Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic

Lepisosteoids are known for their evolutionary conservatism, and their body plan can be traced at least as far back as the Early Cretaceous, by which point two families had diverged: Lepisosteidae, known since the Late Cretaceous and including all living species and various fossils from all continents, except Antarctica and Australia, and Obaichthyidae, restricted to the Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and Morocco. Until now, the oldest known lepisosteoids were the obaichthyids, which show general neopterygian features lost or transformed in lepisosteids. Here we describe the earliest known lepisosteoid (Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus gen. and sp. nov.) from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian – about 157 Myr), of the Tlaxiaco Basin, Mexico. The new taxon is based on disarticulated cranial pieces, preserved three-dimensionally, as well as on scales. Nhanulepisosteus is recovered as the sister taxon of the rest of the Lepisosteidae. This extends the chronological range of lepisosteoids by about 46 Myr and of the lepisosteids by about 57 Myr, and fills a major morphological gap in current understanding the early diversification of this group.


Referred material.
Other specimens used in this description are: IGM 4899, left dentary; IGM 4900, part and counterpart of a partial left lower jaw presenting some dermal and pterygoid bones; IGM 4901, partial left lower jaw and lacrimomaxillary; IGM 4902, disarticulated specimen including a broken dentary, some unidentified bones and scales.
Type locality and age. All material comes from an exposure of the Llano Yosobé deposits of the Sabinal Formation, near the town of Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, southern Mexico. The outcrop consists of siltstones and dark bituminous shales with nodules, interbedded with limestones. A Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) age was inferred for the Llano Yosobé deposits based on the associated fauna, including vertebrates and invertebrates [15][16][17] . This lithological unit is interpreted a marine deposit, with datable ammonites.
Although the top of the Sabinal Formation has not been observed in the Llano Yosobé, the contact between the underlying Callovian -early Kimmeridgian "Caliza con Cidaris" unit and the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian Sabinal Formation is transitional at this site. The nodule bearing strata with vertebrates of the Llano Yosobé represents a sequence of about 40 m, and contains typical Kimmeridgian invertebrates including the chronostratigraphicaly important ammonites Idoceras and Ataxioceras 18,19 , resting just above the last occurrence of the bivalves Myophorella sologureni (Felix, 1891) and Gryphea mexicana Felix, 1891, in the top of the "Caliza con Cidaris" unit.  Diagnosis for monotypic genus and species. Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus differs from all other lepisosteoids by the following characters: presence of a well-developped intercalar; posttemporal penetrated by the lateral line sensory canal; posttemporal bone with a hypertrophied rod-like process on the ventral surface that connects with the intercalar; hypertrophy of the two anterior dentary teeth in relation to the immediately posterior teeth; teeth with grooves and striations of dentine distributed over almost the entire length; plicidentine folds occupying nearly the entire pulp cavity of the tooth.
Description. The skull roof is partially preserved in the holotype (Fig. 1a, b) and comprises the premaxillae, frontals, parietals, dermosphenoids, dermopterotics, extrascapulars, and posttemporals. All bones are well ornamented on their outer surfaces, as are the dermal bones of the jaw. The ornamentation of the cranial bones is strongly developed and coarse, which greatly hinders the observation of the sensory canals.
The premaxillae are noticeably shorter than in extant gars and resemble those of the short-snouted genera Cuneatus and Masillosteus 11 . As in other gars, the part of these bones that forms a portion of the skull roof is ornamented on its dorsal surface. The anterior portions of these bones are pierced by foramina for the olfactory nerves. The premaxillae are fixed and connect posteriorly with the frontals. The supraorbital sensory canals extend longitudinally, close to the lateral margins of the bones. The frontals are the largest bones of the skull roof, and seem to be the longest. Anteriorly, the frontals are tapering bones, presenting projections of thin bone on their lateral edges. Medially, the suture between the frontals is almost straight, with very few interdigitations. The supraorbital sensory canal connects to the supratemporal canal of the dermopterotic. Like in other lepisosteoids, the dermosphenotics are located in the postero-lateral corners of the frontals and are tightly sutured into the skull roof; they do not reach the orbital margin.
