CIB1 protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through inhibiting ASK1

Calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1) is a calcium-binding protein that was initially identified as a binding partner of platelet integrin αIIb. Although CIB1 has been shown to interact with multiple proteins, its biological function in the brain remains unclear. Here, we show that CIB1 negatively regulates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Genetic deficiency of the CIB1 gene enhances MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons in CIB1−/− mice. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated depletion of CIB1 in primary dopaminergic neurons potentiated 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyrinidium (MPP+)-induced neuronal death. CIB1 physically associated with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and thereby inhibited the MPP+-induced stimulation of the ASK1-mediated signaling cascade. These findings suggest that CIB1 plays a protective role in MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by blocking ASK1-mediated signaling.

we have now investigated the inhibitory action of CIB1 against dopaminergic neurotoxicity in a mouse model of the disease using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP is a neurotoxin that causes Parkinson's disease in humans and vertebrates that is clinically almost indistinguishable from sporadic Parkinson's disease 27 . Here, we show that ablation of the CIB1 gene in mice increased the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to MPTP toxicity. Moreover, CIB1 inhibited the stimulation of ASK1 activity induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ), the toxic metabolite of MPTP. Collectively, our findings suggest that CIB1 mitigates MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity by targeting ASK1.

Genetic ablation of CIB1 in mice potentiates MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. CIB1
was previously shown to reduce dopaminergic neuronal death induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, a widely used neurotoxin in experimental models of Parkinson's disease 22 . To better understand the in vivo function of CIB1 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, we examined the effect of CIB1 gene deletion on loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc in a MPTP mouse model of the disease. Immunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and stereological analysis revealed that MPTP treatment resulted in a more severe loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc of CIB1-knockout (CIB1 −/− ) mice, compared to that of wild-type mice (Fig. 1A,B). Furthermore, MPTP administration reduced the TH-positive fibers in the striatum in wild-type mice, and this reduction was further aggravated by ablation of the CIB1 gene in CIB1 −/− mice (Fig. 1C). CIB1 depletion by RNA interference potentiates MPP + -induced dopaminergic neuronal death. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in the brain converts MPTP to a toxic metabolite, MPP + . MPP + causes mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting complex I of the electron transport chain, leading to oxidative stress-induced cell death 28,29 . In our initial experiments, we examined the effect of CIB1 on MPP + -induced Wild-type (WT) and CIB1 −/− mice (2~3-month-old group) were treated with MPTP (30 mg/kg every 24 h, five times) or saline by intraperitoneal injection. Immunohistochemical staining for TH was performed on coronal brain sections from WT and CIB1 −/− mice. Numbers of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta were analyzed by stereological counting. Data are means ± SD (n = 5). *P < 0.05. (B,C) The representative images of THstained neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (B) or striatum (C) of WT and CIB1 −/− mice were shown. Scale bars, 100 μm (B) and 250 μm (C). apoptotic cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MPP + increased apoptotic cell death in these cells, and this effect was further enhanced by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of CIB1 ( Fig. 2A, Fig. S1A). Furthermore, forced expression of CIB1 in SH-SY5Y cells reduced the MPP + -induced apoptosis (Fig. S2). Next, we examined the effect of CIB1 on MPP + -induced neurotoxicity in a primary culture of rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Immunocytochemical analysis of TH-positive neurons revealed that MPP + reduced viability of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, and this toxic effect was further potentiated by siRNA-mediated depletion of CIB1 (Fig. 2B, Fig. S1B). Together, these results suggest that CIB1 mitigates MPP + -induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. CIB1 negatively regulates the ASK1-JNK signaling pathway. MPP + treatment enhances ROS production, which is critical for MPP + -induced apoptosis 30,31 . Therefore, we examined whether CIB1 could modulate MPP + -induced ROS generation. As expected, MPP + treatment resulted in an increase in ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells, and this increase was not changed by RNAi-mediated depletion of CIB1 expression in these cells (Fig. S3). These results suggest that CIB1 does not affect MPP + -induced ROS production. CIB1 has been shown to inhibit ASK1-dependent signaling events 22 . Given that ASK1 mediates MPP + -induced neuronal death and MPTP-induced Parkinsonism 6,10,32,33 , we investigated whether CIB1 could regulate MPP + -induced ASK1 signaling. MPP + treatment induced the stimulation of ASK1 in rat primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, and this stimulation was potentiated by siRNA-mediated depletion of CIB1 expression in these cells (Fig. 3A). Thus, these results indicated that CIB1 negatively regulates the MPP + -induced CIB1 physically interacts with ASK1. CIB1 interacts with ASK1 22 . Indeed, in vitro binding assay data revealed that glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fused CIB1 physically associated with a deletion mutant of ASK1 consisting of amino acids 378 to 648 [ASK1 (378-648)] (Fig. 4A). ASK1 (378-648) contains the amino-terminal regulatory domain 34 , which is also responsible for the binding of ASK1 to TRAF2 35 . Next, we examined whether MPP + could modulate the interaction between CIB1 and ASK1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis data indicated that CIB1 interacted with ASK1 in primary mesencephalic neurons (Fig. 4B), and that this interaction was not affected by MPP + treatment.
