A New Hadrosaurine (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Marine Deposits of the Late Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation, Yezo Group, Japan

A nearly complete skeleton of a new hadrosaurid, Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov., was discovered from the outer shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation of the Yezo Group in Hobetsu area of Mukawa town in Hokkaido, Japan. Kamuysaurus belongs to the sub-clade of Hadrosaurinae, Edmontosaurini, and forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus from the northern Far East. Kamuysaurus has a long anterior platform for the nasofrontal sutural surface, which may indicate the presence of a small supracranial crest, similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus based on the extension of the nasofrontal sutural surface. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree suggests that the clade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus may have dispersed into Asia prior to the late Campanian and the potential endemism of this clade during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian in the northern Far East. The results of both Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis and Ancestral State Reconstruction analyses imply that the marine-influenced environment in North America during the Campanian may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.

Hadrosaurid dinosaurs are one of the most successful herbivorous dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous, and these fossil remains are common in the uppermost Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) deposits in Laurasia (North America, Asia, and Europe) and some areas of Gondwana (South America and Antarctica) 1,2 . Asian countries have yielded remains of both subclades of Hadrosauridae, Hadrosaurinae 3 (or Saurolophinae 4 ) and Lambeosaurinae, from Maastrichtian deposits. Most of Maastrichtian hadrosaurid taxa have been recovered from eastern Asia, where the richest area is the set of exposures along the Heilong Jiang (River) of China (Wulagasaurus 5 for a hadrosaurine and Sahaliyania 5 and Charonosaurus 6 for lambeosaurines) or the Amur River of Russia (Kerberosaurus 7 for a hadrosaurine and Amurosaurus 8 and Olorotitan 9 for lambeosaurines). The Nemegt Formation of Mongolia is the only inland area with discoveries of Maastrichtian hadrosaurids in eastern Asia and has yielded the hadrosaurine Saurolophus 10 and Barsboldia 11 . A lambeosaurine specimen has been reported from the Maastrichtian deposits in Awaji Island of Hyogo, Japan, but its taxonomic assignment is not resolved yet 12 . www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Systematic paleontology. Dinosauria Owen 25 Ornithischia Seeley 26 Ornithopoda Marsh 27 Hadrosauridae Cope 28 Hadrosaurinae Lambe 29 Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov. etymology. "Kamuy" refers deity to the Ainu, which is indigenous people in Hokkaido Island of Japan, and "sauros" means reptile in Latin. Specific name, "japon", refers to Japan. Diagnosis. This specimen is assigned as a hadrosaurine hadrosaurid with the following unique characters: the midpoint of the quadratojugal notch positioned at roughly three-quarters of the total length of the quadrate from the dorsal end, short ascending process of the surangular, and anterior inclination of neural spines of sixth to thirteenth dorsal vertebrae. Diagnosed also by the unique combination of characters: slightly curved primary ridge of the maxillary teeth, high average height/width ratio of dentary tooth over 3.30, moderate medial extension of the symphyseal process of the dentary, anterior margin of the coronoid process of the dentary more developed than the posterior margin, triangular ventral margin of the anterior process of the jugal as wide as its height, moderately inclined palatine articular facet of the jugal, nearly straight caudal margin of the quadratojugal flange of the jugal, smoothly curved anterodorsal margin of the prefrontal along the orbital rim, squamosal process of the postorbital terminates anterior to the quadrate cotylus, long nasofrontal sutural surface of the frontal, subrectangular infratemporal fenestra, weak expansion of deltopectoral crest of the humerus, and slender humerus with humeral shaft less than 20% as wide as the length.

Holotype.
Description. The skeleton with skull and mandible is nearly complete (Supplementary Tables S1) except for the rostrum of the skull and sacral vertebrae although many of the elements are damaged by bio-erosion.
The finger-like pterygoid process of the maxilla projects posterodorsally ( Fig. 2b; Supplementary Fig. S3). The ectopterygoid shelf is thick and horizontally oriented. The right maxilla preserves 39 alveoli along a length of 234 mm, suggesting that the average alveolus width is 6 to 7 mm. The line of the nutrient foramina forms a dorsally convex arc, and its highest point is positioned on the dorsal half of the maxilla body, which is typical for hadrosaurids.