The parietals and the dermopterotics of Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus form a transverse series of bones tightly sutured to the other skull roof bones. Anteriorly they overlap the frontals and posteriorly they lie just in front of the extrascapulars. At least four extrascapulars are present in the holotype. The complete series should, as in other lepisosteiforms, overlie the posterior part of the dermopterotics, the epioccipital, and the exoccipitals.
The posttemporals of Nhanulepisosteus mexicanus are complex bones that underlie the posterior margin of the extrascapsular series. The bones bear a hypertrophied rod-like process on the ventral surface, running anteriorly and connecting with the intercalar bone of the braincase. In contrast to known lepisosteids, the posttemporal appears to be penetrated by the lateral line sensory canal.
The braincase presents the typical lepisosteid pattern: loss of opisthotic and basisphenoid, no supraoccipital, and no posterior myodome. The orbitosphenoid is median, Y-shaped. The two wings are fused rostrally on the midline of the skull forming a tunnel for accommodating the olfactory nerves. Posteriorly, each wing of the bone suture to the pterosphenoids.
The prootic extends on the lateral anterior wall of the braincase and is pierced by a large foramen for the hyomandibular trunk of the facial nerve. Laterally the prootic articulates with the sphenotic. Anteriorly, a well-developed basipterygoid process is present. It is formed by the prootic and by the ascending wing of the parasphenoid, and shows an antero-lateraly directed articular facet. The sphenotic is sutured to the underside of the dermopterotic.
The exoccipitals extend from their anterior part in where they border the vagus nerve foramen, posteriorly to the rear of the neurocranium, where they suround the foramen magnum. Antero-dorsally, the exoccipitals suture with the well-developed intercalar bones. Posteriorly, although partially hidden by the ventral process of the posttemporals, the exoccipitals articulate with the epioccipitals. The intercalars are similar to those of halecomorphs and teleosts. They are well developed bones that extends anteriorly to the prototics and are slightly sutured ventrally to the exoccipitals.
The epiotics are sutured to the dorsal margin of the exoccipitals and form the postero-dorsal part of the braincase. In posterior view, they nearly meet their antimere on the midline. In lateral view they extend dorsally to meet the dermopterotic. The basioccipital is a short bone that extends below the exoccipital and seems to incorporate two vertebrae.
Paired vomers are partially preserved on the holotype (Fig. 1c, d). They contact each other medially and are firmly sutured to the parasphenoid. The parasphenoid is partially preserved in the holotype. Like other lepisosteoids, there is a lateral wing forming, together with the anterior edge of the prootic, the basipterygoid process. This process articulates with the metapterygoid. Posterior to this process there is a notch for the posterior palatine branch of the facial. The posterior end of the parasphenoid is forked.
A fragment of the upper jaw is preserved. An ornamented bone, probably a premaxilla, bordered by a small, rectangular lacrimomaxillary bone, with its outer row of very small teeth can be seen ( Supplementary Fig. 1c, d). Presence of lacrimomaxillary bones is a derived character of lepisosteid gars.
The dentary is an elongate bone, medially recurved on its anterior end. The bone increases its height in the rear ( Supplementary Fig. 1d-h). Its outer surface is ornamented with longitudinal striations, and bears the pores of the mandibular sensory canal. The dentary bears two rows of teeth: a marginal one presenting numerous marginal teeth and a mesial one with large and robust fangs (Fig. 2c-e). The two most anterior teeth of the dentary are hypertrophied being at least five times larger than those teeth lying immediately posterior (Fig. 2c, d).
The anterior coronoid is a medially curved and anteriorly broad bone that sutures with its antimerous at the symphysis ( Supplementary Fig. 1a, b). It bears small teeth, similar in size to those of the marginal teeth row of the dentary. Very few bones of the palatal complex are preserved. Among them, an anterior dermopalatine, with its strongly developed teeth, the posterior part of the ectopterygoid, and a metapterygoid with a large articular surface for the basipterygoid process ( Supplementary Fig. 1d, e).
