Abstract
Chromosomal organization, scaling from the 147-base pair (bp) nucleosome to megabase-ranging domains encompassing multiple transcriptional units, including heritability loci for psychiatric traits, remains largely unexplored in the human brain. In this study, we constructed promoter- and enhancer-enriched nucleosomal histone modification landscapes for adult prefrontal cortex from H3-lysine 27 acetylation and H3-lysine 4 trimethylation profiles, generated from 388 controls and 351 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) (nā=ā739). We mapped thousands of cis-regulatory domains (CRDs), revealing fine-grained, 104ā106-bp chromosomal organization, firmly integrated into Hi-C topologically associating domain stratification by open/repressive chromosomal environments and nuclear topography. Large clusters of hyper-acetylated CRDs were enriched for SCZ heritability, with prominent representation of regulatory sequences governing fetal development and glutamatergic neuron signaling. Therefore, SCZ and BD brains show coordinated dysregulation of risk-associated regulatory sequences assembled into kilobase- to megabase-scaling chromosomal domains.
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Data availability
Raw data (FASTQ files) and processed data (BigWig files, metadata, peaks and raw and normalized count matrices) have been deposited in Synapse under synID syn25705564. Browsable UCSC genome browser tracks of our processed ChIP-seq data are available as a resource at EpiDiff Phase 2 http://genome.ucsc.edu/s/girdhk01/EpiDiff_Phase2.
External validation sets used in the study are as follows: H3K27ac ChIP-seq fetal-specific peaks: spatio-temporal enrichment of H3K27ac peaks table from http://development.psychencode.org/#; RoadMap Epigenome Project H3K27ac, H3K4me3 tissue ChIP-seq peaks, chromHMM states on E073 and fetal male E081 and fetal female E082 (https://egg2.wustl.edu/roadmap/data/byFileType/chromhmmSegmentations/ChmmModels/coreMarks/jointModel/final/); and CTCF ChIP-seq on human neural cell (Gene Expression Omnibus GSE127577). TruSeq3-PE.fa file was downloaded from the adaptor folder under the Trimmomatic repository: https://github.com/timflutre/trimmomatic/blob/master/adapters/TruSeq3-PE.fa.
The source data described in this manuscript are available via the PsychENCODE Knowledge Portal (https://psychencode.synapse.org/). The PsychENCODE Knowledge Portal is a platform for accessing data, analyses and tools generated through grants funded by the National Institute of Mental Health PsychENCODE program. Data are available for general research use according to the following requirements for data access and data attribution: https://psychencode.synapse.org/DataAccess.
Code availability
All publicly available software used is noted in the Methods. We used decorate software to call CRDs: https://github.com/GabrielHoffman/decorate.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the late P. Sklar for many contributions in the early phase of this project and P. Rajarajan and S. Espeso-Gil for helpful discussions. This work was supported, in part, through the computational resources and staff expertise provided by Scientific Computing at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. We are extremely grateful to J. Ochando, C. Bare and other personnel of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinaiās Flow Cytometry Core for providing and teaching cell-sorting expertise and to L. Bingman in the Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science at the National Institute of Mental Health (National Institutes of Health (NIH)) for logistical support in the context of the PsychENCODE Consortium. This project was supported by NIH U01DA048279 (S.A. and P.R.) and R01MH106056 (S.A.). PsychENCODE Consortium: data were generated as part of the first phase of the PsychENCODE Consortium, supported by U01MH103339, U01MH103365, U01MH103392, U01MH103340, U01MH103346, R01MH105472, R01MH094714, R01MH105898, R21MH102791, R21MH105881, R21MH103877 and P50MH106934 awarded to S.A. (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), G. Crawford (Duke University), S. Dracheva (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), P. Farnham (University of Southern California (USC)), M. Gerstein (Yale University), D. Geschwind (University of California, Los Angeles), T. M. Hyde (Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD)), A. Jaffe (LIBD), J. A. Knowles (USC), C. Liu (University of Illinois at Chicago), D. Pinto (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), N. Sestan (Yale University), P. Sklar (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), M. State (University of California, San Francisco), P. Sullivan (University of North Carolina), F. Vaccarino (Yale University), S. Weissman (Yale University), K. White (University of Chicago) and P. Zandi (Johns Hopkins Universityu). The HBCC is funded by the National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program through project ZIC MH002903. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
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Wet lab work, including tissue processing, sorting of nuclei and ChIP-seq and Hi-C library generation: Y.J., L.B., M.K., E.Z., R.J., J.R.W., R.P., B.S.K., L.C., O.D., S.R., J.F., E.F. and A.K. Data processing and coordination: Y.J., M.K., M.A.P. and J.S.J. Bioinformatics and computational genomics: K.G., G.E.H., J.B., S.R., T.G., J.P.-C., P.D., W.L., M.E.H., L.S. and L.C. Provision of brain tissue and resources: C.A.T., S.M., B.K.L., D.A.L., V.H., C.-G.H., R.E.G., S.D. and P.C. Conception of study and design: P.R., S.A., K.G., G.E.H. and J.B. Writing of the paper: K.G., S.A. and P.R.
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Captions for Supplementary Figs. 1ā22
Supplementary Data 1
PsychENCODE members list
Supplementary Table 1
Metadata of samples in Study-1 and Study-2
Supplementary Table 2
Genomic coordinates of consensus peaks
Supplementary Table 3
Differential analysis of peaks across SCZ cases and controls and across BD cases and controls
Supplementary Table 4
GWAS enrichment of brain traits and non-brain-related traits in peaks stratified by differentially upregulated and downregulated peaks
Supplementary Table 5
Genomic coordinates of identified CRDs
Supplementary Table 6
Annotation and differential analysis of CRDs
Supplementary Table 7
Pathway analysis of ĪCRDĪPeaks
Supplementary Table 8
Genomic coordinates of H3K27ac GABA-, Glu- and OLIG-specific peaks
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Girdhar, K., Hoffman, G.E., Bendl, J. et al. Chromatin domain alterations linked to 3D genome organization in a large cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brains. Nat Neurosci 25, 474ā483 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01032-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01032-6
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