Functional maintenance of calcium store by ShcB adaptor protein in cerebellar Purkinje cells

Intracellular Ca2+ levels are changed by influx from extracellular medium and release from intracellular stores. In the central nervous systems, Ca2+ release is involved in various physiological events, such as neuronal excitability and transmitter release. Although stable Ca2+ release in response to stimulus is critical for proper functions of the nervous systems, regulatory mechanisms relating to Ca2+ release are not fully understood in central neurons. Here, we demonstrate that ShcB, an adaptor protein expressed in central neurons, has an essential role in functional maintenance of Ca2+ store in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). ShcB-knockout (KO) mice showed defects in cerebellar-dependent motor function and long-term depression (LTD) at cerebellar synapse. The reduced LTD was accompanied with an impairment of intracellular Ca2+ release. Although the expression of Ca2+ release channels and morphology of Ca2+ store looked intact, content of intracellular Ca2+ store and activity of sarco/endoplasmic reticular Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) were largely decreased in the ShcB-deficient cerebellum. Furthermore, when ShcB was ectopically expressed in the ShcB-KO PCs, the Ca2+ release and its SERCA-dependent component were restored. These data indicate that ShcB plays a key role in the functional maintenance of ER Ca2+ store in central neurons through regulation of SERCA activity.


Cerebellar dysfunction in ShcB-deficient mice. A previous study indicated predominant expression
of ShcB in the cerebellar PCs of adult rats 27 . In line with this report, we observed a substantial ShcB-immunohistochemical signal in cerebellar PCs, and a weaker signal in the granular layer of adult wild-type (WT) mice but not of ShcB-knockout (ShcB-KO) mice (Fig. 1A). Biochemical assays indicated protein expression of ShcB in the WT cerebellum but not in ShcB-KO mice (Fig. 1B, Supplementary Fig. S1A). Thus, to explore the potential involvement of ShcB in the cerebellar function, we first examined motor coordination of the mice by rotor-rod test. On one hand, the retention time of WT mice on the rotating rod showed steady improvement over ten trials, whereas that of ShcB-KO mice showed less improvement and was significantly lower than that of WT mice after the 7th-8th trials (Fig. 1C,D). On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between WT and ShcB-KO mice in grip-force and wire-hang tests ( Fig. 1E-G), indicating that muscle activity is normal in the ShcB-KO mice. Furthermore, the knockout mice showed no significant abnormalities in emotional-behavior tasks such as the light-dark box, elevated pulse-maze, open field and forced swimming tests ( Fig. 1H-K), suggesting that susceptibility to stress in the mice was normal. We also tested the ShcB-KO mice on eyeblink conditioning, a form of cerebellum-dependent discrete motor learning, in which a tone is used as a conditioned stimulus preceding and co-terminating with an electrical shock as an unconditioned stimulus (Fig. 1M). In the acquisition trials, animals learn the adaptive timing of eyeblinking; in our study, the conditioned response frequency (CR%) for WT mice progressively and significantly increased to over 70% on day 7 (Fig. 1L). However, the CR% for ShcB-KO mice did not reach even 50% (Fig. 1L). The normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude on day 7 for ShcB-KO mice was also clearly lower than that for WT mice (Fig. 1M). Thus, we concluded that classical conditioning is significantly impaired in ShcB-KO mice. Because both the ability to ride a rotating rod and delayed eyeblink conditioning are cerebellum-dependent tasks 28 , we reasonably assumed cerebellar dysfunction in ShcB-KO mice. Impaired synaptic plasticity in the ShcB-deficient cerebellum. Next, we examined cerebellar longterm depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses, because many previous studies indicate that cerebellar LTD is the cellular basis for cerebellar motor learning 29,30 . In cerebellar slices from the WT mice, the mean amplitude of PF-excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) 21-30 min after the LTD-inducing stimulus (conjunctive stimulus, CJS) was significantly lower than the level before CJS ( Fig. 2A-C). However, in cerebellar slices from the ShcB-KO mice, the mean EPSC amplitude 21-30 min after CJS was not significantly lower than the level before CJS, but was significantly higher than that in wild-type mice ( Fig. 2A-C). Thus, cerebellar LTD is impaired in ShcB-KO mice.