The dorsal surface of the prefrontal is smooth ( Fig. 2c; Supplementary Fig. S4), lacking a ridge seen in lambeosaurines 5 . The prefrontal forms a smoothly curved anterodorsal corner of the orbital rim unlike some hadrosaurines (Edmontosaurus, Gryposaurus, Kerberosaurus, Kritosaurus, and Secernosaurus) 7,30,31 with an angled corner. The anterodorsal corner of the orbital rim lacks an eversion.
The maximum depth of the anterior process of the jugal is almost twice as deep as the depth of the jugal below the orbit ( Fig. 2a; Supplementary Fig. S5). The lacrimal articulation facet is slightly recurved posteriorly. The anterior process is wedged-shaped and pointed as in most hadrosaurines. The ventral side of the anterior process has a triangular-shaped ventral process as in Gryposaurus (e.g., RTMP 1980.022.0001) and Brachylophosaurus (e.g., FMNH PR 862) but unlike the bowed ventral process of Edmontosaurus (e.g., DMNH EPV 130653) 32 . The ridge for the palatine articular facet on the medial surface of the anterior process is inclined anteriorly with an angle of 114° from the line between the lower ends of orbit and infratemporal fenestra, which is also a feature present in Gryposaurus 32 . The apex of the ventral process is positioned posteroventral to the dorsal process as in non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids and most hadrosaurines. The width of the orbital margin is roughly the same as that of the infratemporal fenestra. The concavity of the ventral border of the jugal between the ventral process of the anterior process and the posteroventral flange is deep and narrow unlike the shallow and wide concavity of Saurolophus (e.g., MPC-D 100/708) and Prosaurolophus (e.g., USNM 12712). The posteroventral flange of the jugal is not strongly developed. The maximum depth of the jugal at the ventral flange is 26% deeper than the minimum depth at the contractive portion of the jugal. The posterior process is massive and lacks a deep posteroventral concavity as in Edmontosaurus (e.g., DMNH EPV 130653, CMN 2288) but unlike Maiasaura (e.g., ROM 44770), Brachylophosaurus (e.g., FMNH PR 862), or Gryposaurus (e.g., RTMP 1980.022.0001). The ventral border of the posterior process is nearly parallel to the dorsal border. The posterior border of the posterior process is nearly straight.
The quadrate ( Fig. 2h; Supplementary Fig. S6) is nearly straight in lateral view as in hadrosaurines except Shantungosaurus 3 . The squamosal buttress is absent as in some hadrosaurines (Brachylophosaurus, Gryposaurus, Kritosaurus, and Maiasaura) 31,[33][34][35] . The midpoint of the quadratojugal notch is positioned at roughly three-quarters, or larger, of the total length of the quadrate from the dorsal end. The ventral position of the notch is common in hadrosaurines, but that of Kamuysaurus is the most ventrally positioned among hadrosaurids. The notch is widely arcuate and shallow as in other hadrosaurines except Saurolophus 36 . The dorsal margin of the notch is angled by 35° from the main axis of the quadrate. The ventral end of the quadrate is nearly as long as wide. The medial condyle is reduced and placed more dorsally than the lateral condyle. Medial to the pterygoid wing is a posterolateral spur.
The ventral edge of the lamina of the pterygoid between the ectopterygoid ramus and the ventral quadrate process is concave ( Fig. 2g; Supplementary Fig. S6).
www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The squamosal ( Fig. 2e; Supplementary Fig. S7) is low dorsoventrally above the quadrate cotylus unlike lambeosaurines. The dorsal surface is smooth and does not have a recessed surface for the squamosal process of the postorbital, indicating that the position of the posterior tip of the squamosal process does not reach to the quadrate cotylus as in some hadrosaurines (Gryposaurus and Kritosaurus) 31,34 . The precotyloid process is offset medially from the main body of the squamosal with a horizontal shelf above the process as in Maiasaura (e.g., ROM 44770). The dorsoventral length of the process is shorter than the horizontal width of the quadrate cotylus and is shorter than the postcotyloid process.
The dorsal surface of the postorbital ( Fig. 2c; Supplementary Fig. S4) is flat, and a dorsal promontorium is absent as in most of hadrosaurines. The lateral border forms a horizontal dorsal rim and a strongly curved posterodorsal corner of the orbit in lateral view. The base of the postorbital bar lacks a deep inner cavity unlike in Edmontosaurus 3,30 . On the ventral surface of the postorbital and frontal there is a deep pit, where the lateral process of the laterosphenoid articulates.