CIB1 blocks the binding of TRAF2 to ASK1 and the phosphorylation of ASK1 on Thr 845 . ASK1 in a basal state appears to form a complex with the reduced form of the redox protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), which keeps ASK1 inactive 36 . When oxidative stress enhances cellular ROS generation, Trx1 is oxidized and dissociates from ASK1. Subsequently, TRAF2 is recruited to free ASK1 and promotes the autophosphorylation of ASK1 at a threonine residue in the catalytic domain (Thr 838 or Thr 845 in the human or mouse ASK1, respectively),   35 S-labled ASK1 variants were produced by in vitro translation and incubated for 4 h at 4 °C with GST-CIB1 immobilized on glutathione-agarose beads. The bead-bound 35 S-labled proteins were eluted and detected by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The gel was also stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. A portion (25%) of the 35 S-labled protein input to the binding reaction was also directly subjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. (B) Primary mesencephalic neurons in culture were incubated in the absence or presence of 200 μM MPP + for 2 h, lysed, and subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies to ASK1 (α-ASK1) or with rabbit preimmune IgG (control). The resulting precipitates as well as cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot (IB) analysis with antibodies to CIB1 or to ASK1. resulting in ASK1 activation [36][37][38] . In order to understand the mechanism by which CIB1 inhibits ASK1 activation, we examined whether CIB1 could affect the interaction between ASK1 and Trx1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that CIB1 did not change the interaction between Trx1 and ASK1 (Fig. 5A). Next, we tested whether CIB1 could affect the MPP + -induced binding of ASK1 to TRAF2 in primary mesencephalic neurons. MPP + induced the interaction between ASK1 and TRAF2 in the neurons, which was further enhanced by CIB1 depletion (Fig. 5B). These results suggest that CIB1 negatively regulates MPP + -induced recruitment of TRAF2 to ASK1. It is noteworthy that the CIB1-binding region of ASK1 as shown in Fig. 4A overlaps with the TRAF2-binding region of the kinase 35 . Next, we examined the effect of CIB1 on the MPP + -induced phosphorylation of ASK1 at Thr 845 . MPP + treatment increased ASK1(Thr 845 ) phosphorylation in primary mesencephalic neurons, and this increase was further enhanced by CIB1 depletion (Fig. 5C). We also examined the action of CIB1 on the MPP + -induced interaction between ASK1 and MKK7. MKK7 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K), acting as the downstream kinase of ASK1, in the JNK pathway 39,40 . Our results revealed that depletion of CIB1 enhanced the interaction between ASK1 and MKK7 in CIB1 siRNA-transfected cells (Fig. 5D), suggesting that CIB1 negatively regulates the binding of ASK1 to its substrate MKK7. Consistent with these results, ectopically expressed CIB1 inhibited the interaction between ASK1 and MKK7 in transfected SH-SY5Y cells (Fig. S4). Together, our results suggest that CIB1 inhibits the stimulating effect of MPP + on the recruitment of TRAF2 to ASK1, ASK1(Thr 845 ) phosphorylation, and the binding of ASK1 to its substrate, MKK7, in primary mesencephalic neurons. Of note, the abundance of TRAF2, ASK1, and MKK7 in the SNpc of the mouse brain was not affected by either MPTP treatment or the deletion of CIB1 gene (Fig. S5).
Depletion of ASK1 expression by RNAi abolishes the protective effect of CIB1 against MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. Given that CIB1 directly binds ASK1 and thereby inhibits the MPP + -induced activation processes of ASK1, we reasoned that the blockade of ASK1 by CIB1 may be an important part of the mechanism by which CIB1 negatively regulates MPP + -mediated toxicity in dopaminergic neurons. If its inhibition of ASK1 is crucial for the neuroprotective function of CIB1, it would be expected that depletion of ASK1 expression in cells might abolish the protective effect of CIB1. We, therefore, examined this possibility with using primary culture of dopaminergic neurons. MPP + treatment reduced cell viability of primary dopaminergic neurons prepared from wild type mouse brain and this neurotoxic effect of MPP + was further aggravated by ablation of CIB1 gene in CIB1 −/− dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 6), suggesting that CIB1 negatively regulates MPP + -induced death of dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, the aggravating effect of CIB1 gene ablation on the MPP + -induced neurotoxicity was abolished by siRNA-mediated ASK1 depletion in the CIB1 −/− neurons.