Cerebellar dysfunction may also result from abnormal cerebellar morphology and/or synaptic transmission. However, we found no abnormality in the morphology and basic electrophysiological properties of excitatory synapses in the mature ShcB-KO cerebellum. Cerebellar lobule formation and the three-layer structure of the cerebellar cortex were normal in ShcB-KO mice (Fig. 2D,E). Paired-pulse ratio and input-output relation and of PF-EPSC, elimination of excess climbing fiber (CF)-to-PC synapses, and basic properties of CF-synapse EPSC were not affected in the ShcB-KO cerebellum (Fig. 2F-M). These results suggest that impaired LTD does not result from abnormal formation of cerebellar morphology or impaired synaptic transmission, and that ShcB is indispensable for LTD induction at PF-PC synapses. impaired ca 2+ release in ShcB-deficient PCs. Subsequently, we examined which signaling pathway is impaired in the ShcB-KO cerebellum with respect to cerebellar LTD. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) is essential for the induction of cerebellar LTD. In cerebellar slices from WT mice, bath application www.nature.com/scientificreports/ of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a selective agonist for mGluR1, decreased the PF-EPSC amplitude and increased the paired-pulse ratio, suggesting a decrease in the release probability of PF 31 ( Fig. 3A-C). DHPG induced the same effects in the ShcB-KO cerebellum and there were no significant differences between the WT and ShcB-KO cerebella, indicating that the mGluR1-mediated signaling pathway is normal in ShcB-KO PCs. Ca 2+ signals are also involved in the induction of various types of synaptic plasticity, including cerebellar LTD 29,32 . Application of a depolarization pulse elicited a transient increase in Ca 2+ levels in WT PCs (Fig. 3D). Because this response is inhibited by a 0 Ca 2+ medium or ω-agatoxin (a blocker of the P/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel), the Ca 2+ transient is indicated to be Ca 2+ influx from the extracellular medium mediated by P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels (Fig. 3D,E). In ShcB-KO PCs, the peak amplitude and decay time constant (τ) of the Ca 2+ transient were not significantly different from those of WT PCs (Fig. 3F-H). Hence, Ca 2+ influx is normal in ShcB-KO PCs. In addition, because the amplitude of Ca 2+ influx is determined by Ca 2+ levels in the extracellular medium and cytoplasm, this result also indicates that intracellular Ca 2+ level is not affected in ShcB-deficient PCs.
Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores is also necessary for LTD induction 33,34 . Bath application of DHPG (mGluR1 agonist) induced a prominent increase in Ca 2+ levels in WT PCs (Fig. 4A,D-F). This Ca 2+ elevation was mediated by Ca 2+ release through the inositol-1,4,5-phosphate receptor (IP 3 R) (glutamate-induced Ca 2+ release; GICR), because pipette application of heparin (4 mg/ml), an IP 3 R blocker, abolished the DHPG-induced Ca 2+ elevation (Fig. 4A). However, DHPG did not induce any Ca 2+ elevation in ShcB-KO PCs (Fig. 4D-F). Because the application of DHPG induced a decrease in PF-EPSC and an increase in the paired-pulse ratio in ShcB-KO PCs ( Fig. 3A-C), the impaired GICR in ShcB-KO PCs was not due to the functional abnormality of mGluRphospholipase C (PLC) signaling in ShcB-KO PCs. Therefore, we interpret this to mean that IP 3 R-mediated Ca 2+ release is impaired in ShcB-KO PCs.
Dysfunction of ER Ca 2+ store in ShcB-deficient PCs. These defects in the Ca 2+ release have several possible underlying mechanisms. The expression and/or localization of Ca 2+ release channels could be disrupted in ShcB-KO PCs. Of all Ca 2+ release channel subtypes, type 1 IP 3 R (IP 3 R1) and RyR1 are the most dominant subtypes expressed in PCs 38,39 , and are essential for the induction of cerebellar LTD 33,34 . However, there were no significant differences in relative mRNA content (Fig. 5A) and protein levels (Fig. 5B,C and Supplementary  Fig. S1B,C) of IP 3 R1 and RyR1 between ShcB-KO and WT cerebella. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis using antisera for IP 3 Rs and RyRs detected no prominent differences in the expression of IP 3 Rs and RyRs, respectively, between WT and ShcB-KO PCs (Fig. 5D,E).