The frontal ( Fig. 2c; Supplementary Fig. S4) participates in the orbital rim. The articular surface with the prefrontal is deeply excavated, and its posterior end is pointed. Medial to the prefrontal contact surface is an anteroposteriorly long and gently sloped sutural surface, extending posterior to the prefrontal contact surface. Although this surface is slightly damaged by a bio-erosion, it probably retains the original shape of a sutural surface with the nasal. The frontal is as long as wide as in non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids and hadrosaurines. The presphenoid and orbitosphenoid are firmly fused to the frontal. The frontal-presphenoid-orbitosphenoid complex has a cup-shaped depression for the cerebral fossa, and anterior to the cerebral fossa has a shallow depression for the olfactory tract. . Abbreviations: acp, ascending process; ap, anterior process; bo, basioccipital; cp, coronoid process; ectr, ectopterygoid ramus; exo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; pf, prefrontal; po, postorbital; pop, postcotyloid process; pr, primary ridge; prp, precotyloid process; ptp, pterygoid process; ptw, pterygoid wing; qjn, quadratojugal notch; rap, retroarticular process; sp, sutural platform; sq, squamosal. Grey areas are missing parts.
www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The exoccipital ( Fig. 2d; Supplementary Fig. S7) is fan-shaped in posterior view and is wider than high (w/h ratio = 1.58). The exoccipital shelf is well-extended posteriorly relative to the foramen magnum in ventral view as in hadrosaurines. The supraoccipital is fused to the exoccipital and is high dorsoventrally. The basioccipital shows that the occipital condyle projects nearly horizontally.
The anterior ramus of the dentary ( Fig. 2k; Supplementary Fig. S8) is deflected ventrally by 39° as in some hadrosaurines (e.g., Prosaurolophus, Saurolophus, and Edmontosaurus) [35][36][37][38][39] . The medial projection of the symphyseal process is slightly less than twice as wide as the minimum breath of the anterior ramus of the dentary posterior to the symphyseal process in dorsal view. In anterior view, the lingual curvature of the symphyseal process is gentle. In dorsal view, the angle of symphysis from the lateral surface of the anterior ramus is only 7°. An edentulous dorsal margin is slightly more than one-fifth of the length from the anterior end of the dental battery to the posterior end of the coronoid process. The preserved alveoli of the dentary are counted as 36 in a length of 28 cm, indicating the average alveolus width of 7.8 mm. The coronoid process is slightly inclined anteriorly in lateral view, and its dorsal end is expanded anteroposteriorly and semi-circular in outline. The ventral border of the dentary is bowed below the coronoid process.
The triangular-shaped splenial is as long as the surangular ( Supplementary Fig. S9).
The ascending process of the surangular ( Fig. 2l; Supplementary Fig. S9) projects anterodorsally and does not reach to the coronoid process of the dentary. The retroarticular process lacks an upward curvature and its lateral profile is rectangular-shaped. In dorsal view, the process is thin transversely and projects posteromedially with an angle of 144° from the medial edge of the main body of the surangular.
Both maxillary and dentary teeth are lanceolate (Fig. 2i, j; Supplementary Fig. S10), but the maxillary teeth have a blunt coronal apex, whereas the dentary teeth have a pointy apex. Tooth crown height/width ratios are 3.7 in large maxillary teeth and tend to be smaller in small teeth. The primary ridge at the middle of the crown is slightly sinuous in most teeth. The secondary ridge is absent. Marginal denticles are mostly absent, but they are small and limited to the coronal tip if present. The root is slender and is angled 150° from the enameled surface. The largest dentary tooth crown height/width ratio is 3.6 as in some lambeosaurines. The primary ridge at the middle or slightly distal to the midline of tooth crown is slightly sinuous in most teeth. Marginal denticles are absent or extremely small as in hadrosaurines other than Gryposaurus notabilis and are composed of one faint knob as seen only in Edmontosaurus. The root of the dentary teeth is angled by 130-140° from the enameled surface.
The unfused pleurocentrum of the atlas ( Fig. 3c; Supplementary Fig. S11 and Table S2) have a semicircularshaped postzygapophyseal articular surface, differing from an oval-shaped surface in Brachylophosaurus 33,40 . The anterior surface of the neurocentrum lacks tubercles unlike Brachylophosaurus 33,40 . Anteriorly projecting odontoid is dorsoventrally compressed. The intercentrum is fused to the axis, ventral to the odontoid. The axis has large and laterally projecting parapophyses and a concave posterior intervertebral surface. Eleven post-axial cervical vertebrae are opisthocoelous ( Fig. 3c; Supplementary Fig. S12). The third cervical lacks the neural spine, whereas it is low in the other cervicals. Finger-like postzygapophyses form V-shaped in dorsal view with a divergent angle of roughly 90°.
