Vibration frequency analysis of three-layered cylinder shaped shell with effect of FGM central layer thickness

In this research, vibration frequency analysis of three layered functionally graded material (FGM) cylinder-shaped shell is studied with FGM central layer and the internal and external layers are of homogenous material. Strain and curvature-displacement relations are taken from Sander’s shell theory. The shell frequency equation is obtained by employing the Rayleigh Ritz method. Influence on natural frequencies (NFs) is observed for various thickness of the middle layer. The characteristics beam functions are used to estimate the dependence of axial modal. Results are obtained for thickness to radius ratios and length to radius ratios for different edge conditions. The validity of this method is checked for numerous results in the open literature.

Further he investigated vibration characteristics of FGM cylindrical shell with the effect of different edge conditions for exponential volume fraction law. Shah et al. 16 analysed vibrations of NFs for fluid filled and empty CS constructed by elastic foundation. Naeem et al. 17 explored the vibration behaviour of three layered functionally graded material cylindrical shell for different edge conditions. The internal and external layers were fabricated by FG materials whereas the central layer was of isotropic material. They used the Love's thin shell theory. Arshad et al. 18 examined the vibrations of natural frequencies of bi-layered cylinder-shaped shell. One layer was fabricated by isotropic material and the other was of functionally graded material. Rayleigh Ritz technique was utilized. Shah et al. 19 scrutinized the vibration behaviour of three layered FGM CS constructed by Winkler and Pasternak basis. They used wave propagation approach for the solution of the model. Ahmad and Naeem 20 investigated vibrations of rotating cylindrical shells composed of FG materials. Natural frequencies of cylindrical shell were studied with effects of volume fraction law and different ratios.

theoretical Consideration
Consider a cylinder-shaped shell of radius R, thickness h and length L as shown in Fig. 1. An orthogonal coordinate system (x, θ, z) is fixed at the middle surface of the cylindrical shell, where x, θ and z lie in the axial, circumferential and radial directions of the shell, and (u, v, w) are the displacements of the shell in x, θ and z directions respectively.
The strain energy for a CS is represented by I and is written as where ε 1 , ε 2 , γ and K 1 , K 2 , τ represent the strains and curvatures reference surface relations respectively. Prime (′) denotes the transpose of a matrix. These relations are taken from Sanders' shell theory and written as:      Here Young's modulus represented by E and  denotes the Poisson ratio. The b ij coupling stiffness turn to zero for homogenous CS and ≠0 for FGM cylindrical shells and values of b ij depend on the material distribution. Also b ij become negative and positive due to irregularity of material properties at the mid plan. O ij depend on physical properties of FG materials.
With the help of expression (2) and (5), I is written as:    Shell kinetic energy is symbolized by Ì and is stated as: Here variable t designates the time. Mass density is represented by ρ and ρ t denotes the mass density for each unit length and it is expressed as:  The Lagrange energy functional denoted by  for a cylinder-shaped shell is formulated by the difference of kinetic and strain energies as:

Numerical Procedure
The Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is used to achieve the natural frequencies of cylindrical shell. Now the displacement fields are presummed by the following relations: , where ϕ(x) represents the axial function which satisfies the geometric edge conditions.    The axial function ϕ(x is taken as the beam function in the following form,   Table 3. Comparison of frequency parameter

External Isotropic Layer
Type Case-III q 4 q 5 q 4 Table 5. Thickness differences of shell layers.  Here values of β i are changed with respect to the edge conditions. (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) μ m signify the roots of some transcendental equations and σ m are parameters which depend on the values of μ m .
For generalization of this problem following non-dimensional parameters are used. After substituting expression (3.4) into the expressions for I and Ì, we get I max , Ì max and  . max Then Lagrangian functional  max transformed into the following form by applying the principle of maximum energy.  Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is employed to get the eigenvalue form problem of the shell frequency equation. The Lagrangian energy functional max  is minimized with regarding the vibration amplitudes x m , y m and z m as follows, The obtained equations by arrangements of terms are written in matrix form as

Classifications of Materials
In present study a cylindrical shell is considered constructed from three layers, the internal and external layers are fabricated by isotropic material while the central layer is constructed from FG materials nickel and stainless steel. The volume fractions 14 of the shell middle layer constructed from two constituents using trigonometric volume fraction law (VFL) are given by the following relations: These relations satisfy the VFL i.e.V f1 +V f2 = 1, where h is the shell thickness and υ denotes the power law exponent. It is presumed that each layer is of thickness h/3. Following are the material parameters: for one type of the configuration are given as: From expression (23) at z = −h/6, E fgm = E 2 , =   fgm 2 , ρ fgm = ρ 2 and the material properties at z = h/6 becomes:   Thus the shell is consisted of purely stainless steel at z = −h/6 and the properties of material are combination of stainless steel and nickel at z = +h/6. The stiffness moduli are modified as: where i = 1, 2, 6 and (iso) represents the internal and external isotropic layers and FGM represents the central functionally graded material layer.