Discussion
MPTP is widely used as a neurotoxin in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease 41 . It produces neuropathological events similar to those observed in Parkinson's disease patients, including progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc and reduction of striatal dopamine levels 42 . The neurotoxic effect of MPTP depends on the transformation of MPTP to its bioactive form MPP + by monoamine oxidase B in glial cells. MPP + can be taken up into dopaminergic neurons by their dopamine transporters. MPP + inhibits mitochondrial complex I, resulting in decreased production of ATP, increased generation of ROS, and apoptosis [43][44][45] . The ASK1-JNK1 signaling cascade has been shown to mediate MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity 6,11 . In line with this notion, in the present study, RNAi-mediated ASK1 depletion nullified the MPP + -induced death of dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 6), revealing a crucial role of ASK1 in MPTP/MPP + neurotoxicity.
CIB1 is expressed ubiquitously in many cell types and has multiple binding partners, implying its diverse role in a variety of biological events including calcium signaling, proliferation, survival, migration, and adhesion 46 . However, the physiological and pathological functions of CIB1 are not completely understood. Interestingly, public gene expression profiling data indicate that CIB1 is highly expressed in various regions of the brain, including SNpc 47 , implicating its potentially important role in the brain. Noticeably, CIB1 exerts its anti-apoptotic function in neurons by blocking the ASK1-JNK pathway 22 .
In this study, we observed that a genetic deficiency of the CIB1 gene enhances MPTP-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons as well as destruction of the nigral-striatal projections in CIB1 −/− mice (Fig. 1), suggesting a protective action of CIB1 against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. MPTP has been shown to induce microglial activation 48,49 , and chronic microglial activation and inflammation affect the progression of Parkinson's disease 50 . However, we have ruled out a possibility that the neuroprotective action of CIB1 might result from its modulation of the activation of microglia and astrocytes, because CIB1 was hardly detected in either microglia or astrocytes in the SNpc of mouse brain (Fig. S6A). Additionally, CIB1 does not affect the MPP + -induced expression of inflammation-linked cytokines including TNFα and interleukin-6 in microglial BV-2 cells (Fig. S6B). Instead, CIB1 physically associates with ASK1, and thereby prevents ASK1 activation induced by MPP + . CIB1 binds to the region containing amino acid residues 378-648 of ASK1 (Fig. 4A). Intriguingly, the CIB1-interacting region of ASK1 is also important for its binding to TRAF2 35,37 . Thus, CIB1 and TRAF2 may compete with each other for an overlapping binding region on ASK1. By binding to ASK1, CIB1 may prevent the recruitment of TRAF2 and subsequent steps of ASK1 activation including the Thr 845 phosphorylation of ASK1. Moreover, depletion of ASK1 expression by RNAi abolishes the inhibitory action of CIB1 on MPP + -induced neurotoxicity (Fig. 6). Together, our results suggest that the inhibition of ASK1 by CIB1 may be the primary mechanism underlying the protective effect of CIB1 against MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. Interestingly, either the expression levels of CIB1 or its binding to ASK1 in dopaminergic neurons was not changed by MPP + treatment (Figs 3 and 4). These results imply that a portion of ASK1, which forms a complex with CIB1, is unresponsive to MPTP/MPP + -induced stress and is kept inactive even under the stress. In this way, CIB1 may prevent the hyper-activation of ASK1 and neurotoxicity during exposure of neurons to MPTP/MPP + . Thus, CIB1 may have a buffering effect on MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. Given a guardian role of CIB1 in MPTP/MPP + -induced neurotoxicity, our findings may provide new insights into a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.

Materials and Methods
Cell culture and DNA transfection. Human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were routinely maintained under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 °C in DMEM (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). Transfection of cells was performed with Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen) for SH-SY5Y cells or RNAiFect (Qiagen) for primary mesencephalic neuronal cells.
Primary mesencephalic neuronal cell culture. Primary cultures of ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons were prepared from rat embryos at embryonic day 14 as described previously 2219 . In brief, the neurons were plated at 2.0 × 10 5 cells per 18 × 18 mm glass coverslip or 4.0 × 10 5 cells per well in six-well plates pre-coated with poly-D-lysine (50 µg/ml) and laminin (2 µg/ml). The cells were cultured under a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 °C in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen) and GlutaMax-1 (Invitrogen).