Dorsal vertebrae ( Fig. 3d; Supplementary Fig. S13 and Table S2) are morphologically distinguished into three segments; anterior, middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae 41 . In the anterior vertebrae, three dorsals have posteriorly tilted neural spines with a pointed dorsal tip as in Tsintaosaurus, Olorotitan, and Magnapaulia 42-44 but unlike Edmontosaurus 41 . The neural spine is nearly vertical in the fifth dorsal and clearly inclined anteriorly in the sixth to thirteenth dorsals, which is a unique feature to Kamuysaurus. The neural spines of the sixteenth and seventeenth dorsals are also inclined anteriorly but the inclination is small. The first three dorsal vertebrae are opisthocoelous as in the cervical vertebrae. The outline of the middle dorsal vertebrae is heart-shaped with a weak ventral keel, whereas that of the anterior and posterior dorsal vertebrae is circular.
All caudal centra ( Fig. 3e; Supplementary Fig. S14 and Table S2) are amphiplatyan. The first four caudal vertebrae lack the chevron facet as in non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurids 45 . The posterior inclination of the neural spines becomes larger posteriorly. The cone-shaped transverse processes progressively shorten posteriorly and become a horizontal low ridge from the sixteenth to forty-fifth caudals. The outline of the centrum is circular in the first four vertebrae, trapezoidal from the fifth to twenty third vertebrae, and hexagonal from the twenty-fourth to forty-fourth vertebrae. One left cervical rib, fifteen dorsal ribs from the left side, eleven ribs from the right side, and thirty chevrons are preserved ( Supplementary Fig. S15).
Scapulae and coracoids from both sides and the right sternum are preserved ( Fig. 3f-h; Supplementary  Fig. S16 and Table S3). The scapular neck is positioned at two-fifths of the scapula length from the proximal end. As in hadrosaurines, the anterior end of the weak acromion process is straight, and the deltoid ridge is distinct. The scapular blade with a convex dorsal margin and concave ventral margin gradually expands distally as in hadrosaurines. The convex scapular facet of the coracoid is slightly larger than the concave glenoid facet as in Secernosaurus 46 , where most of hadrosaurids have an opposite condition. The coracoid foramen is large and oval-shaped. The biceps tubercle is well developed as a lobe-shaped process, which is separated from the ventral process by a groove, and projects lateroventrally. The ventral process is long and recurved ventrally, and the ratio of its length to the width of the base of the ventral process is 0.67.
Forelimbs are nearly complete except some elements in the manus (Fig. 3i-k; Supplementary Figs S17-S19 and Table S3). The humerus is slender, where its shaft is less than 20% of the total length. The total length is slightly shorter than the scapula. The deltopectoral crest is slightly more than half of the humerus length and is moderately expanded lateroventrally. The radial condyle is larger than the ulnar condyle. The ulna is slightly longer than humerus. The olecranon process is short and is less than 10% of the ulnar length. Both ends of the radius are semi-circular in outlines. A tetrahedral-shaped manual carpal has two large concave surfaces. All metacarpals are slender, but metacarpals III, IV, and V are thicker than metacarpal II and are subequal in length. Phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the manus are wedge-shaped. Phalanx III-1 is square-shaped in dorsal view. Phalanx www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ III-3 is a hoof-shaped ungual phalanx. Phalanx IV-1 is about twice as long as wide. The proximal surface of phalanx V-1 is concave.
The pelvic elements are heavily damaged ( Fig. 3l; Supplementary Fig. S20 and Table S3). The long preacetabular process of the ilium is gently curved and deflected ventrally. The supracetabular process is asymmetrically U-shaped and projects lateroventrally to approximately half of the iliac central plate height. The dorsal border of the central plate is strongly concave. The sacral ridge on the medial surface is positioned close to the dorsal edge of the ilium. The postacetabular process is twisted dorsomedially and moderately thickens posteriorly. The iliac peduncle of the ischium diverges proximally. The ischial shaft is straight and bears laterally convex and medially flat surfaces.
