Agriculture must overcome several challenges in order to increase—or even maintain—production, while also reducing negative environmental impact. Nanotechnology, fundamentally through the development of smart delivery systems and nanocarriers, can contribute to engineering more efficient and less contaminant agrochemicals. This Collection presents recent related works, covering nanodevices that improve crop protection against pests and diseases, nanoformulations for enhancing plant nutrition, and nanomaterials strengthening the general crop performance.
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that the world population will approach 10 billion people by 2050. This poses a major challenge for agriculture, as in order to achieve the required production increases, scarce land and water resources must be overcome, together with the negative impacts of climate change1. In addition, farming efficiency relies on the massive use of agrochemicals for maintaining crop yields, which pushes against the sustainability of the system. Research aiming to minimize the negative impact of agrochemicals has been a priority for a long time, and nanotechnology provides a promising new tool, for both fertilization2 and crop protection3.
Nanodevices can benefit agriculture through the development of more efficient and less contaminant agrochemicals, using nanocarriers and smart delivery systems for controlled release. These nanoformulations provide several advantages, such as protection for the active substances, increased solubilization, and facilitating penetration and internalization into plant and target organism tissues2,3,4. All these should lead to an increased effectiveness of the agrochemicals, reducing waste, dosage, and—as a consequence—minimizing any adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms.
Nevertheless, research must be done to help specify the nanomaterials that are to be used. As massive applications are expected in the fields for farming, such materials should be environmentally safe and biologically compatible, in addition to providing a cheap and industrially scalable synthesis4.
Finally, in order for all of this research to reach practical applications, field experimentation and testing are necessary. Field experiments for agriculture are like clinical trials for medicine: it is the only way to validate promising results obtained under laboratory and controlled conditions. Despite the fact that most work to date has been developed under laboratory settings, new results involving field trials and realistic conditions are now being published5,6,7,8, showing the real potential of these nanotechnologies for agriculture.
Collection overview
At the time of this Collection’s launch, a high proportion of the work falls under the section ‘Nanodevices for crop protection’. This research relates to the use of nanoformulations for fighting against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, with methods that directly affect insect pests, through disruption of their immune and reproductive system9 or acting as attractants10. Some others show the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles8,10,11,12, present nanosorbents for improving and increasing the properties of plant allelochemicals13, and stimulate the plant natural defences, using nanomaterials14 or through loading nanocarriers with resistance inducers15.
Some works have focused on ‘Nanodevices for crop nutrition’, for example, as sources of phosphorus and iron using an industrially scalable protocol16. Two other articles deal with nanohydroxyapatite as a viable carrier of plant nutrients. One checks its negligible impact on the rhizosphere microbial community, and reports a lack of effect as a source of P for soybean17, whereas the other explores the behaviour of this compound, and how its morphology at the nanoscale determines release of phosphate and nitrate ions18.
There are also ‘Other applications and effects’ that have been tested and developed, such as efficient delivery of plant hormones and growth regulators which positively affect crop development6,19, or active molecules that are able to modulate stress responses5. In addition, there are reports about how priming seeds with nanomaterials leads to improved growth and yield in some crops7,20. Finally, a method for removing toxic chromium from irrigation water using iron nanoparticles21 is included, showing a way for recovering contaminated water sources for farming.
Some works are currently under review and there is still room for many more in the Collection. As stated above, field trials are a must, and aiming to solve real agricultural problems should drive future research, but without forgetting basic research, which is the source for practical applications. To paraphrase Richard Feynman, in agriculture “there’s plenty of room at the bottom”.
References
FAO. The Future of Food and Agriculture—Alternative Pathways to 2050 (Rome, 2018).
Bindraban, P. S., Dimkpa, C., Nagarajan, L., Roy, A. & Rabbinge, R. Revisiting fertilisers and fertilisation strategies for improved nutrient uptake by plants. Biol. Fertil. Soils 51, 897–911 (2015).
Vurro, M., Miguel-Rojas, C. & Pérez-de-Luque, A. Safe nanotechnologies for increasing effectiveness of environmentally friendly natural agrochemicals. Pest Manag. Sci. 75, 2403–2412 (2019).
Pérez-de-Luque, A. Interaction of nanoparticles with plants: what do we need for real applications in agriculture?. Front. Environ. Sci. 5, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00012 (2017).
Lopes-Oliveira, P. J. et al. Effects of nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles on neotropical tree seedlings submitted to acclimation under full sun in the nursery. Sci. Rep. 9, 17371. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54030-3 (2019).
