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A three-dimensional engineered heterogeneous tumor model for assessing cellular environment and response

Nature Protocols volume 13, pages 1917–1957 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

This protocol describes how to build and implement a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system, TRACER (tissue roll for analysis of cellular environment and response), that enables analysis of cellular behavior and phenotype in hypoxic gradients. TRACER consists of infiltrating cells encapsulated in a hydrogel extracellular matrix (ECM) within a thin strip of porous cellulose scaffolding that is then rolled around an oxygen-impermeable mandrel for assembly of thick and layered 3D tissue constructs that develop cell-defined oxygen gradients. TRACER differs from other stacked-paper cell culture models because it is assembled from a single-piece scaffold, which facilitates rapid disassembly for analysis of different cell populations and metabolites. The protocol describes how to fabricate TRACER components, cell seeding in the scaffold, and scaffold assembly and disassembly. Furthermore, it provides methods to quantify live, dead, or proliferating cells, as well as gradients of oxygen using the nitroimidazole derivative EF5, in a layer-by-layer analysis with confocal microscopy or by flow cytometry of cells isolated from the TRACER scaffold. Additional methods to isolate live cells from TRACER layers for dose–response analysis with a clonogenic assay, as well as steps to extract RNA or fast-changing metabolites from TRACER layers, are also presented. Finally, we provide alternative steps to establish TRACER co-cultures for assessment of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, in this case in the absence of a hypoxic gradient. Although analysis time varies according to the assay chosen, scaffold fabrication and seeding typically take 2 h, and TRACER assembly takes 20 min on the day following scaffold seeding. The TRACER platform is designed for use by researchers and students who have basic tissue culture experience.

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Fig. 1: A description of the TRACER cell culture system.
Fig. 2: Outline of the protocol structure and assays.
Fig. 3: Components of the TRACER culture platform.
Fig. 4: Key cell-seeding steps.
Fig. 5: Key steps in TRACER assembly.
Fig. 6: Key steps in TRACER disassembly.
Fig. 7: Assessment of oxygen gradients in TRACER through EF5-binding-intensity quantification.
Fig. 8: Key steps in metabolite collection.
Fig. 9: Generation of co-culture TRACERs containing FaDu tumor cells and CAFs for investigation of cancer cell metastasis.
Fig. 10: Expected results.

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Acknowledgements

We thank S.-U. Ngo-Trong for filming and editing the video protocols. This work was funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant Accelerator supplement (RGPIN-314056 to A.P.M.).

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Author notes

  1. Dan Cojocari

    Present address: Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Darren Rodenhizer, Bin Xu & Alison P. McGuigan

  2. Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Teresa Dean & Alison P. McGuigan

  3. Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Dan Cojocari

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Contributions

D.R., T.D., D.C., B.X., and A.P.M. designed the research; D.R., T.D., D.C., and B.X. performed the research; D.R., T.D., B.X., and D.C. analyzed the data; and D.R., T.D., and A.P.M. wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alison P. McGuigan.

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Related links

Key references using this protocol

1. Rodenhizer, D. et al. Nat. Mater. 15, 227–234 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4482.

2. Rodenhizer, D. et al. Biofabrication 8, 045008 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/4/045008.

3. Young, M. et al. Biomaterials 164, 54–69 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.038.

Supplementary information

Combined Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figures 1–16

Supplementary Video 1

Video showing biocomposite

Supplementary Video 2

Video showing TRACER assembly by rolling (Steps 20–30)

Supplementary Video 3

Video showing TRACER disassembly for general analysis (Steps 31–40)

Supplementary Video 4

Video Showing TRACER disassembly for metabolomics analysis (Step 41K)

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Rodenhizer, D., Dean, T., Xu, B. et al. A three-dimensional engineered heterogeneous tumor model for assessing cellular environment and response. Nat Protoc 13, 1917–1957 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0022-9

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