubit-qubit interaction, the time evolution of the entropies E X and E Y versus the dimensionless quantity ǫt is displayed in Fig. 8 with respect to different values of the physical parameters of the model. The presence of the dipole-dipole and Ising interaction leads to reduce the squeezing effect and enhance the oscillations of the functions E X and E Y during the time evolution. On the other hand, the existence of these parameters decrease the effect of the qubit-field coupling parameter on the behavior of the entropies.

Conclusion
In summary, we have introduced a useful model describing the dynamics of two nonstationary qubits, allowing for dipole-dipole and Ising-like interplays between them, coupled to quantized fields in the framework of twomode pair coherent states of power-low potentials. We have considered three particular cases of the coherent states through the exponent parameter taken infinite square, triangular and harmonic potential wells. We have examined the possible effects of such features on the evolution of some quantities of current interest, such as www.nature.com/scientificreports/ population inversion, entanglement among subsystems and squeezing entropy. We have shown how these quantities can be affected by the qubit-qubit interaction and exponent parameter during the time evolution for both cases of stationary and nonstationary qubits. Moreover, we have explored the dependence among the quantities on the main parameters of the physical model. The obtained results suggest insights about the capability of quantum systems composed of nonstationary qubits to maintain resources in comparison with stationary qubits.