Results and Discussion
Results for an isotropic cylindrical shell with following edge conditions, simply supported-simply supported (ş-ş), clamped-clamped (ς-ς) and clamped-free (ς-f ), are compared with the results available in open literature to ensure the validity, authenticity and robustness of the current technique. Tables 1 and 2 show the comparisons of frequency parameters with those in the Zhang et al. 7 for ş-ş and ς-ς isotropic cylindrical shells. Comparison of natural frequencies (Hz) with those available in Loy & Lam 4 for ς-f isotropic cylindrical shell is presented in the Table 3. It can be noticed clearly that the current results are in agreement with the results in open literature. Table 4 represents the types of three layered FGM cylinder shaped shell by interchanging the FG constituent materials. where Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 represent Aluminium, Stainless Steel and Nickel respectively. Material properties for the above materials are presented in refs 5,19 . Different arrangements of thickness for shell layers are presented in Table 5.  Here q 1 = h/3, q 2 = h/4, q 3 = h/2, q 4 = h/5, q 5 = 3h/5. Tables 6 and 7 represent natural frequencies (Hz) functionally graded material cylindrical shell versus against n for case-II, type-I & II with different power exponent law γ respectively. In these tables influence of υ is examined which is different for both types. The natural frequencies (Hz) are decreased for type-I and increased for type-II less than 1% when power exponent law increased from υ = 1-20 for n = 1-5. Hence natural frequencies are affected by the configuration of the essential materials in the three layered CS. Figures 2-7 represent the natural frequencies (NFs) (Hz) of FGM cylinder-shaped shell against n for different thickness of the central layer under six edge conditions; ş-ş, ς-ς, f -f , ς-ş (clamped-simply supported), ς-f (clamped-free), f-ş (free-simply supported). In Figs 2-4 Natural frequencies are presented for cylindrical shells of type I. Natural frequencies decrease for n = 2 and starts increase at n = 3 in each case. It is seen that the natural   frequencies are minimum for clamped-free edge condition as compare to other five edge conditions and its maximum for free-free end point condition. The behavior of natural frequencies (Hz) remains same for all cases. Natural frequencies decreased <1% when thickness of the shell middle layer increased 66% or 100%. Figures 5-7 demonstrate the results for cylindrical shells of type-II. It is clearly seen that the natural frequencies are little high for cylindrical shells of type-II as compare to type-I shells. Figures 8-13 show the behavior of natural frequencies (Hz) versus n for various L/R ratios and for various edge conditions. It is seen that the natural frequencies (Hz) are decreased when the L/R ratios are increased. When L/R ratios are increased from 10 to 20, 30, and 50 then natural frequencies are decreased 72%, 87% and 95% respectively for n = 1. Natural frequencies (Hz) for different h/R ratios against n are presented in Figs 14-19 under six edge conditions. Natural frequencies (Hz) are increased with the increasing h/R ratios. In these figures,   frequencies first decreased from n = 1 to 2 then increased from 2 to onwards. Natural frequencies are increased with the increasing h/R ratios from 0.001 to 0.005, 0.005 to 0.01 and 0.01 to 0.02 at n = 2 for different boundary conditions such as for simply supported -simply supported boundary condition 298%, 98% and 100% for ς-ς and f-f boundary conditions 105%, 84% and 95% for ς-ş and f -ş boundary condition 165%, 92% and 98% for ς-f boundary condition 365%, 100% and 100% for respective ratios. Thus Natural frequencies affected significantly by h/R ratios.

Conclusions
In present study, frequency analysis of three layered FGM cylinder shaped shell is done for different thickness of the shell middle layer. Strain and curvature displacement relationships are adopted from Sander's theory. To solve the current problem Rayleigh Ritz method is employed. Natural frequencies are examined for six edge conditions. It is noticed that Natural frequencies becomes minimum with the increase in thickness of the shell FGM middle layer. These also decreased with the increased of L/R ratios. When L/R ratios increased 100%, 200% and 500% then natural frequencies decreased 72%, 87% and 95% respectively for n = 1. Frequencies increased with the increased of h/R ratios. Thickness to radius ratios has significant effect on natural frequencies (Hz).