A novel, dynein-independent mechanism focuses the endoplasmic reticulum around spindle poles in dividing Drosophila spermatocytes

In dividing animal cells the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) concentrates around the poles of the spindle apparatus by associating with astral microtubules (MTs), and this association is essential for proper ER partitioning to progeny cells. The mechanisms that associate the ER with astral MTs are unknown. Because astral MT minus-ends are anchored by centrosomes at spindle poles, we hypothesized that the MT minus-end motor dynein mediates ER concentration around spindle poles. Live in vivo imaging of Drosophila spermatocytes revealed that dynein is required for ER concentration around centrosomes during late interphase. In marked contrast, however, dynein suppression had no effect on ER association with astral MTs and concentration around spindle poles in early M-phase. In fact, there was a sudden onset of ER association with astral MTs in dynein RNAi cells, revealing activation of an M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association. ER redistribution to spindle poles also did not require non-claret disjunctional (ncd), the other known Drosophila MT minus-end motor, nor Klp61F, a MT plus-end motor that generates spindle poleward forces. Collectively, our results suggest that a novel, M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association that is independent of MT minus-end motors is required for proper ER partitioning in dividing cells.


Results
Dynein mediates eR association with centrosomal Mts during late interphase. We began our investigation by analyzing the role of dynein in ER distribution with respect to centrosomal MTs in Drosophila spermatocytes. Drosophila spermatocytes are organized in cysts of 16 cells, and these cells synchronously undergo two meiotic divisions to form 64 haploid spermatids 19 . Like most Drosophila cells 20 , we found that centrosomes in spermatocytes only nucleate MTs beginning in late G2 or early prophase, when cyclin B levels are high and the centrosomes have duplicated (Supplemental Fig. S1). It was not possible to differentiate G2 versus prophase in these cells, consistent with previous reports 19,21 , and we refer to this stage as "late interphase" to differentiate it from the clear events of meiosis described later. Double labeling of ER and MTs by co-expression of ER-targeted RFP (RFP-KDEL) and GFP-tubulin, respectively, revealed that the ER was widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm during late interphase, but also exhibited a distinct concentration around each cortical centrosome, with segments of the ER closely aligned along the centrosomal MTs (Fig. 1a). The ratio of RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity immediately adjacent to each centrosome versus that elsewhere in the cytoplasm (ER centrosome / ER cytoplasm ) was 1.60 ± 0.06 (mean ± SEM; n = 5 cells) in late interphase cells, reflecting 60% enrichment of the ER around centrosomes as compared to the rest of the cytoplasm at this cell cycle stage. We also observed clear concentration of the ER around centrosomes using GFP labeled protein disulfide isomerase (GFP-PDI) to label the organelle and ana1-tdTomato to identify centrosomes, demonstrating that the observed distribution of ER is not ER label specific (Fig. 1b). To test whether this peri-centrosomal ER concentration in late interphase is mediated by dynein, we expressed inducible RNAi targeting Drosophila dynein heavy chain (Dhc64C) specifically in spermatocytes using the germ cell-specific bam-GAL4:VP16 driver 22 . This approach avoided the lethality observed in loss-of-function dynein mutant flies 23 , while allowing for the use of a highly effective interfering RNA strategy that reduced Dhc64C mRNA levels by 77% in whole larvae when driven with the ubiquitous da-GAL4 driver ( Supplementary Fig. S2). We did not quantify transcript levels directly in whole testes to determine spermatocyte-specific knockdown, because bam-GAL4:VP16 does not drive RNAi expression in all testis cell types. Strikingly, in bam-GAL4:VP16-driven Dhc64C RNAi spermatocytes the ER was entirely excluded from centrosomal MTs, resulting in complete absence of the peri-centrosomal concentration of ER seen in controls (Fig. 1a). This resulted in an ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm ratio of 0.27 ± 0.02 (mean ± SEM; n = 5 cells) in Dhc64C RNAi spermatocytes, a statistically significant difference from controls (see Fig. 2d) and a clear representation of the observed absence of ER around the centrosomes as compared to the rest of the cytoplasm. These effects of dynein suppression on late interphase ER distribution were again recapitulated with the GFP-PDI probe (Fig. 1b). Together, these results indicated that dynein mediates the association of the ER with MTs, and functions to focus the ER around MT minus-ends at centrosomes in late interphase Drosophila spermatocytes.
