Plasmon-coupled Charge Transfer in FSZA Core-shell Microspheres with High SERS Activity and Pesticide Detection

A commercial SERS substrate does not only require strong enhancement, but also can be reused and recycled in actual application. Herein, Fe3O4/SiO2/ZnO/Ag (FSZA) have been synthesised, which consisted of Fe3O4 core with strong magnetic field response and an intermediate SiO2 layer as an electronic barrier to keep the stability of magnetite particles and outer ZnO and Ag as the effective layers for detecting pollutants. The SERS enhancement factor (EF) of the FSZA was ~8.2 × 105. The enhancement mechanism of the FSZA core-shell microspheres were anatomized. The electromagnetic enhancement of surface deposited Ag, charge transfer, and molecular and exciton resonances act together to cause such high enhancement factors. For practical application, the FSZA core-shell microspheres were also used to detect thiram, moreover, which was collected and separated by an external magnetic field, and maintained the SERS activity without significant decline during multiple tests. So the good enhancement performance and magnetic recyclability make the FSZA core-shell microspheres a promising candidates for practical SERS detection applications.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a strong spectroscopy technology with high sensitivity and fast response. It is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, biosensing, food safety and environmental monitoring [1][2][3][4] . The substrate materials play a key role in SERS enhancement effect, because the substrate material can affect the enhancement effect 5 . Traditional novel metal substrates have high SERS activity but are too technologically demanding and expensive 6 . In contrast, semiconductor SERS substrates not only have higher chemical stability but also have better biocompatibility 7 . So people turn their attention to the semiconductor SERS substrate due to their better chemical stability and biocompatibility. Especially, ZnO has excellent properties in supporting chemical enhancement 8 . However, the SERS activity of pure ZnO is too weak to be practically applied. This results in enhanced SERS effects by manipulating the heterostructure between the noble metal and ZnO. It is widely known that Ag has a higher surface plasma efficiency than Au and is much cheaper than Au. Therefore, a large number of studies on ZnO and Ag heterojunction have emerged, and the SERS intensity of ZnO has been greatly improved 9 . However, the SERS substrate does not only require strong enhancement, but also can be reused and recycled in actual application 10 . Magnetic particles as an important family of separable materials, which have attracted much attention due to their unique separability, enabling them to facilitate the convenient recovery of SERS substrates 11 . However, magnetite particles are instability in harsh environments, especially under acidic conditions [12][13][14] . So it is very necessary to coat a silica shell on it.
On above mentioned reasons, we prepared Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /ZnO/Ag (FSZA) as a novel SERS substrate. The separability imparted to the substrate by the magnetic core Fe 3 O 4 is convenient for reuse and recovery, and the surface is covered with an inert SiO 2 layer to enhance the stability of Fe 3 O 4 . The ZnO/Ag heterostructure further covered thereon combines the advantages of semiconductor and noble metal, imparts higher SERS activity to the substrate   18,19 . The two dominant peaks at 1079 and 1587 cm −1 are assigned to the ring-breathing modes. The Raman band at 839 cm −1 is attributed to the COO − bending mode (δ(COO -)) and that at 1140 cm −1 is attributed to a mixed mode (13β(CCC) + ʋ(C-S) + ʋ(C-COOH)) 20 . In addition, the band at approximately 1183 cm −1 is mainly due to the a 1 vibration of v (CH), the band centered at 1364 cm −1 is due to the symmetric stretch of the carboxylate group ν(COO − ). Moreover, the most significant difference is the large increase in Raman signal and peak position movement for the FSZA core-shell microspheres, which is different from the Raman spectrum of 4-MBA powder. These changes may be caused by the interface between ZnO and Ag. All of this evidence suggests that the surface has been significantly enhanced.