Pereira, A. D. E. S., Oliveira, H. C. & Fraceto, L. F. Polymeric nanoparticles as an alternative for application of gibberellic acid in sustainable agriculture: a field study. Sci. Rep. 9, 7135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43494-y (2019).
Acharya, P., Jayaprakasha, G. K., Crosby, K. M., Jifon, J. L. & Patil, B. S. Nanoparticle-mediated seed priming improves germination, growth, yield, and quality of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) at multi-locations in Texas. Sci. Rep. 10, 5037. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61696-7 (2020).
Liao, Y. Y. et al. Particle-size dependent bactericidal activity of magnesium oxide against Xanthomonas perforans and bacterial spot of tomato. Sci. Rep. 9, 18530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54717-7 (2019).
Czarniewska, E., Nowicki, P., Kuczer, M. & Schroeder, G. Impairment of the immune response after transcuticular introduction of the insect gonadoinhibitory and hemocytotoxic peptide Neb-colloostatin: a nanotech approach for pest control. Sci. Rep. 9, 10330. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46720-9 (2019).
Krittika, S., Indhumathi, P., Vedha Hari, B. N., Devi, D. R. & Yadav, P. Evidence of nanoemulsion as an effective control measure for fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Sci. Rep. 9, 10578. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47045-3 (2019).
Carvalho, R., Duman, K., Jones, J. B. & Paret, M. L. Bactericidal activity of copper-zinc hybrid nanoparticles on copper-tolerant Xanthomonas perforans. Sci. Rep. 9, 20124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56419-6 (2019).
Guilger-Casagrande, M., Germano-Costa, T., Pasquoto-Stigliani, T., Fraceto, L. F. & de Lima, R. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles employing Trichoderma harzianum with enzymatic stimulation for the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci. Rep. 9, 14351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50871-0 (2019).
Real, M., Gámiz, B., López-Cabeza, R. & Celis, R. Sorption, persistence, and leaching of the allelochemical umbelliferone in soils treated with nanoengineered sorbents. Sci. Rep. 9, 9764. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46031-z (2019).
Abbai, R. et al. Silicon confers protective effect against ginseng root rot by regulating sugar efflux into apoplast. Sci. Rep. 9, 18259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54678-x (2019).
Chronopoulou, L. et al. Microfluidic synthesis of methyl jasmonate-loaded PLGA nanocarriers as a new strategy to improve natural defenses in Vitis vinifera. Sci. Rep. 9, 18322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54852-1 (2019).
Sega, D. et al. FePO4 nanoparticles produced by an industrially scalable continuous-flow method are an available form of P and Fe for cucumber and maize plants. Sci. Rep. 9, 11252. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47492-y (2019).
McKnight, M. M., Qu, Z., Copeland, J. K., Guttman, D. S. & Walker, V. K. A practical assessment of nano-phosphate on soybean (Glycine max) growth and microbiome establishment. Sci. Rep. 10, 9151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66005-w (2020).
Carmona, F. J. et al. The role of nanoparticle structure and morphology in the dissolution kinetics and nutrient release of nitrate-doped calcium phosphate nanofertilizers. Sci. Rep. 10, 12396. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69279-2 (2020).
Sasson, E., Pinhasi, R. V. O., Margel, S. & Klipcan, L. Engineering and use of proteinoid polymers and nanocapsules containing agrochemicals. Sci. Rep. 10, 9171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66172-w (2020).
Pandey, K., Anas, M., Hicks, V. K., Green, M. J. & Khodakovskaya, M. V. Improvement of commercially valuable traits of industrial crops by application of carbon-based nanomaterials. Sci. Rep. 9, 19358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55903-3 (2019).
Brasili, E. et al. Remediation of hexavalent chromium contaminated water through zero-valent iron nanoparticles and effects on tomato plant growth performance. Sci. Rep. 10, 1920. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58639-7 (2020).
Acknowledgements
I want to thank all the authors who have chosen this Collection for submitting their valuable contributions. My sincere appreciation also to the researchers who voluntarily dedicated time for peer reviewing and handling the manuscripts. Finally, gratefulness is due to the staff and editors of Scientific Reports for their kind invitation to run this Collection and their constant help and support to accomplish the task.
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Pérez-de-Luque, A. Guest Edited Collection: Nanotechnology in agriculture. Sci Rep 10, 15738 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73198-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73198-7
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