The hind limbs are nearly complete except for some of the elements in the left pes ( Fig. 3m-q; Supplementary Figs S2l-24 and Table S3). The fourth trochanter at mid-length of the femur is rounded-shape. The lateral and medial distal condyles on the cranial side are fully open. The tibia is shorter than the femur. The cnemial crest projects anterolaterally. The fibula is twisted by 45° at two-thirds from the proximal end. The astragalus covers the medial malleolus of the tibia completely. The proximal surface of the calcaneum has two contact surfaces for the tibia and fibula. Metatarsal III has a length/width ratio of 4.12. Phalanx II-1 of pes is the longest and the slenderest among the phalanges. Phalanx II-2 is nearly twice as wide as long. Phalanx III-1 is the largest among phalanges and is slightly longer than wide. Phalanges III-2 and III-3 are more than three times as wide as long. Phalanx III-4 is a hoof-shaped ungual phalanx with a smooth plantar surface. Phalanx IV-1 is nearly as long as wide. Phalanges IV-2 and IV-3 are compressed proximodistally with width/length ratios of less than three.
Two large (3 cm in diameter) rounded pebbles and two small (1 cm in diameter) sub-angular pebbles were associated with the specimens, which are potentially gastroliths (Supplementary Fig. S25).
www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The medullary cavity, occupying less than half of the diameter of the whole cross-section, is filled with sandy mudstone and some plant remains and is completely surrounded by sparse trabeculae composed of lamellar bone matrix. The primary bone tissue is heavily remodeled by secondary osteons and erosional cavities at the inner one-quarter of the cortex but is composed of the combination of woven and parallel-fibred bone tissues with reticular to plexiform vascular patterns where the primary bone tissue is left. There is a sharp decrease in vascular density and spaces in this area, similar to Maiasaura 47,48 . The outer three-fourths of the cortex are generally composed of woven and parallel-fibred bone tissues with plexiform to laminar vascular patterns, but the vascularity tends to be more laminar outwardly. In this area of the cortex, there are at least nine lines of arrested growth (LAGs; Fig. 4b). The outermost layer of the cortex becomes opaque under plane polarized light and isotropic under cross polarized light presumably due to diagenesis, and therefore the external fundamental system (EFS) cannot be observed.

Discussion
Ontogenetic assessment of the holotype tibia based on bone microstructure and growth model fitting indicates that this individual had reached its somatic maturity. Among fitted growth models, the monomolecular model has the lowest value of Akaike information criterion (AIC), but the Von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models have ΔAIC values lower than 2, suggesting these three models have substantial support to be plausible growth models (Supplementary Table S5). The ages at the first LAG are estimated as 2.85, 3.8, and 4.4 years old for the aforementioned models, which means up to the second, third, and fourth growth marks are missing, respectively. Nonetheless, the last few LAGs of the outermost circumference are closely apposed and the growth curve reconstruction indicates that this individual had reached its asymptotic body size (estimated body masses of 5,296 ± 1,357 kg 49 as a quadruped and of 4,087 ± 1,047 as a biped; estimated body length of 8 m) and no further significant growth could have been expected if the animal had continued living (Fig. 4c). The typical osteohistological features seen on adult hadrosaurs 47,48,50,51 and the reconstructed tibial growth curve based on the LAG incremental pattern strongly indicate that this individual is an adult that reached somatic maturity even though an EFS cannot be observed.
A phylogenetic analysis produced 192 most parsimonious trees of 1139 steps (C. I. of 0.424 and R. I. of 0.830). The topology of the strict consensus tree, nearly identical to that of Xing and others 30 , shows that Hadrosaurinae consists of four major clades (Brachylophosaurini 52 , Kritosaurini 53 , Saurolophini 16

, and Edmontosaurini 54 ) and
Kamuysaurus is placed within Edmontosaurini (Fig. 5a). The clade of Saurolophini and Edmontosaurini is well supported by twelve unambiguous synapomorphies, and Kamuysaurus possesses four of these characters: bowed ventral margin of the coronoid process of the dentary, ventrally faced surangular, dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra narrower than its ventral margin, and twisted humerus. One of four unambiguous synapomorphies for the clade of Edmontosaurini (one rounded knob of marginal denticles of dentary teeth) is preserved in Kamuysaurus. Within the clade of Edmontosaurini, Kamuysaurus forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus 55 and Kerberosaurus, sharing four unambiguous synapomorphies. Two of these synapomorphies (moderate ventral deflection of the rostral dentary and strong medial deflection of the caudal process of the surangular) are commonly seen in lambeosaurines, whereas a similar width of orbit and infratemporal fenestra is seen in the members of Kritosaurini, and slight ventral deflection of the preacetabular process of the ilium is a primitive feature for hadrosauroids. Kamuysaurus is basal to the clade of Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus because these two taxa share an unambiguous synapomorphy (slightly bowed ventral margin, ventral to the coronoid process of the dentary).