The SERS enhancement factor (EF) of the FSZA core-shell microspheres were calculated by the following equation according to previous reports 21, 22 : where N SERS and N bulk are the number of molecules; I SERS and I bulk are the peak intensities. In this case, the determination of EF requires the measurement under the same conditions. The EF for 4-MBA adsorbed on the FSZA core-shell microspheres were calculated through selecting the Raman peak at 1587 cm −1 . N SERS and N bulk represent the numbers of 4-MBA molecule adsorbed on the FSZA core-shell microspheres and bulk molecule excited by the 514 nm laser beam. For the optical configuration and microscope used in this study, the confocal depth was 21 µm, the laser beam spot diameter was 1 µm, and the 4-MBA density was 1.346 g/cm 3 . Therefore, N bulk is estimated to be 3.3 × 10 10 molecules in the the detected 4-MBA solid sample region 23 . N SERS is the number of surface adsorbed molecules in the laser spot that can be obtained according to the method proposed by Orendorff et al. 24 .
Where N d is the density of the Ag, A laser is the area of the laser focus, A N is the footprint area of Ag, and σ is the surface area occupied by an adsorbed molecule. A laser can be obtained from the diameter of the laser spot and can be adopted as 0.20 nm 2 /molecule 25 . Therefore, the EF of the FSZA core-shell microspheres was evaluated to be ~8.2 × 10 5 .

Mechanism of SeRS detection.
Usually electromagnetic (EM) and charge transfer (CT) mechanisms are the two main principles that contribute to the enhancement of SERS. To determine the appropriate mechanism for the FSZA core-shell microspheres, we compared the SERS activities among the FSZA substrates and the FSZ substrates after being immersed in 10 −3 M 4-MBA solution in Fig. 2b. Due to the SERS spectra of the FSZ was too weak to be seen when the FSZ and the FSAZ were put together, so we enlarged the SERS intensity of the FSZ by 100 times to see the changes of peaks more clearly. Clearly, FSZA can generate a stronger SERS signal than the FSZ. And the SERS intensities of 4-MBA at 1587 cm −1 collected on the FSZA core-shell microspheres substrates are about 2100 times higher than that of the bare ZnO. On the FSZ sample, the main bands of 4-MBA are located at 1593 and 1088 cm −1 , which are assigned to the v 8a (a 1 ) and v 12 (a 1 ) aromatic ring characteristic vibrations, respectively. These bands are the main contribution of ZnO-to-molecule CT mechanism. Figure 3a shows the charge transfer process. The photoexcited electrons can be injected into the conduction band (CB) of the zinc oxide and/ or then relaxed to the surface level of the zinc oxide (E SS ) and then transferred to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the molecule adsorbed on the zinc oxide. According to the Herzberg-Teller selection rules 26 : www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ where Γ(μ CT ) is an irreducible representation of the charge transfer transition, and Γ (μ ex ) is the exciton transition from which intensity is borrowed. Since the optical transition in 4-MBA is in the ultraviolet, it is likely that intensity for this transition is obtained by borrowing exciton transitions at or near the laser excitation (2.54 eV). So we obtain resonance transitions from the molecule LUMO to the edge of ZnO conduction band (h LC ).
In addition, for the FSZA core-shell microspheres substrates, there are two new bonds appeared at ~1362 and near 1183 cm −1 as shown in Fig. 2b. In addtion, the SERS peak of 4-MBA at about 1593 cm −1 on the FSZ shifts to 1578 cm −1 affter adding Ag. Since the work function of Ag (4.3 eV vs. NHE) is lower than the work function of ZnO (5.2 eV vs. NHE), the Fermi level of Ag is larger than that of ZnO 27,28 . When Ag is sputtered onto the surface of the FSZ, the conduction band of Ag electrons are easier transfer to that of ZnO until their level of Fermi energy attains equilibration. The Fermi level of zinc oxide in the composite material is higher, and the Fermi level of silver is lower. As a consequence of charge redistribution, the SERS activity of the FSZA substrates are higher than that of the FSZ substrates, indicating that the charge transfer from Ag to ZnO leads to the formation of an inter electric field 29,30 . As shown in Fig. 3b, there are three reasons for enhancement, namely, the EM enhancement of Ag, molecular and exciton resonances, and charge transfer. They appear in the form of multiplications, so when they coincide, a large enhancement factor is produced 31,32 . evaluating the SeRS activity of the fSZA substrates. Figure 4a shows the SERS signals of different concentrations of 4-MBA, and the intensity of each peak increased with increasing concentration. The detection limit of 4-MBA was 10 −9 M. Figure 4b shows SERS spectra obtained from 20 randomly selected positions on the FSZA. The calculated relative standard deviation (RSD) of the intensities of the peaks at 1587 cm −1 was 6.14%, indicating great reproducibility of the FSZA.