Contrary to other gars with plicidentine, the larger teeth of Nhanulepisosteus have ridges distributed over almost their entire length (Fig. 2e). As observed in cross sections, these ridges are due to more or less thickening of the enamel layer giving thus a crenelated aspect. Under the enamel layer there is a relatively thick layer of dentine constituted of vascular canals surrounded by dentinal tissue and crossed by orthogonal odontoblastic canalicles. Dentine folds occupy nearly the entire pulp cavity of the tooth, and thus represent plicidentine. This dentine is crossed by parallel odontoblastic canalicles (=orthodentine) starting from the wall surface of vascular canals. This folded dentine, filling almost the entirety pulp cavity, closely resembles the dendrodont dentine 20 . The enameloid does not penetrates inside the dentine plies (Fig. 2f), sharply contrasting with the pattern found in modern gars 11,21 . The smaller teeth also have an external ridged enamel layer that overlays the dentine layer. However, on these teeth, the pulp cavity is totally empty and without plies.
The few scales associated with our material are of the ganoid lepisosteoid-type. Histologically the scales show two superposed layers: an external hypermineralised layer of unstratified ganoin that is less than 100 µm thick and a basal plate of cellular bone crossed by numerous canalicules of Williamson, and that appears practically avascular ( Supplementary Fig. 1i, j). Contrary to the condition found in obaichthyids, no dentine was observed between the ganoin layer and the basal plate.

Phylogenetic analysis.
A phylogenetic analysis was performed in PAUP* 4.0b10 22 and TNT software package 23 using a data set based on Grande 11 . The inclusion of Nhanulepisosteus did not change the interrelationships among the major clades of lepisosteoids 11 obtained in that previous study. We obtained 176 most parsimonious trees. The strict consensus tree hypothesizes the presence of two well resolved clades of gars among SCIENtIFIC REPORts | (2017) 7:17830 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-17984-w the Lepisosteoidea: Lepisosteidae and Obaichthyidae. Nhanulepisosteus falls as the sister taxon of the rest of the Lepisosteidae (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 2, 3).

Discussion
Nhanulepisosteus is unambiguously a member of Lepisosteoidea, and presents a combination of both typical modern lepisosteid features and plesiomorphic characters. Synapomorphies of Lepisosteidae 11 observed on Nhanulepisosteus are: 1-the great number of extrascapulars, 2-the supraorbital canal incorporated in the premaxilla, 3-presence of lacrimomaxillaries, 4-the junction of supraorbital sensory canal with infraorbital canal within the dermopterotic, 5-a laterally sliding articulation between metapterygoid and the basipterygoid process, 6-presence of plicidentine on teeth, and 7-Lepidosteoid-type scales. However, two conspicuous characters, 1-the presence of a well-developed intercalar bone and 2-a posttemporal with a hypertrophied rod-like process on its ventral surface, bearing the sensory canal are not found in any known lepisosteids. Instead, two characters are shared, in part, with obaichthyids and strongly resemble those of halecomorphs and basal teleosts, and presumably represent retained plesiomorphies.
The absence of an intercalar is generally treated, in current literature, as a synapomorphy of Ginglymodi 9,24,25 . Although unknown in the majority of ginglymods, including the extant gars, an individualized intercalar bone had been described in the Lepisosteoidei Thaiichthys buddhabutrensis from the ? Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of Thailand 10 . In Dentilelepisosteus, from the Early Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and Late Cretaceous of Morocco, there is a somewhat prominent element, the "intercalary process", fused to the exoccipital that was considered homologous with the intercalar 10 . The presence of an individualized intercalar in Nhanulepisosteus confirms the existence of this bone in the more primitive gars. The presence of this bone becomes therefore a synapomorphy of neopterygians, as proposed by Grande 11 , the intercalar bone being lost several times within Ginglymodi.
The posttemporal of extant gars contains neither the lateral line canal nor a ventral process that connects to the intercalar. In Nhanulepisosteus, the posttemporal is crossed by the lateral line canal and there is an important ventral rod-like process linking the intercalar, similar to that found in halecomorphs 26 . A posttemporal penetrated by the lateral line and with a long rod-like process is also found on the obaichthyid Dentilelepisosteus 11,14,27 , halecomorphs and teleosts 11,26,28 .