We then examined the possibility of dysfunction of Ca 2+ stores in ShcB-KO PCs. In the resting condition, spontaneous Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca 2+ uptake by SERCA and plasma-membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase (PMCA) are balanced, and the intracellular Ca 2+ levels are kept constant. Thus, in WT PCs, acute inhibition of SERCA by a specific inhibitor, thapsigargin, results in a continuous increase in intracellular Ca 2+ levels ( Fig. 6A-C) because the spontaneous Ca 2+ release surpasses the uptake 40 . This thapsigargin-induced Ca 2+ elevation was largely decreased in ShcB-KO PCs ( Fig. 6A-C), suggesting that the Ca 2+ stores and SERCA activity are diminished in ShcB-KO PCs. To further confirm this hypothesis, we also examined the effects of ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, on cytosolic Ca 2+ levels in PCs. When ionomycin is applied at 1-2 µM, the drug is incorporated into the ER membrane selectively, and induces Ca 2+ leakage from intracellular stores. After bath application of 2 µM ionomycin, a slow but clear increase in intracellular Ca 2+ level was observed in WT PCs when using Ca 2+ -free extracellular fluid ( Fig. 6D-F). This elevation was confirmed to arise from Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores, because pretreatment with 2 µM thapsigargin for 60 min almost completely blocked the ionomycininduced Ca 2+ elevation (Fig. 6D,F). In ShcB-KO PCs, however, the ionomycin-induced Ca 2+ leak was significantly and greatly reduced. Because this response was almost completely inhibited by pretreatment with thapsigargin ( Fig. 6F), the result strongly suggested that the contents of Ca 2+ stores are decreased in ShcB-KO PCs. SERCA activity reduction in the ShcB-KO cerebellum. We next investigated possible mechanisms behind the decreased Ca 2+ -store content in ShcB-KO PCs. First, the distribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), a ubiquitous store of Ca 2+ in various types of cells, was analyzed using an ER tracker (Fig. 7A). We found no clear differences in the signal derived from the ER tracker between WT and ShcB-KO PCs. Activity of SERCA is essential for Ca 2+ uptake from the cytosol to the ER lumen 41 . Of the three types of SERCA, designated SERCA1-3, cerebellar PCs mainly express SERCA2 42 and therefore, we analyzed the expression and distribution of SERCA2. Immunohistochemical analyses showed no prominent differences in the SERCA2 signal in PCs between WT and ShcB-KO mice (Fig. 7B). In addition, the relative mRNA content (Fig. 7C) and protein levels of SERCA2 (Fig. 7D, Supplementary Fig. S1D) were not significantly changed in the ShcB-KO cerebellum. Collectively, these findings indicate that the intracellular distribution of ER and expression of SERCA are essentially normal in ShcB-KO PCs.
Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:14475 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71414-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ other hand, there was no significant difference in SERCA activity in the kidney, a tissue in which ShcB expression is not reported and was therefore used as a negative control 19 . Moreover, an immunoprecipitation experiment demonstrated possible binding of SERCA2 to ShcB in the cerebellum (Fig. 7F, Supplementary Fig. S1E). These results indicate ShcB-dependent regulation of SERCA activity in the cerebellum.

Restoration of eR ca 2+ content by ectopic expression in ShcB-deficient PCs. Finally, to test
whether ectopic expression of ShcB can restore the Ca 2+ -store content in ShcB-KO PCs, recombinant lentiviral transgenes for both ShcB and monomeric red fluorescence protein (mRFP) or only mRFP were injected into the cerebellar cortex of the mutant mice. Approximately 8 weeks later, Ca 2+ release was analyzed from PCs in a virus-injected area of ShcB-KO cerebellar slices to examine functional recovery of ER Ca 2+ store (Fig. 7G). NICR was examined because it is the most prominent of the three types of Ca 2+ release observed in PCs (GICR, CICR and NICR). In non-infected PCs or PCs expressing only mRFP, bath application of nitric oxide (NO) did not elicit Ca 2+ elevation ( Fig. 7H-J). On the other hand, in PCs expressing both mRFP and ShcB, NO-induced Ca 2+ elevation was clearly seen (Fig. 7H-J). We confirmed that this Ca 2+ elevation arose from NICR as we were able to almost completely abolish the response by pretreating the slice with thapsigargin (Fig. 7I,J). The result also indicated that SERCA activity was restored in PCs with ectopic expression of ShcB. Hence, in cerebellar PCs, the ShcB-mediated signal is necessary for homeostatic regulation of ER Ca 2+ stores, possibly through regulation of SERCA activity.