www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ in contrast to late interphase, dynein is not required for eR concentration around centrosomes at spindle poles during M-phase. During M-phase in Drosophila spermatocytes, the majority of the ER is associated with astral MTs around the two spindle pole centrosomes, and a fraction of ER membranes also envelopes the spindle apparatus and is referred to as the parafusorial membranes 18,19 (see Fig. 2a, "Metaphase"). We previously demonstrated that the specific association of ER with astral MTs is required for proper ER inheritance in dividing cells 4  M-phase in spermatocytes was separation and movement of the two centrosomes from the cell cortex to opposite sides of the nucleus, where they established the two poles of the meiotic spindle. As the centrosomes migrated to the nuclear envelope in control cells, there was a marked and steady increase in the amount of ER associated with the astral MTs around each centrosome, and a concomitant decrease in ER in the rest of the cytoplasm. At the stage of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and continuing through metaphase, nearly the entire cellular content of ER was associated with the astral MTs at the two spindle poles. This dramatic redistribution of the ER from the cytoplasm to astral MTs around the centrosomes was clearly reflected by a four-fold increase in ER centrosome / ER cytoplasm at metaphase as compared to late interphase (6.45 ± 0.26 at metaphase vs. 1.60 ± 0.06 at interphase; Fig. 1c,d). In Dhc64C RNAi spermatocytes, the centrosomes separated but they failed to move from the cell cortex to the nuclear envelope, consistent with dynein's role in centrosome-nuclear envelope engagement [24][25][26] . Despite RNAi spermatocyte co-expressing GFP-tubulin (green) and RFP-KDEL (red) from late interphase through metaphase of the first meiotic division. Times in minutes in the upper left of each image are reported relative to NEB. Filled arrowheads indicate visible centrosomes, and open arrowheads indicate the approximate location of centrosomes that are out of the focal plane. Arrows in the "Centrosome Separation" images (−20 and −12 min) point to RFP-KDEL -labeled ER that is moving toward the centrosome along astral MTs. Arrows in the "Metaphase" image (+52 min) point to the spindle poles where the kinetochore MTs are focused; note that the centrosomes with astral MTs and associated ER are completely dissociated from the spindle poles. (c) The ratio of RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity immediately adjacent to a single centrosome versus that in the cytoplasm near the nucleus (ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm ) was calculated every 2 minutes from late interphase (−40 min) through metaphase (20 min) for the control and Dhc64C RNAi cells shown in (a,b), respectively. Time is relative to NEB. (d) Mean ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm ± SEM for five control and Dhc64C RNAi cells during late interphase (left panel; measured at 40 min prior to NEB) and metaphase (right panel; measured at 20 min post NEB). '*' , p < 0.0001, t-test.  www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ this clear and specific effect of dynein suppression on the movement of centrosomes, in these same cells the ER exhibited a sudden and rapid movement onto the astral MTs and toward the cortical centrosomes similar to that observed in control spermatocytes (Figs. 2b, 3b, Supplementary Videos 3 and 4). Close temporal examination revealed that the ER moved processively toward the cortical centrosomes in Dhc64C RNAi spermatocytes, resulting in concentration of the ER around the centrosomes by the time of NEB (Fig. 3b'). This movement of the ER toward the centrosomes in dynein suppressed cells was nevertheless MT-dependent, because it was inhibited by the MT depolymerizing drug colchicine (Fig. 4a,b). Importantly, while the redistribution of ER to centrosomes during M-phase was not affected by Dhc64C RNAi, spindle architecture was greatly altered as expected with dynein suppression. Specifically, as Dhc64C RNAi cells progressed into a metaphase-like stage with congressed chromosomes and organized kinetochore spindle fibers, the centrosomes with their astral MTs were dissociated from the spindle poles, consistent with dynein suppression 26,27 ; in some cases the axis of the two centrosomes was completely perpendicular to the orientation of the spindle itself (Fig. 2b). Even with these dramatic defects in spindle architecture in Dhc64C RNAi spermatocytes, the ER remained specifically associated with the astral MTs around the centrosomes, as in control cells, suggesting that dynein is not required for M-phase redistribution of the ER to astral MTs around centrosomes. Further supporting this conclusion, the maximal ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm value attained in Dhc64C RNAi cells at metaphase was not significantly different from controls (Fig. 2c,d). RNAi-mediated suppression of NudE, a dynein activator with multiple mitotic functions 26 , was used to further confirm the dynein-independence of ER redistribution to astral MTs in M-phase. To this end, the effects of NudE suppression were nearly identical to those of Dhc64C, on both ER redistribution and spindle architecture (Supplementary Fig. S3). Collectively, these results indicate that even though ER concentration around centrosomes is dynein dependent during late interphase, redistribution of the ER onto astral MTs around spindle pole centrosomes during M-phase is independent of dynein activity. Further, the sudden onset of ER association with astral MTs in dynein-suppressed cells suggests that an M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association is engaged early in cell division to concentrate the ER around centrosomes.