Antibodies. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin (HA) epitope or to Flag epitope were purchased from Roche or Sigma, respectively. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to Myc epitope and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the Thr 845 -phosphorylated form of human ASK1 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to ASK1, TRAF2, and MKK7 were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to JNK1 were obtained from BD Bioscience Pharmingen. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were from Chemicon. A polyclonal antibody to CIB1 was generated in rabbits injected with a GST-CIB1 fusion protein.
In vitro binding assay. GST-CIB1 expressed in Escherichia coli was purified with the use of glutathione-conjugated agarose beads (Sigma). ASK1 variants were translated in vitro in the presence of [ 35 S]methionine with the use of a TNT reticulocyte lysate system (Promega). The 35 S-labled proteins were incubated at 4 °C for 4 h in a binding buffer 54 with GST-fused proteins immobilized on glutathione-agarose beads. The bound 35 S-labeled proteins were eluted from the beads and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and with a Fuji BAS 2500 phosphoimager.
Immunoblot analysis. Soluble fractions of cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the separated proteins were transferred electronically to PVDF membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20), incubated for 1 h at room temperature with primary antibodies in washing buffer containing 1% nonfat milk, washed, and then incubated for 1 h at room temperature with appropriate secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Amersham Biosciences). Immune complexes were visualized with the use of enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Amersham Biosciences).
Co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Cells were lysed with buffer A, and the lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 20 min at 4 °C. The resulting supernatants were incubated at 4 °C first for 4 h with appropriate antibodies and then for 1 h in the additional presence of protein G-coupled Sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences). The resulting precipitates were subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot analysis.
Apoptotic cell death. SH-SY5Y cells expressing either a control or CIB1 shRNA were incubated in the absence or presence of 3 mM MPP + for 20 h. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with TUNEL using the In Situ Cell Death TMR Red kit according to manufacturer's instructions (Roche). TUNEL-positive cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Cytotoxicity assay for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Primary mesencephalic neuronal cells plated on glass cover slips coated with poly-D-lysine and laminin were incubated in Neurobasal media supplemented with B27 and GlutaMax-1 for 24 h and then transfected for 48 h with either GFP control or rat CIB1 siRNA oligonucleotides. The neurons were incubated in the absence or presence of 200 μM MPP + for 20 h. They were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100, and blocked with a solution containing 10% normal horse serum and 0.1% Triton X-100. The cells were incubated at 4 °C overnight with rabbit anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody (1:500; Chemicon), and then for 1 h at room temperature with biotinylated secondary antibodies to rabbit IgG (1:500; Vector Laboratories). Immune complexes were detected with an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical kit (Vector Laboratories). For evaluation of cytotoxicity, the numbers of TH-positive cells were counted in 30 randomly selected fields. Neuronal viability was expressed as a percentage of the viability of untreated cells transfected with the control siRNA. Data are means ± SD of values from three independent experiments. MPTP administration for Parkinson's disease animal model. CIB1 knockout mice were described previously 20 . All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea University, and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Routine genotyping was performed on genomic DNA isolated from tail snips of mice with three primers to identify wild-type and null alleles: Primer 1, 5′-AAGACCATCCTGAATCATGC-3′; Primer 2, 5′-AAGTTATGGCGCGCCATCGA-3′; and Primer 3, 5′-TCTTCAGTGACACAGCAAC-3′. Two-to three-month old wild-type (WT) and CIB1 −/− mice were used for MPTP treatment. MPTP (Sigma) was administered intraperitoneally using a standard subchronic method. This method consists of injecting MPTP (30 mg/ kg) daily for 5 consecutive days and sacrificing at 14 days after the start of injections. Control mice received an equal volume of saline (0.9%).
Immunohistochemistry. For staining of tyrosine hydroxylase, animals were perfused with PBS and then with 4% paraformaldehyde, and the brains were post-fixed in the same fixative solution for 2 h. Brains were cryoprotected in 30% sucrose and sectioned serially (40 μm). Subsequent immunostaining was performed by the free-floating method. The sections were incubated with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (1:5000; Chemicon) overnight and then with biotinylated secondary antibodies to rabbit IgG (1:1000; Vector Laboratories) for 1 h at room temperature. Subsequently, immune complexes were detected with an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical kit (Vector Laboratories) and then mounted on gelatin-coated slides, and examined under 40X magnification with a bright-field microscope (Olympus). Tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled neurons were counted with a computerized optical fractionator (Stereo Investigator software v.7; mbf Bioscience, Williston, VT, USA).