Discussion
The present study demonstrated that the contents of intracellular Ca 2+ store are largely decreased in ShcB-KO cerebellar PCs. Although the expression level of SERCA2, a Ca 2+ -ATPase expressed in the ER membrane, was not significantly reduced in ShcB-KO cerebella, SERCA-dependent components of Ca 2+ release were severely Cumulatively, these observations support the involvement of ShcB in the homeostatic regulation of Ca 2+ stores in cerebellar PCs through the regulation of SERCA activity. Thus far, four Shc-family adaptor proteins have been reported: ShcA, ShcB, ShcC and ShcD. However, there have been no studies suggesting a role for Shc-family proteins in Ca 2+ signaling in CNS neurons or in other tissues 13 . Therefore, the present study is the first to indicate an essential role of Shc-family proteins in intracellular Ca 2+ signaling, especially in homeostatic regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ stores.
In the ShcB-KO cerebellum, the ER Ca 2+ store content was largely decreased in PCs (Fig. 6D-F), whereas SERCA activity was decreased by about 50% (Fig. 7E). Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the decrease in ER Ca 2+ store content and degree of change in SERCA activity in the ShcB-KO cerebellum, which might be due to spontaneous Ca 2+ release in PCs. As is seen in Fig. 6A, application of thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor, clearly increases the Ca 2+ levels in WT PCs. Because any other stimulus was not applied during this experiment, the result indicates that a substantial degree of spontaneous Ca 2+ release occurs through IP 3 Rs, RyRs or unidentified Ca 2+ -leak channel(s) in PCs. When SERCA activity is not impaired, the spontaneous Ca 2+ release is balanced by Ca 2+ uptake by SERCA and the content of ER Ca 2+ store is maintained homeostatically. However, in case where SERCA activity is reduced to about 50% of the normal level, spontaneous Ca 2+ release might exceed Ca 2+ uptake by SERCA, depleting the Ca 2+ stores.
Regulation of SERCA activity by binding with other proteins has been previously reported 43,44 . In the heart, it is well-established that the activity of SERCA2a is regulated by phospholamban (PLN) in the cardiac ER 45 . When the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration is low, dephosphorylated PLN interacts with SERCA2a and inhibits pump activity, but this inhibitory effect is alleviated when PLN is phosphorylated as a downstream effect of high cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations. Sarcolipin (SLN), a homologue of PLN, is also well known to bind and inhibit SERCA2a in skeletal muscle 46 . Because the expression of PLN or SLN in CNS neurons has not been previously reported, the protein(s) regulating SERCA activity in these neurons are yet to be determined. In the present study, however, the SERCA-dependent component of Ca 2+ release was impaired in ShcB-KO PCs and rescued by ectopic expression of ShcB (Fig. 7H-J). In addition, immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated binding of ShcB with SERCA2 (Fig. 7F). These results suggest that ShcB binds to SERCA and regulates its activity in neurons, as PLN and SLN are in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, respectively. The binding of IRS-1, IRS-2 or α-fodrin are also www.nature.com/scientificreports/ possibly involved in this process 10,11 . IRS proteins contain 8-18 potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites, which upon phosphorylation mediate binding to effector proteins, typically to their SH2 domains 47 . Studies on muscle and β-cells demonstrate that IRS-1 and IRS-2 bind to SERCA and that this binding is stimulated by treatment of the cells with insulin, which induces phosphorylation of IRS proteins. There are at least three tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the CH1 region of the ShcB protein, and these sites are phosphorylated upon stimulation 26 . Although identification of the binding site of ShcB to SERCA2 requires further studies, these observations suggest that ShcB binds to SERCA2 through its tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and contributes to the maintenance of ER Ca 2+ levels by regulating SERCA activity.
