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Dopamine metabolism by a monoamine oxidase mitochondrial shuttle activates the electron transport chain

Nature Neuroscience volume 23, pages 15–20 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) metabolizes cytosolic dopamine (DA), thereby limiting auto-oxidation, but is also thought to generate cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We show that MAO metabolism of DA does not increase cytosolic H2O2 but leads to mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activity. This is dependent upon MAO anchoring to the outer mitochondrial membrane and shuttling electrons through the intermembrane space to support the bioenergetic demands of phasic DA release.

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Fig. 1: Mitochondrial thiol oxidation is increased by elevating cytosolic dopamine and prevented by inhibiting MAO enzymes in ex vivo brain slices.
Fig. 2: Elevating cytosolic dopamine with levodopa increases mitochondrial thiol oxidation by transferring electrons to the intermembrane space in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons.
Fig. 3: Elevating cytosolic dopamine with levodopa increases ATP synthesis and is necessary for phasic dopamine release.

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Data from this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Analysis routines and code are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Change history

  • 07 January 2020

    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the JPB Foundation, the IDP Foundation, the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the NIH (NS047085) to D.J.S.; an NIH grant (NS076054) to D.K.; an NIH grant (DA039253) and a Northwestern Memorial Foundation grant to S.M.G.; the Boyd and Elsi Welin Professorship and Tsai Family Fund to J.C.S.; and NIH grants U01NS103522, U01NS090604 and DPMH107056 to L.T. The authors thank the Northwestern Center for Advanced Microscopy (supported by National Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA060553) for assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Steven M. Graves, Zhong Xie, Kristen A. Stout, Enrico Zampese, Jyothisri Kondapalli & D. James Surmeier

  2. Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Lena F. Burbulla & Dimitri Krainc

  3. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jean C. Shih

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Tommaso Patriarchi & Lin Tian

  5. Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA

    Lars Brichta & Paul Greengard

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Paul T. Schumacker

Authors
  1. Steven M. Graves
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  2. Zhong Xie
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  14. D. James Surmeier
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Contributions

Conceptualization: D.J.S., S.M.G., K.A.S., P.T.S., Z.X. and D.K.; methodology: D.J.S., S.M.G., P.T.S., K.A.S. and Z.X.; investigation: S.M.G., K.A.S., Z.X., E.Z., L.F.B. and L.B.; formal analysis: S.M.G., K.A.S., Z.X. and L.B.; writing of the original draft: S.M.G. and D.J.S.; reviewing and editing: S.M.G., Z.X., E.Z., L.F.B., J.C.S., J.K., K.A.S., L.B., P.G., D.K., P.T.S. and D.J.S.; funding acquisition: S.M.G., D.K., P.G. and D.J.S.; resources: J.K., L.B., P.G., J.C.S., L.T. and T.P.; supervision: D.J.S.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. James Surmeier.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Peer review information Nature Neuroscience thanks Elizabeth Jonas and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Cytosolic thiol oxidation.

The redox sensitive probe roGFP was targeted to the various cellular compartments compartment of substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons for experiments throughout the manuscript. a, Sample image illustrating the expression pattern of cyto-roGFP. b, Sample image illustrating the expression pattern of Mito-roGFP; note the pattern of the mitochondrial matrix and absence of nuclear localization. c, Sample image illustrating the expression pattern of roGFP with a targeting sequence localizing the probe to the outter membrane of the mitochondria (same targeting sequence used by monoamine oxidase enzymes); the tethered roGFP presents a similar pattern of distribution of Mito-roGFP suggesting mitochondrial localization. d, Cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) counterstain of the same cell depicted in panel c. e, Merged image of the tethered-roGFP and Cox counterstain demonstrating colocalizaton. Scale bars denote 20 µm. dopaminergic neurons and levels of oxidant status were measured. f, Somatic cytosolic oxidation was unaltered by 10 µM methamphetamine (+MethA; n = 10 cells/3 mice) or 100 µM levodopa (+l-dopa; n = 11 cells/3 mice); control n = 11 cells/2 mice; Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.9154. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. g,+MethA (n = 11 slices/4 mice) had no effect on cytosolic oxidation in axons unless slices were incubated with 10 µM of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor rasagiline (+MAOBi; n = 10 slices/4 mice); control n = 11 slices/3 mice (Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.0108). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. h,+l-dopa (n = 13 slices/4mice) had no effect on axonal cytosolic oxidation unless in the presence of 10uM+MAOBi (n = 14 slices/4 mice); control n = 10 slices/3mice (Kruskal-Wallis test; p < 0.001). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. i, Monoamine oxidase knockout mice were stereotaxically delivered a variant of MAO-B lacking the tethering sequence targeting it to the outer membrane of the mitochondria and tested for methamphetamine (+Meth; 10 µM)-induced cytosolic thiol oxidation in axons. +Meth increased cytosolic oxidation in slices from mice expressing untethered MAO-B; n = 8 slices/3 mice (Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test, p = 0.0078). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. *p < 0.05.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Mitochondrial thiol oxidation.