Reusability of the fSZA core-shell microspheres substrates and detection of thiram. The magnetic properties of the FSZA core-shell microspheres were shown in Fig. 5a. The samples showed superparamagnetic properties with the saturated magnetization value is 22.7 emu/g. As shown in the inset of Fig. 5a, the uniform dispersion of FSZA can be quickly separated from the solution with an external magnet, and form aggregates in only 22 s. At the same time as the magnet was removed, the aggregate was quickly redispersed into the solution by a slight shaking. Superparamagnetic properties are extremely important for reusable SERS substrates.
The FSZA core-shell microspheres were used as a SERS substrate for further detection of the dithiocarbamate fungicide (thiram), which is widely used in food crops. But rolonged or repeated exposure may result in sensitive skin and have bad effects on the thyroid or liver. To test the reusability of the FSZA core-shell microspheres, we repeat the SERS experiments with the same sample for four times, using a magnet to separate the FSZA from solution after each test. We repeated four times of SERS experiment for the same sample to test the reusability of FSZA core-shell microspheres. Figure 5b shows that the substrate can be regenerated. The SERS signals of thiram almost completely disappeared after visible light irradiation and rinsing. In Fig. 5c, the FSZA core-shell microspheres substrates retained SERS activity completely after four replicates. Although the average Raman intensity is slightly reduced due to the decrease of hot spots and adsorption capacity, it can still meet the testing requirements of thiram. Figure 5d shows the SERS signals of different concentrations of thiram. The Raman peaks of thiram can be detected even at 10 −9 M (0.0003 ppm), and this concentration is much lower than the 7 ppm maximal residue limit (MRL) in fruit prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and may be applied in pesticide residue practical detection. So the FSZA core-shell microspheres could be an efficient SERS substrate in detection of trace thiram in practical detection. experimental fSZA core-shell microspheres preparation. Firstly, Fe 3 O 4 sample was prepared via solvothermal method 33 . 3.24 g FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O, 5.4 g C 2 H 3 O 2 Na and 0.003 g C 12 H 25 SO 4 Na were dissolved in 60 mL (CH 2 OH) 2 , stirred and then transferred to a autoclave to get the Fe 3 O 4 . SiO 2 was coated on Fe 3 O 4 core through the modified Stöber method 34 . 0.3 g Fe 3 O 4 was added into a mixed solution of ammonia (3.6 mL), alcohol (120 mL) and deionized water (30 mL) and stirred for half an hour, then continue added 1.05 mL TEOS and stirred for 4 hours. 0.5 mmol ZnNO 3 ·6H 2 O, 10 mL DMF, 2 mL NaOH (0.5 mol/L), 30 mL deionized water and 0.24 g Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 were mixed together and manner to get Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @ZnO. For detailed parameters, please see our previous papers 35 . Finally, we used the wet chemistry method to synthesized FSZA core-shell microspheres.

conclusion
In summary, the FSZA core-shell microspheres substrates is designed and prepared by an easy and low cost method. The as-fabricated substrate is ultrasensitive and reproducible.The results demonstrate that this FSZA core-shell microspheres substrates are not only beneficial for the detection of pesticides but also has a good application prospect for SERS application and provides an excellent candidate for SERS analysis. Figure 5. (a) Room temperature magnetic hysteresis curves of the FSZA core-shell microspheres, the inset showed the water dispersibility and magnetic separation of the FSZA core-shell microspheres; (b) SERS spectra of thiram before and after self-cleaning test; (c) corresponding normalized Raman intensities of 1381 cm −1 when the SERS substrate is recycling for four times in the detection of 10 -5 thiram; (d) SERS spectra of thiram based on FSZA with concentrations ranging from 10 -5 to 10 -9 M.