Of the four Shc-family proteins, expression of ShcB and ShcC is dominant in the brains of adult mice, whereas ShcA expression gradually decreases during postnatal development [15][16][17] . Functional roles of ShcB were examined in a previous study using ShcB-KO mice, and a loss of peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons were revealed in ShcB-KO mice 17 . Therefore, it is possible that ShcB is involved in the development and maturation of nociceptive neurons through regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ stores, although a relationship between Ca 2+ release and development and/or maturation of sensory neurons is yet to be established. In the present study, eyeblink conditioning, a type of cerebellar-dependent motor learning, and LTD at PF synapses were impaired in ShcB-KO mice. Many studies have indicated that cerebellar LTD is the cellular basis for cerebellardependent motor learning, and that Ca 2+ signals including Ca 2+ release from intracellular store in PCs are essential for plasticity induction 48,49 . Therefore, we propose that ShcB has an essential role in cerebellar-dependent learning and cerebellar synaptic plasticity through the homeostatic regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ stores.
In conclusion, the present study reveals that ShcB-mediated signaling has critical role in homeostatic maintenance of Ca 2+ store in PCs. Future studies may illuminate the involvement of other Shc-family and related molecules in Ca 2+ -store regulation in neuronal cells other than PCs as well as in non-neuronal cells. The ER is a dynamic intracellular store of Ca 2+ that regulates cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations, and the indispensable role of ER Ca 2+ stores in various cellular function have been extensively demonstrated in various excitable and nonexcitable cells. ER Ca 2+ homeostasis is essential for protein synthesis, cell differentiation and cell survival; in the CNS, perturbations in ER-mediated Ca 2+ regulation possibly contribute to neurodegenerative processes. Our study sheds light on ShcB as a novel signaling molecule involved in homeostatic regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ stores, and presents its therapeutic potential for diseases resulting from dysfunction of ER Ca 2+ homeostasis.

Materials and methods
Animals experiments. All experiments were carried out according to the guidelines and approved by the Animal Welfare Committees of Nagasaki University, Kyoto University, Tokushima Bunri University, University of Toyama, Hokkaido University and Kitasato University. Efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used. WT and ShcB-KO mice at 8-12 weeks of age were used for all analyses. ShcB-KO mice were generated as described previously 17 . The mice were housed in plastic cages and kept in a regulated environment (24 ± 1 °C; 50 ± 5% humidity), with a 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 8:00 A.M.). Food and tap water were available ad libitum.

Histological analyses.
Mice were pentobarbital-anesthetized and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Then, the brains were removed, postfixed for 24 h in 4% paraformaldehyde, and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose. Cerebellar sections (15 µm) were cut, mounted on slides and processed for Nissl staining or immunohistochemical staining. Staining with hematoxylin and Nissl staining were performed according to standard procedures. For immunochemical staining, the sections were permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100, blocked with 5% BSA, incubated with antibody overnight at 4 °C, and incubated further with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h at 37 °C. Antibody against ShcB was prepared as described previously 17 . Antibodies against IP 3 Rs (sc-28613), RyRs (sc-8170) and SERCA2 (sc-8095) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Fluorescence images were obtained with the confocal imaging system Micro Radiance (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).

Rotor-rod analysis.
In the rotor-rod test, as with other behavioral tests including eyeblink conditioning and those described in supplemental information, 8-to 12-week-old WT-and ShcB-KO mice were used. The ability for motor coordination was examined with rotor-rod analysis 50,51 . Mice were placed on the stationary rod (diameter = 9 cm) of a rotating-rod device (Muromachi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan) for up to 120 s until they habituated to the experimental environment. The mice were then carefully placed on the rotating rod (9 rpm), and the time they remained on the rod was measured for each trial. The maximum retention time was 120 s.

Eyeblink conditioning.
Eyeblink conditioning was carried out as described previously 34,52 . For delay eyeblink conditioning, mice were surgically implanted with four Teflon-coated stainless-steel wires (A-M Systems, WA, USA) under the left eyelid for recording EMG activity and delivering electric shock. A periorbital shock (100 Hz square pulses for 100 ms) was applied as unconditioned stimulus, and a tone (1.0 kHz, 80 dB for 350 ms) was used as the conditioning stimulus; the conditioning stimulus preceded and co-terminated with the unconditioned stimulus (see Fig. 1M). After spontaneous eyeblink frequency (sp) was examined, the mice were subjected to the acquisition session for 7 days and the extinction session for 4 days. The acquisition session consisted of 100 paired trials of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. The extinction sessions consisted of 100 conditioned stimulus trials. The spontaneous eyeblink frequency was measured in 100 non-stimulus trials. The electromyographic signal was band-pass filtered between 0.15 and 1.0 kHz and fed into a computer at a sampling rate of 10 kHz. The EMGs were analyzed as described previously 53 . A threshold was determined, and the time window selected for evaluating the CR was 100 ms before US onset. The time window was extended by 100 ms to obtain Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:14475 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71414-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the CR value in the CS-only trials. As shown in Fig. 1E, the accumulated amplitude in the ShcB-KO mice was significantly lower than that in the WT mice due to decreased CR%. The transient electromyographic response at ~ 20 ms preceding the CR at ~ 80-350 ms was derived from the auditory startle reflex elicited upon the sound and was retained in the ShcB-KO mice. Therefore, it is unlikely that the poor performance is caused by hearing inability in the ShcB-KO mice.