The redox sensitive probe roGFP was targeted to the mitochondrial matrix of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons and levels of thiol redox status were measured. a, Somatic Mito-roGFP oxidation was unchanged by treatments; control (n = 11 cells/6 mice), 10 µM methamphetamine (+MethA; n = 12 cells/4 mice), or 100 µM levodopa (+l-dopa; n = 18 cells/5 mice); Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.5341. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. b, Cocaine (left; 5 µM; +Coc) had no effect on mitochondrial thiol redox status in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic axons (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test p = 0.6454; n = 8 slices/2 mice. Methylphenidate (right; 5 µM; +mPhen) also had no effect on axonal Mito-roGFP oxidation status (n = 11 slices/3 mice); Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p = 0.4131. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. c, Clorgyline (5 µM; +MAOAi), a monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, prevented 100 µM levodopa (+l-dopa; n = 12 slices/3 mice; analyzed with Fig. 1e) and 10 µM methamphetamine (+MethA; n = 12 slices/4 mice; analyzed with Fig. 1b)-induced axonal Mito-roGFP oxidation. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. d, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors alone had no effect on axonal mitochondrial thiol redox status; control n = 10 slices/3 mice, +MAOAi n = 11 slices/3 mice, +MAOBi n = 11 slices/3 mice (Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.7413). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. e, Monoamine oxidase knockout mice were stereotaxically delivered a variant of MAO-B lacking the tethering sequence targeting it to the outer membrane of the mitochondria and tested for methamphetamine (+Meth; 10 µM)-induced mitochondrial thiol oxidation in axons. +Meth had no effect on mitochondrial oxidant staus in slices from mice expressing untethered MAO-B; n = 12 slices/3 mice (Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test, p = 0.2036). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. f, Human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons were transfected with the redox sensitive probe roGFP targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Basal levels of oxidant status were measured (control) followed by incubation with 100 µM levodopa (+l-dopa). +l-dopa increased axonal mitochondrial thiol oxidation; the experiment performed using a within-subject design with repeated measures (left; n = 15 axons; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p < 0.0001). In a separate set of cells monoamine oxidase inhibition (right) with 5 µM clorgyline +10 µM rasagiline (+MAOi) prevented+l-dopa-induced axonal mitochondrial thiol oxidation; experiment performed using a within-subject design with repeated measures; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p = 0.4973); n = 14 axons; box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. *p < 0.05.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Mitochondrial membrane potential measured by TMRM.