Neither ncd nor Klp61F mediate ER association with astral MTs during M-phase. The processive, MT-dependent movement of the ER toward centrosomes in dynein suppressed cells suggests that a different MT minus-end motor may be responsible for spindle pole concentration of the organelle. We therefore tested non-claret disjunctional (ncd; human kinesin-14 orthologue), the only other known MT minus-end motor in Drosophila, for its possible role in M-phase specific ER redistribution. Spermatocyte specific expression of an ncd-targeted RNAi construct that, when expressed globally resulted in approximately 55% knockdown of ncd transcript in whole larvae ( Supplementary Fig. S2), had no observable effect on the concentration of ER around centrosomes during late interphase as compared to controls (Fig. 5a). Further, early spindle formation proceeded normally in ncd RNAi cells, and the most notable spindle phenotype observed was a deflection of interpolar MTs to one side in late metaphase, just prior to anaphase onset ( Supplementary Fig. S4). Importantly, as seen in control and dynein suppressed cells, the ER redistributed to astral MTs beginning with centrosome migration in ncd RNAi cells (Fig. 5a). Fluorescence intensity analysis confirmed these observations, with ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm values of 1.65 ± 0.03 and 6.55 ± 0.22 (mean ± SEM; n = 5 cells) for late interphase and M-phase respectively, which were not significantly different from controls ( Supplementary Fig. S5). To confirm that the lack of effects on ER redistribution as well as spindle architecture were not due to insufficient RNAi mediated knockdown of ncd expression, we also tested a hypomorphic ncd allele (ncd D ) that produces ncd protein that lacks motor function 28,29 . Similar to RNAi cells, spermatocytes from ncd D homozygous larvae also formed near-normal spindles, and while these cells did exhibit a slight deflection of interpolar MTs just prior to anaphase onset, ER redistribution to astral MTs was not perturbed (Supplementary Fig. S4). We further considered the possibility that ncd and dynein may have complimentary functions in ER-astral MT association. To test this, we suppressed the expression of both Dhc64C and ncd in spermatocytes by RNAi. The phenotype associated with combined dynein and ncd suppression was nearly identical to that observed with Dhc64C RNAi alone: these cells had cortical centrosomes that failed to migrate to the NE, and the ER was excluded from the centrosomal MTs during late interphase but was abruptly pulled toward the cortical centrosomes and onto astral MTs as early meiosis progressed (Fig. 5b). This ER redistribution was also quantitatively similar to that in Dhc64C alone suppressed cells as determined by ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm measurement ( Supplementary Fig. S5). Taken together, these results suggest that neither ncd nor dynein is required for M-phase specific ER redistribution to astral MTs.