Grip force test.
In grip force test, as well as other behavioral tests described below, 8-to 12-week-old WTand ShcB-KO mice were used. Mice were gently held by the tail and allowed them to grasp the horizontally positioned metal bar of the Grip Strength Meter (MK308M, Muromachi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan) with their forelimbs (2-grips test) or forelimbs and hindlimbs (4-grips test). Each mouse performed three trials for force measurement. The highest force value applied to the metal bar was recorded 54 .
Grid-hang test. Each mouse was placed on the center of a 0.5 cm grid at the bottom of a 28 cm × 36 cm box.
The mouse was supported by the experimenter until it grabbed the grid with both its fore-and hind-paws. The grid was then inverted so the mouse was hanging upside-down. The duration of time that the animal remained on the grid was recorded. Only mice capable of hanging onto the grid for at least 1 s were included in analysis 55 . The time to falloff, with a 60-s cutoff time, was measured to evaluate the prehensile reflex. Three trials were performed for each mouse with a 20-min interval. Forced swimming test. In the forced swimming test, a mouse was placed in a transparent glass cylinder (8 cm in diameter × 20 cm high), which contained water at 25 °C at a depth of 8 cm, and was forced to swim for 10 min. The duration of immobility was measured every 1 min using digital counters with infrared sensors (Scanet MV-10 AQ; TOYOSANGYO), as described previously 57 . The standard bathing solution was composed of (in mM) 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 2 CaCl 2 , 1 MgSO 4 , 1.25 NaH 2 PO 4 , 26 NaHCO 3 and 20 glucose, which was bubbled continuously with a mixture of 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2 . Bicuculline (10 μM) was always present in the saline to block spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Square pulses were applied for focal stimulation (duration, 0.1 ms; amplitude, 0-90 V for CF stimulation, 0-10 V for PF stimulation) through a glass pipette with a 5 to 10 μm-diameter tip and filled with the standard bath solution. The membrane potentials were held at − 90 to − 80 mV for recording PF-EPSCs, and at − 20 to − 10 mV for recording CF-EPSCs, after the compensation for liquid junction potential. Ionic currents were recorded using a patch-clamp amplifier (EPC-9, HEKA, Lambrecht/Pfalz, Germany). Stimulation and on-line data acquisition were performed using PULSE software (HEKA) on a Macintosh computer. Signals were filtered at 3 kHz and digitized at 20 kHz. The fitting of the decay phases of EPSCs was performed with PULSE-FIT software (HEKA). For the LTD experiments, the intensity of the stimulus was adjusted to evoke PF-EPSCs whose initial amplitudes were between 80 and 150 pA. After obtaining a stable initial recording for at least 10 min, a conjunctive Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:14475 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71414-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ stimulus was applied to induce LTD. The conjunctive stimulation protocol is composed of 300 single PF stimuli in conjunction with depolarization pulses (− 80 to 0 mV, for 50 ms) repeated at 1 Hz. Series resistance and membrane resistance were monitored throughout the experiments, and the data were discarded if either of these resistances varied by more than 10%. The data were also discarded if the slope of the PF-EPSC amplitude averaged every minute during the initial recording for 10 min was larger than 2% or if the amplitude did not stabilize within 20 min after the onset of the whole-cell conditions 34,36,59 . The PF-EPSC amplitude was normalized by the mean value observed for 10 min before the CJS. ca 2+ imaging. For intracellular Ca 2+ imaging in PCs, a calcium-sensitive dye, Oregon Green BAPTA-1 (100 μM), was introduced into the cells through the patch pipette, and the concentration of EGTA in the pipette solution was decreased to 0.5 mM. Five to nine sequential confocal images (excitation at 488 nm) obtained at 3-4 µm z-axis intervals were acquired every 0.8 s using an upright microscope (BX51WI; OLYMPUS) equipped with a confocal scanning unit and an argon laser (FV300, OLYMPUS), and were projected onto a plane to obtain images of dendrites at 10-s intervals. Nitric-oxide (NO) induced Ca 2+ release (NICR) was induced by bath application of an NO donor, NOC7 (300 μM), as previously described 36 . Values are normalized with F0, the average value before drug application.