Kamuysaurus shares some features with some sub-clades within Hadrosaurinae: slightly curved primary ridge of the maxillary teeth, anteroposteriorly expanded apex of the coronoid process of the dentary with well-developed anterior and posterior margins, nearly straight caudal margin of the quadratojugal flange of the jugal, and less expanded deltopectoral crest of the humerus with Brachylophosaurini; moderately inclined palatine articular facet of the jugal and squamosal process of the postorbital located anterior to the quadrate cotylus Crested hadrosaurids such as two derived Brachylophosaurini (Brachylophosaurus and Probrachylophosaurus) and the derived Saurolophini Saurolophus, and lambeosaurines higher than Aralosaurus have the combination of two phylogenetic characters in frontal, related to the supracranial crest: presence of sutural platform of the frontal and long sutural platform. The nasofrontal sutural surface consists of the prefrontal and frontal in lambeosaurines but is formed only by the frontal in these crested hadrosaurines. Because the nasal is not preserved and the contact surface for the nasal is slightly damaged by a bio-erosion in Kamuysaurus, the presence of these characters in Kamuysaurus needs to be treated with caution; however, based on the morphology of the preserved element, the frontal of Kamuysaurus probably has these two characters and resembles that of crested hadrosaurines. The extension of the sutural surface (133.17 mm long) in Kamuysaurus is 84% of the frontal length (158.59 mm), much longer than those of Edmontosaurus (e.g., AMNH 427, ROM 64623) and instead similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus 50 , indicating possible presence of supracranial crest in Kamuysaurus. Within Edmontosaurini, www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ a trace of soft-tissue cranial crest is preserved in Edmontosaurus 56 , but the "bony" supracranial crest has not been reported yet, which may suggest that Kamuysaurus is the first Edmontosaurini with the crest and that the crest evolved convergently at least three times in the Hadrosaurinae. In Brachylophosaurus, the nasofrontal sutural surface enlarges as the posterior margin of the suture migrates posteriorly through ontogeny and eventually covers whole area of the frontal surface, which is rugose to stabilize the supracranial crest, in an adult form 50 . The smooth sutural surface of the frontal in Kamuysaurus similar to the feature in a sub-adult Brachylophosaurus 50 suggests that the supracranial crest of Kamuysaurus is small, if present at all.
Kamuysaurus is the first hadrosaurine dinosaur from Japan, and all subclades contain Asian taxa: Wulagasaurus in Brachylophosaurini, a possible material in Kritosaurini 57 , Saurolophus in Saurolophini, and Shantungosaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus in Edmontosaurini. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis (DEC) analyses with five time-calibrated 50% Majority Rule consensus trees show generally consistent results that the most probable ancestral areas for Hadrosaurinae and Saurolophini are North America, that of Brachylophosaurini is either North America or Asia + North America, and that of Kritosaurini is either North America or North and South Americas (Fig. 5b; Supplementary Fig. S28). The most recent common ancestor of Edmontosaurini was reconstructed as living in a widespread range in Asia and North America with faunal communications between these two continental areas through Beringia represented by present-day Alaska 58,59 , where Xing and others 30 documented a high probability of the group having originated in Asia. Vicariance event of Shantungosaurus and Edmontosaurus is suggested to have probably occurred during the early Campanian. Likewise, the vicariance of the clade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus 60 , and Kerberosaurus may have taken place in Asia during the late Campanian. Paleogeographically, the type localities of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus were located along the eastern edge of the Asian continent, extending approximately 15° or 1,600 km longitudinally, during the Late Cretaceous, which may suggest the endemism or provinciality of the clade in this area from the late Campanian to the early Maastrichtian.