Lastly, we considered the possibility that Klp61F (human kinesin-5 orthologue) may be involved in MT association and spindle pole focusing of the ER during M-phase. Klp61F is a MT plus-end kinesin motor that slides antiparallel, interpolar MTs, generating outward forces within the spindle that maintain spindle pole separation 30 . Thus, while Klp61F is not a bona fide MT minus-end motor, the spindle pole-directed forces that it generates could play a role in driving the ER toward spindle poles. Klp61F RNAi that resulted in approximately 76% knockdown of Klp61F transcript when expressed ubiquitously ( Supplementary Fig. S2) had no effect on the early events of spindle assembly in spermatocytes; however, shortly after NEB the spindles collapsed into monopoles (Fig. 6a) confirming the suppression of Klp61F activity by RNAi. Despite this defect in spindle architecture seen in Klp61F suppressed spermatocytes, the ER still correctly redistributed to astral MTs in early meiosis (Fig. 6a), and the overall extent of redistribution of the ER to spindle poles was similar to controls based on ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm measurements ( Supplementary Fig. S5). Notably, the ER remained focused around the spindle poles even as the spindle collapsed and the poles moved toward one another. We also tested Klp61F in combination with Dhc64C suppression, but again the ER was drawn along astral MTs to the cortical centrosomes in early meiosis similar to cells with Dhc64C RNAi alone (Figs 6b, S5). Collectively, these results reveal the existence of a novel, M-phase specific mechanism that mediates redistribution of ER to astral MTs in dividing cells.  . Dynein independent ER redistribution to centrosomes requires MTs. Control (a) and Dhc64C (b) RNAi spermatocytes expressing GFP-tubulin (green) and RFP-KDEL (red) were imaged beginning in late interphase before the commencement of ER redistribution to the centrosomes. Colchicine (50 µM) was then applied 6 min later and the cells were imaged through NEB to encompass the time during which ER redistribution would normally occur. Note the lack of any distinct focus of the ER by the time of NEB in the control cell, and that the ER fails to be drawn to the cell cortex, where the centrosome was located prior to colchicine application, in the Dhc64C RNAi cell. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ accumulation of misfolded proteins and ER stress, as well as dysregulation of lipid homeostasis and calcium signaling, all of which are involved in a spectrum of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. However, the importance of mitotic ER distribution may extend beyond organelle inheritance. For example, it was recently demonstrated that the ER plays an essential role in restricting the distribution of damaged  www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ proteins in asymmetrically dividing stem cells. This mechanism, which depends on proper distribution of the ER around the mitotic spindle, may allow vital stem cells to protect themselves by asymmetrically shuttling damaged proteins to non-essential progeny cells 3 . In addition, it has been suggested that the ER delivers highly localized  www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ calcium signals that are essential for proper function of the spindle apparatus 31 . Thus, disruption of ER distribution around the mitotic spindle may impair the process of cell division itself with potentially devastating effects on development and tissue homeostasis. Conversely, therapeutic interventions that specifically target ER functions in cancer cells may prove to be effective treatments in neoplastic disease 32 . Identification of the molecular mechanisms that regulate M-phase specific distribution of the ER is critical to understanding these multi-faceted roles for the organelle in dividing cells. The present investigation demonstrates the existence of a novel mechanism that mediates ER-MT association in a manner that is specific to M-phase and independent of dynein and other known MT motors.
The first studies to examine ER distribution in dividing cells reported the organelle's distinct organization around the poles of the mitotic spindle, where MT minus-ends are clustered 33,34 . Subsequent studies have confirmed this observation across multiple species, suggesting the existence of a unifying mechanism of ER partitioning that involves MT-dependent spindle pole association 4,35,36 . Accordingly, involvement of a MT minus-end motor to move the ER toward spindle poles has been suggested in multiple studies 34,35,37 , with dynein being the most likely candidate. Importantly, dynein associates with ER-rich microsomal fractions [38][39][40] and is required for proper ER distribution in interphase cells and extracts 8,9,41 , suggesting that the motor can associate with and transport ER membranes. Surprisingly however, the putative role for dynein in regulating ER distribution during cell division has not been directly tested. We therefore addressed this question using meiotic Drosophila spermatocytes, which demonstrate a dramatic, near complete MT-dependent redistribution of the ER to spindle poles during cell division. Our results clearly demonstrate a role for dynein in ER transport and localization in these cells, because ER distribution toward MT minus-ends and around centrosomes during late interphase was completely disrupted by dynein suppression. Surprisingly, however, dynein was dispensable for astral MT association and spindle pole focusing of the ER during meiosis. Importantly and consistent with previous reports [24][25][26] , dynein suppression had dramatic effects on spindle formation and architecture in Drosophila spermatocytes including failure of centrosome migration to the nuclear envelope and complete dissociation of spindle poles from the focused kinetochore MT fibers. Nevertheless, despite these highly abnormal spindles, we observed that early in meiosis the ER was still drawn onto the astral MTs and towards the centrosomes, despite the centrosomes' mislocalization at the cell cortex. Moreover, this redistribution of the ER occurred with the same kinetics and to the same extent as in control cells, suggesting that the mechanism of ER-astral MT association is completely independent of dynein. In this regard, data indicating that dynein association with membranous organelles is inhibited during M-phase of cell division 42 suggests the existence of a dynamic mechanism that reciprocally regulates dynein association of the ER with MTs according to the stage of the cell cycle.