Slice preparation and whole
ER staining. The morphology and distribution of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were analyzed by ER staining. Cerebellar slices were incubated with 1 μM ER-tracker red (Thermo Fisher Scientific) dissolved in the standard bathing solution for 30 min. Five to nine sequential confocal images were obtained and projected onto a plane to obtain images of PCs.
Real-time pcR. Relative contents of type 1 inositol 1,4,5-tris phosphate receptor (IP3R1), type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and type 2 sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2) were quantified by real-time PCR, according to the protocol in our previous study 37 . Total RNA preparations from 5 mice in each genotype were used as templates for cDNA synthesis (ReverTra ACE qPCR-RT kit, TOYOBO, Japan). The mRNA content was analyzed using a real-time PCR system according to the manufacturer's instructions (Thermal Cycler TP800, TaKaRa Bio, Japan). The cycle threshold (Ct) was determined from the cDNA amplification curve as an index for relative mRNA content in each reaction.
immunoprecipitation analysis. Proteins in cerebellar lysate, prepared as described above, were precipitated with acetone at -20 °C, and the pellet was resuspended in lysis buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, 2 μM EDTA, 0.05% (v/v) TritonX-100, protease inhibitor cocktails and calpain inhibitor I. For coimmunoprecipitations, 2 μl of anti-SERCA2 polyclonal antibody (sc-8905, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added to the lysate and allowed to bind to the antibody by shaking at 4 °C overnight, before addition of 40 μl preequilibrated Protein A/G sepharose (abcam). After shaking at 4 °C for another 1 h, beads were washed 3 times in lysis buffer and bound protein was eluted at 95 °C for 5 min in 50 μl of SDS-loading buffer. The signal for ShcB protein was detected by western blot analysis, as described above.
SERCA activity assay. SERCA activity was analyzed using the EnzChek Phosphate Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, U.S.A.). Briefly, the homogenates from the cerebellum and kidney were incubated with ATP for 60 min at 36 °C with or without thapsigargin, an SERCA inhibitor. Then, the concentration of the enzymatic product by ATPase, inorganic phosphate, was analyzed by the concentration of the ribose 1-phosphate and 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine product converted from the 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine riboside (MESG) substrate by the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in the presence of inorganic phosphate. SERCA activity was determined by subtraction of inorganic phosphate production with thapsigargin from that without thapsigargin. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ transgene for ShcB-IRES-mRFP1 or mRFP1 in addition to packaging plasmids, cCAG-HIVgp and pCMV-VSV-G-RSV-Rev, was cotransfected into 293 T cells to prepare the lentiviral vectors. After the incubation for 48 h at 37℃, the medium was centrifuged at 50,000 g for 2 h to precipitate virus particles. The lentiviral titer was approximately 1 × 10 9 / ml. For in vivo infection with viral particles, ShcB-KO mice (4-weeks old) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and through an incision in the scalp, a small piece of the occipital bone and the dura covering the surface of cerebellar lobule VII were removed. Then, solutions containing viral particles carrying the transgenes were injected into lobule VII of the cerebellar cortex with a microglass needle (tip diameter of 20-40 μm) attached to a manipulator 34,59 . A volume of approximately 1 μl was delivered unilaterally within 5-10 min by air pressure. After the injection, the scalp was sutured. Approximately 8 weeks after the injection, Ca 2+ release was analyzed from PCs in a virus-injected area of ShcB-KO cerebellar slices. The vector plasmids (CSII-CMV-MCS-IRES2-mRFP1 and CSII-CMV-mRFP1), packaging plasmids (cCAG-HIVgp and pCMV-VSV-G-RSV-Rev) and 293 T cells were provided from RIKEN BRC through the National Bio-Resource Project of the MEXT, Japan.
Statistical analysis. We tested statistical significance using Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's test. Values are presented as mean ± SEM unless otherwise stated. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.