Horner 17 reviewed dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America and documented the richness of hadrosaurids, especially hadrosaurines (1:17 for the ratio of lambeosaurines to hadrosaurines), indicating the marginal habitat preference of hadrosaurines compared to lambeosaurines. Among the taxa used in our phylogenetic analysis includes three hadrosaurines (Kamuysaurus, Hadrosaurus and Lophorhothon) from marine sediments, and Kamuysaurus is the only taxon in the Edmontosaurini. The Ancestral State Reconstruction (ASR) analysis using the strict consensus trees by four methods for branch lengths calculations (basic, additive, zero-branch length additive, and minimum branch length) under ARD model (lowest AIC value among the three models tested; Supplementary Table S7) shows that the most probable ancestral habitat environments for the clades of Hadrosauridae, Hadrosaurinae, and Lambeosaurinae as well as the successive clades of basal hadrosaurids are marginal (Fig. 6), although ASR by the branch lengths calculations with equal method shows ancestral environments as inland for these clades. This line of evidence implies that the habitat preference of primitive hadrosaurids as well as Kamuysaurus (Fig. 7) may have been marine-influenced environment. Combining with the result of the DCE analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree, resulting in North America as the ancestral area for the successive clades of basal Hadrosauridae, the marine-influenced environment in North America, together with the Laramide orogeny 61 , may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.
Histology. In order to access the somatic maturity of this individual, the right tibia was thin-sectioned. Tibiae have been often used for osteohistological examination of hadrosaurs 47,48,50,51 because they have a thick cortex and therefore preserve a more complete record of the growth. Prior to sectioning, molds and casts of the sampled tibia were created at Gobi Support Japan Co., Ltd. A thin section was made in the thin-section lab of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. The transverse cross-section of the tibia was cut at the minimum circumference of the diaphysis (Supplementary Fig. S25). The mid-shaft was embedded in resin prior to mounting. After the segment was mounted on a slide, the sample was ground down to approximately 150 μm until optical clearance was obtained www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ and growth marks were visible. We coated the slide with oil to increase the refraction index and observed the slide under both plane and cross-polarized light. The slide was imaged under plane polarized light using a Keyence digital microscope VHX-5000 in Hokkaido University Museum and an Olympus BX60 polarization microscope with a Basler Microscopy camera in Okayama University of Science. A permanent coverslip was mounted to extend the slide longevity. We generally follow terminology proposed by Francillon-Vieillot 62 to describe the microstructure of the thin-sectioned tibia sample. General osteohistological features of the tibia resemble those previously described for adult hadrosaur tibia microstructures 47,48,50,51 , which are composed of fibrolamellar bone tissues (or woven-parallel complex 63 ) with plexiform to laminar vascularity in the outer cortex and numerous secondary osteons in the inner cortex. Following Cooper and others 64 , we implemented age retrocalculation on the observed LAG incremental pattern (Supplementary Table S4) in this specimen and the growth curve reconstruction in the tibia circumference ( Fig. 4c and Supplementary Fig. S27)   www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ nigeriensis was selected as the outgroup. The maximum number of trees was set to 99,999 in memory. A traditional search was performed with 10,000 replicates of Wagner trees using random addition sequences, followed by the TBR branch swapping that held 10 trees per replicate. To calculate the support for the resultant trees, bootstrap resampling was performed using standard absolute frequencies with five thousand replicates, and Bremer decay indices were calculated. Dec analysis. In order to reconstruct ancestral ranges of hadrosaurines, Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis (DEC) 75 analysis is conducted using software RASP 4.1b 76 . Since a fully bifurcated tree is necessary for DEC analysis, 50% Majority Rule consensus tree was obtained from our phylogenetic result. Prior to the analysis, branch lengths were assigned using five methods (basic, equal, additive, zero-branch length additive, and minimum branch length) of timePaleoPhy function of R package paleotree 3. Ancestral state reconstruction. Ancestral state reconstruction on habitat environments is conducted using rayDISC function of R package corHMM 1.2.2 78 under three models (ER, SYM, and ARD). Prior to the analysis, branch lengths of the strict consensus tree were assigned using five methods (basic, equal, additive, zero-branch length additive, and minimum branch length) of timePaleoPhy function of R package paleotree 3.3.0 77 (Supplementary Data S3 and S11-15). Habitat environments of hadrosauroids are inferred from the depositional environments compiled from published literatures (Supplementary Table S6). Habitat environments are categorized into two categories herein: inland and marginal (Supplementary Data S16). Habitat environment is assigned as inland if no sign of marine influence is recognized in the depositional environment. Marginal habitat environment is inferred by the deposits that show evidences of occasional marine influences (e.g., tidal influence, occurrences of marine organisms) and the marine deposits. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ nomenclatural Acts. The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix "http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:FC9D5C4F-AF5E-4FB5-9D45-EA4E91229BDC.