An important outcome of dynein suppression in spermatocytes is that it allowed a clear separation of interphase versus M-phase mechanisms of ER association with centrosomal MTs, wherein the ER was completely excluded from centrosomal MTs during late interphase but suddenly moved along MTs toward the centrosomes early in M-phase. This reveals that an M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association that concentrates the ER around centrosomes is triggered at the onset of cell division, possibly due to specific cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase activity 43 . This conclusion is further supported by the observations that several of the mechanisms for ER-MT association that operate during interphase are in fact inhibited during M-phase, including those mediated by STIM1 12 , CLIMP-63 44 , and possibly dynein 42 . Collectively, these findings suggest an enticing mechanism whereby most or all interphase mechanisms of ER-MT association are inhibited during M-phase, allowing an M-phase specific mechanism to predominate and ensure ER association with astral MTs and proper partitioning to daughter cells.
The challenge moving forward is to identify the M-phase specific mechanism that associates the ER with astral MTs. Importantly, in dynein suppressed spermatocytes it was clear that the ER moved along astral MTs toward the minus-ends, suggesting that a MT minus-end motor distinct from dynein may be involved. However, the present findings indicate that neither ncd, the only other known bona fide MT minus-end motor in Drosophila, nor Klp61F, which generates pole-ward forces in the spindle, are involved in the unique M-phase distribution of ER with astral MTs. Thus, it is possible that an unidentified MT minus-end motor is required, or that a non-motor factor stably attaches ER membranes along MT fibers and tubulin flux then moves these membranes toward centrosomes. In this regard, it was recently demonstrated that human REEP3 and 4, members of the REEP1-4 family of ER membrane proteins, directly associate with MTs and play a role in spindle pole focusing of the ER 37 . However, whether REEP3/4 associate the ER specifically with astral MTs has yet to be determined. Drosophila have a single orthologue to human REEPs1-4, known as REEPA 45 , and our preliminary observations indicate that REEPA also is not required for astral MT association of the ER in meiotic Drosophila spermatocytes (unpublished observations). It is also important to note that different mechanisms of ER-MT association may operate during cell division in different cell types. Thus, while our results cannot rule out a role for dynein or other MT minus-end motors in ER partitioning in cells other than Drosophila spermatocytes, our findings do indicate that these factors are not universally required.
In addition to identifying the molecular factors that link the ER to astral MTs during cell division, another important question is how does this association discriminate astral MTs from other MTs of the spindle apparatus? Certainly, suppression of interphase mechanisms plays a role, as expression of nonphosphorylatable STIM1, which remains associated with MTs during mitosis, results in mislocalization of the ER to kinetochore MTs 12 . It is also possible that differences in tubulin post-translational modifications facilitate discrimination between different MT populations within the spindle, as demonstrated for kinesin-7 motors that carry chromosomes toward the spindle equator along detyrosinated MTs of the inner spindle 46 .
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that an M-phase specific mechanism associates the ER with astral MTs and partitions the organelle to spindle poles in dividing cells. Surprisingly, and in contrast to many previous suggestions, this ER localization is not mediated by dynein or other known MT minus-end motors. Identification of the mechanisms involved is an important next step in better understanding the role of the ER in cell division, www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ stem cell longevity and pluripotency, and tissue architecture. This knowledge will bring us closer to developing novel therapeutics for pathological processes underlying cancer and age-related tissue degeneration.

Materials and Methods
fly stocks and husbandry. The following fly stocks were obtained from the Bloomington Drosophila stock center: RFP-KDEL (Stock# 30910; expresses RFP targeted to the ER lumen under control of the UASp promoter); His2A-RFP (Stock# 23651; expresses Histone 2Av tagged with mRFP in all cells); GFP-PDI (Stock# 6839; expresses PDI tagged with GFP at the endogenous locus 47 ); GFP-cyclin B (Stock# 51568; expresses cyclin B tagged with GFP at the endogenous locus) ncd D (Stock# 2243); Dhc64C RNAi (Stock# 36698); NudE RNAi (Stock# 38954); and da-GAL4 (Stock# 55850; expresses GAL4 ubiquitously under control of the daughterless promoter). Lines carrying RNAi targeting Klp61F and ncd were obtained from the Vienna Drosophila Resource Center (Stock# 109280 and 110255, respectively). Stocks expressing GFP-tagged α-tubulin84B under control of the ubiquitin promoter (GFP-tubulin) 48 , tdTomato-tagged Ana1 under control of the UASp promoter 49 , and Sec. 61α tagged with GFP at the endogenous promoter 50 were also used. The bam-GAL4:VP16 driver line was a generous gift from Michael Busczcak. RFP-KDEL was recombined with GFP-tubulin using standard techniques for experiments in which both transgenes were expressed, as were His2A-RFP and ana1-tdTomato. Flies were maintained on standard cornmeal agar food, and all crosses were run at 25 °C. Spermatocyte-specific RNAi experiments were carried out by crossing animals carrying bam-GAL4:VP16 to animals carrying the respective UASp-regulated RNAi transgene. We attempted to use two control RNAi constructs available from the Bloomington Stock Center, one that targets mCherry and one that targets GAL4; however, both of these resulted in suppression of RFP-KDEL expression. Controls for RNAi experiments were therefore carried out by crossing RNAi animals to w 1118 .