Apart from these retained primitive features, Nhanulepisosteus presents some of the derived skull patterns found in all lepisosteoids such as the absence of a posttemporal fossa, a basisphenoid, and of a posterior myodome. Nhanulepisosteus also presents the derived features found in lepisosteids such as fixed lacrimomaxillary bones, a dentary with different rows of long sharp teeth and teeth with plicidentine contra the obaichthyid pattern in which there is a free maxillary, with a unique row of minute teeth on its upper and lower jaws, and no plicidentine on their teeth.
The features observed on the jaws of Nhanulepisosteus suggest that this taxon had the specialized predatory feeding mechanism of the extant gars 11,29 . This specialization of the jaws added to the adaptations of the braincase, allow us to hypothesize that the body plan of gars, at least in terms of skull geometry, already existed in the Late Jurassic, thus confirming the morphological conservatism of this group (Supplementary Fig. 4).
Previously, the most ancient records of Lepisosteoidei were from Early Cretaceous beds of Western Gondwana and Thailand 9,10 . When we calibrate Nhanulepisosteus against the geological age of fossil taxa, a basal lepisosteoid radiation is revealed by the presence of four ghost lineages (Araripelepidotes, Pliodectes, and Thaiichthys and Lepisosteoidea; Fig. 4) that must have originated by at least the Kimmeridgian. All these forms appear later in the fossil record, in Early Cretaceous beds referred to the Aptian/Albian (125-100 Ma). Therefore, Nhanulepisosteus extends the evolutionary origins of these lineages at least 46 Myr before their first appearance in the fossil record. It also extends the fossil record of lepisosteids by approximately 57 million years. The confirmation of a lepisosteoid radiation in the Late Jurassic contrasts with previous interpretations regarding the early evolution of gars 9,11 . The presence of Nhanulepisosteus, a basal lepisosteid gar, in the Kimmeridgian nests obaichthyid gars at least in the Late Jurassic pointing to a possible diversification of this group prior to Kimmeridgian.
Finally, Nhanulepisosteus also sheds light on the evolution of the ecology of gars. This new taxon appears to have inhabited a fully marine environment with mixed components from the Tethys and the Pacific Ocean [15][16][17] . Apart from rare occurrences in brackish and even marine waters of the species Atractosteus spatula, extant lepisosteids primarily inhabit freshwater environments 11 . The same appears to be true for fossil lepisosteids and obaichthyids. Nhanulepisosteus is considered a marine taxon, but all other fossil lepisosteids are freshwater. Therefore, there is an implication that the invasion into freshwater most likely occurred between the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.

Methods
Phylogenetic analysis. Present phylogenetic analysis is based on Grande 11 data set, which constitutes the most comprehensive analysis regarding the phylogeny of Lepisosteoidea. The matrix was only modified by the inclusion of Nhanulepisosteus (Supplementary Note 1). The phylogenetic analysis was performed using the parsimony method in PAUP* 4.0b10 22 and performed the analysis with ACCTRAN optimization. All characters were equally weighted and treated as unordered. This produced 176 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) of 183 steps (consistency index = 0. 683, retention index = 0. 903). Our resulting strict consensus tree displays a total of 23 components ( Supplementary Figs 2, 3) and agrees with previous analyses, including support for the neopterygians and a monophyletic holostean clade. Among the holosteans, the ginglymodians are confirmed as monophyletic. The macrosemiids (Macrosemius) diverge earliest, followed by Semionotus being the sister group of a monophyletic Lepisosteoidea, in which the early Cretaceous Obaichththyidae is the sister taxon of the Lepisosteidae 11 . Bootstrap values were calculated in PAUP. Bremer Decay values were calculated in TNT software package 23 ( Supplementary  Fig. 2).
Histological preparation. Ground cross sections were made using the methodology of Matrajt et al. 30 , modified by Meunier et al. 31 .
Nomenclatural act. This published work and the nomenclatural act it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the proposed online registration system for the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The ZooBank LSID (Life Science Identifier) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix 'http://zoobank.org/' . The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:290F8440-470F-4AD4-96C6-5C3947A40C40.