a, An image of a dopamine (DA) differentiated neuron expressing the ATP biosensor Perceval HR (upper left) and high magnification highlighting an axonal segment (lower right); scale bars denote 10 µm. b, Sample traces (left) illustrating 100 µM levodopa (+l-dopa)-induced increase in ATP/ADP ratio. +l-dopa increased axonal ATP synthesis measured as ATP/ADP ratio compared to control (middle; n = 15 axons; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p < 0.0001). In a separate set of cells+l-dopa-induced ATP synthesis was prevented by MAO inhibition with 5 µM clorgyline+10 µM rasagiline (right; MAOi; n = 15 axons; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p = 0.0554); experiments performed using a within-subject design with repeated measures. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. c, The ATP biosensor Perceval HR expresses throughout dopaminergic neurons as evidenced by sample images in the dorsolateral striatum; low (upper left; scale bar denotes 500 µm) and high magnification images (lower right; scale bar denotes 10 µm) illustrating striatal expression of Perceval HR in SNc DA axons. d, +l-dopa increased axonal ATP synthesis measured as ATP/ADP ratio in SNc axons in the dorsolateral striatum compared to control (middle; n = 8 slices/3 mice; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p = 0.0078). In a separate set of ex vivo slices, +l-dopa-induced ATP synthesis was prevented by MAO inhibition with 10 µM rasagiline (right; +MAOBi; n = 9 slices/2 mice; Wilcoxon matched-pairs two-sided signed rank test; p = 0.2031); experiment performed using a within-subject design with repeated measures. Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. e, Cartoon illustrating the bioenergetically demanding process of DA release, reuptake, and packaging into vesicles. f, Electrical stimulation trains (0.1 Hz) were used to deplete axonal ATP. Repeated measurements were taken at 950 nm and presented as ΔF/F0; repetitive stimulation decreased axonal ATP. In the presence of the MAO-B inhibitior rasagiline (+MAO-Bi) ATP levels were further decreased and yet further with complex V inhibition (+oligomycin) (lines are median values, shading is interquartile range; control n = 8, +MAOBi n = 9, and +oligomycin n = 6 brain slices). g, To better visualize the contribution of MAO-B to ATP generation, the measurements in the presence of rasagaline were subtracted from those in control aCSF to yield MAO-B dependent ATP (line represents the median MAO-B/aCSF differential, shading is interquartile range; n = 9 brain slices). h, Pre-train: Inhibition of MAO-B or complex V (+oligomycin) both decreased the ATP:ADP bioenergetic index (Kruskal-Wallis test: aCSF vs rasagaline p = 0.011, aCSF vs oligomycin p = 0.0005; control n = 7; +MAOBi n = 7; +oligomycin n = 6 brain slices). Post-train: Electrical stimulation trains decreased ATP signal in all cases but the effect was more pronounced in the absence of mitochondrial ATP production (Kruskal-Wallis test: aCSF vs oligomycin p = 0.0005, control n = 6; +MAOBi n = 6, +oligomycin n = 6). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range i, Images of dopamine axons expressing dopamine biosensor dLight1.3b before and after electrical stimulation (1p, 350 µA, 2 ms); scale bar denotes 10 µM. j, Release probability was interrogated using electrical stimulation to mimic tonic (1p, 2 ms, 350 µA) or phasic dopamine release (5p100Hz, 2 ms, 350 uA) in the presence of synaptic blockade (10 µM mecamylamine, 10 µM sulpiride). Traces of quantified dLight fluorescence in response to tonic or phasic release stimulation. Line: median, shading 95% CI; control n = 5, +MAOBi n = 6, and +oligomycin n = 4 brain slices. k, No statistically significant difference was seen in tonic firing in response to +MAOBi (rasagaline, 10 uM) or +oligomycin (10 uM). Phasic firing was significantly decreased by +MAOBi and further decreased by +oligomycin (2-way ANOVA, 5p100Hz: control vs rasagaline p = 0.015, control vs oligomycin p < 0.0001, rasagaline vs oligomycin p = 0.028; control n = 5, +MAOBi n = 6, and +oligomycin n = 4 brain slices). Stimulation increases release (F = 169.63, DFd = 12, p < 0.0001). Drug affects release (F = 10.07, DFd = 12, p = 0.003. The drugs alter stimulus response (F = 5.64, DFd = 12, p = 0.019). Box-and-whisker plots depict median, quartiles, and range. *p < 0.05.

Extended Data Fig. 4 MAO is necessary for maintaining phasic dopamine release.

a, Sample color plots depicting the effects of MAO inhibition (10 µM rasagiline; +MAOBi) and ATP synthase inhibition with oligomycin (10 µM) on repeated DA release using fast scan cyclic voltammetry. b, Summary data of peak DA levels shows increased depletion when MAO and ATP synthesis are inhibited; vertical and horizongal scale bars denote 25% maximal release and 2.5 seconds, respectively. Data are normalized to the first peak of the stimulation train (line: median, shaded: 95% confidence interval, control n = 10, +MAOBi n = 6, and +oligomycin n = 7 brain slices, fit with one-phase decay with comparison of fit, p < 0.001).

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Graves, S.M., Xie, Z., Stout, K.A. et al. Dopamine metabolism by a monoamine oxidase mitochondrial shuttle activates the electron transport chain. Nat Neurosci 23, 15–20 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0556-3

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