Live spermatocyte imaging. Whole testes were dissected from 3 rd instar larvae in Drosophila Schneider's medium (Life Technologies) containing Antibiotic-Antomycotic (Life Technologies), and were mounted in the same medium for imaging on a 50 mm gas-permeable lumox dish (Sarstedt). The medium was surrounded by Halocarbon 700 oil (Sigma) to support a glass coverslip (22 × 22 mm, #1.5, Fisher) that was placed on top of the medium 51 . For colchicine treatments, whole testes were placed in a glass-bottom dish (MatTek) filled with Schneider's medium. Colchicine was then added to a final concentration of 50 μM at the indicated times. Individual cysts of spermatocytes in whole testes were imaged with an inverted Nikon A1R scanning confocal microscope system using 488 nm laser excitation for GFP and 568 nm laser excitation for RFP and tdTomato through a 40x, 1.3 NA objective lens. Z-stacks compromising 15-20 images at 1 µm intervals were obtained every 1 to 2 minutes. All imaging was carried out at room temperature. Images were processed and videos were compiled using ImageJ software (NIH). All image times are reported relative to NEB in order to standardize each timecourse to the same event for each cell. NEB was determined by the first image in the timecourse in which GFP-tubulin fluorescence appeared in the nucleus or the diffuse RFP-H2A fluorescence in the nucleus diminished. eR centrosome /eR cytoplasm quantification. We defined ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm as the ratio of RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity immediately adjacent to a single centrosome over RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm near the nucleus. Image stacks with paired RFP-KDEL and GFP-tubulin fluorescence images were used for the analyses. To determine the centrosome-adjacent fluorescence measure (ratio numerator), an image within a Z-stack that bisected a single centrosome was identified based on GFP-tubulin fluorescence. The average RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity within a 2.5 µm diameter circle immediately adjacent to the centrosome was then obtained using ImageJ. The same circle was then used to determine the average RFP-KDEL fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm about 2 µm from the nuclear boundary in the same image (ratio denominator). Ratios were calculated at 2 min intervals, and the Z-plane of the images used was adjusted over time as needed to follow the same centrosome. For calculation of mean ER centrosome /ER cytoplasm during interphase and metaphase, the ratio at 40 min prior to NEB was used for interphase and the ratio at 20 min following NEB was used for metaphase; these times were determined based on staging of control cells.
Rt-qpcR. RNA was extracted from 2 nd instar larvae using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and the Direct-zol RNA isolation kit (Zymo Research). The high capacity cDNA Reserve Transcription kit (ThermoFisher) was then used to convert RNA to cDNA in a S1000 Thermo Cycler (BioRad). RT-qPCR was carried out in a StepOnePlus cycler and detection system (Applied Biosystems). Each reaction consisted of triplicate samples containing iTaq Universal Probes Supermix (BioRad), TaqMan primers 5′ end labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM; ThermoFisher), and cDNA diluted per manufacturer's instructions. Pre-validated Taqman primers targeted to Drosophila Dhc64C, Klp61F, ncd, and Rpl140 (housekeeping gene) were used. For quantification, triplicate cycle threshold (Ct) measures were averaged and normalized to an average Ct value for RPL140 to calculate the ΔCt. The Δ(ΔCt was then determined by subtracting the ΔCt value obtained from GAL4 RNAi animals (non-targeting control) from the ΔCt value obtained from the experimental RNAi animals. Fold changes were expressed as 2 −Δ(ΔCt) .

Data Availability
All materials and data described in this manuscript are available from the corresponding author upon request.