Abstract
The thymus contains a diversity of dendritic cells (DCs) that exist in defined locations and have different antigen-processing and -presenting features. This suggests that they play nonredundant roles in mediating thymocyte selection. In an effort to eliminate SIRPα+ classic DC2 subsets, we discovered that a substantial proportion expresses the surface lectin, CD301b, in the thymus. These cells resemble the CD301b+ type 2 immune response promoting DCs that are present in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Transcriptional and phenotypic comparison to other DC subsets in the thymus revealed that thymic CD301b+ cDCs represent an activated state that exhibits enhanced antigen processing and presentation. Furthermore, a CD301b+ cDC2 subset demonstrated a type 2 cytokine signature and required steady-state interleukin-4 receptor signaling. Selective ablation of CD301b+ cDC2 subsets impaired clonal deletion without affecting regulatory T cells (Treg cells). The T cell receptor α repertoire sequencing confirmed that a cDC2 subset promotes deletion of conventional T cells with minimal effect on Treg cell selection. Together, these findings suggest that cytokine-induced activation of DCs in the thymus substantially enforces central tolerance.
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Data availability
RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data are available in the NCBI’s GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under accession nos. GSE198789 (RNA-seq data, Figs. 2a–c, 3a,b and 4a–d) and GSE198247 (scRNA-seq data, Fig. 2d,e and Extended Data Figs. 4b,c and 7b–e). The main data supporting the findings of the present study are available in the article's Extended Data Figures and Supplementary Data 1. Data are available from the corresponding authors upon appropriate and reasonable request.
Code availability
Computational codes used in the RNA-seq and scRNA-seq analyses supporting the findings of the present study are available in Methods. Additional information is available from the corresponding author on reasonable and appropriate request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Ding for technical assistance, J. Motl from the University Flow Cytometry Resource for cell sorting, T. Dileepan for providing tetramer reagents, the University of Minnesota Genomics Center for assistance with RNA-seq and the University of Minnesota Research Animal Resources for animal husbandry. This project was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant nos. R37 AI39560 and P01 AI35296 to K.A.H., T32 AI007313 to K.M.A. and E.R.B., and F30 AI131483 and T32 GM008244 to E.R.B.).
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K.A.H. and E.R.B. conceived of, and obtained funding for, the project. E.R.B., M.V. and K.A.H. conceptualized and designed experiments and wrote the manuscript. E.R.B. and M.V. performed the experiments, with help from R.J.M. for DC antigen-presentation experiments, K.M.A. and L.Q. for TCR-seq experiment and analysis, H.W. for parabiosis experiments and O.C.S. for tetramer enrichment experiments. E.R.B. analyzed the experiments with help from R.J.M. for RNA-seq data analysis. C.H.O. and M.V. performed and analyzed scRNA-seq experiments. All authors provided feedback and approved the manuscript.
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Extended data
Extended Data Fig. 1 Thymic APC Gating Strategy.
Flow cytometric gating strategy for identifying B cells and dendritic cell subsets. B cells were identified by the expression of CD19 and B220 (blue; top, middle). Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were identified by the expression of B220, CD11c, and PDCA-1 (CD317) (salmon; bottom, middle). Conventional dendritic cells were identified by the expression of MHC II and CD11c (top, middle right). cDC1 were identified by the expression of XCR1 (magenta) and cDC2 were identified by the expression of SIRPα (teal; top, right). CD301b expression is shown on cDC1 (green; right) and cDC2 green; (green; bottom).
Extended Data Fig. 2 Ontogeny of bone marrow-derived APC subsets in the thymus.
(a-e) Frequency of thymic APC subsets (as indicated) among total thymocytes in 2d (n = 4), 1w (n = 7), 2w (n = 7), 3w (n = 3), and 8w-old (n = 6) C57BL/6 mice (gated as in Extended Data Fig. 1a). Each symbol represents an individual mouse. Male and female mice were used. Small horizontal lines indicate the mean, and error bars represent s.d. Data are pooled from three independent experiments.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Thymic eGFP expression in Mgl2DTR−eGFP mice.
(a) Representative flow cytometry of Mgl2-eGFP expression by CD45− EpCAM+ thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Cell were MACS enriched as CD3− CD4− CD19−TER119−. Mgl2WT mouse was used as control. (b) Representative flow cytometry of Mgl2-eGFP expression by CD11c+ cells in the thymus. The Mgl2-eGFP+ cells represent B220− XCR1− SIRPα+ cells that can be divided by the expression of MHC II and CCR7 to two main populations (as in Fig. 1h). (c) Representative flow cytometry of Mgl2-eGFP expression and CD301b protein staining of thymic SIRPα+ DCs divided according to the MHC II and CCR7 expression to DC2 (bottom) and mDC2 (top). Mgl2WT and CD0301b-PE FMO were used as control. Numbers adjacent to outlined areas represent percent cells in each. Six to ten-week-old male and female mice were used. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Identification of clusters in scRNA sequence data of thymic myeloid (CD11c+ CD11b+) cells.
(a) Flow cytometric gating strategy for sorting the thymic CD11c+ and CD11b+ populations for single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing. Cells were MACS enriched for CD90.2− cells. Dead cells were gated out using Viability Dye Aqua 510 and Cytox. CD90.2− CD11c+ and CD11b+ cells were sorted, captured with a 3’ Single Cell V5 chemistry platform, and sequenced. (b) UMAP plot showing the analysis of 10,234 transcriptome events identifying 22 color-coded clusters that were divided into 10 main populations marked by dashed lines. (c) Feature plots showing normalized expression of signature genes associated with clusters defined in b. Seven-week-old male mice were used.
Extended Data Fig. 5 No depletion of thymic epithelial cells in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice.
(a) Quantification of total numbers of CD301b+ cDC2 from BALB/c/BYJ (n = 3), IL-4 KO (n = 4) and IL-4Ra KO (n = 4) mice. (b) Experimental strategy for selective depletion of CD301b expressing cells in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice. (c) Representative flow cytometric gating strategy of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) populations. Cells were MACS enriched as CD3− CD4− CD19−TER119−. TECs were gated as CD45−EpCAM+, then divided to cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs) according to the expression of Ly51 and UEA, respectively. mTECs were then divided based on the Ly6d and MHC II expression to mTECsLow (black), mTECsHigh (blue), Pre-post-Aire (red), and Post-Aire (green). (d) Quantification of numbers of TEC populations (gated as in c) from diphtheria toxin (DTx) treated Mgl2WT (gray dots) (n = 5) or Mgl2DTR-eGF (green dots) (n = 5). Six to ten-week-old male and female mice were used. Small horizontal lines indicate mean, and error bars represent s.d. Data are representative of at least 3 independent experiments (c) or are pooled from at least 2 independent experiments (a, d). ns=not significant, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used.
Extended Data Fig. 6 Selectivity of thymic myeloid cell depletion in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice.
(a) Experimental strategy for selective depletion of cells in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice. (b) Representative flow cytometric gating strategy of thymic cell populations. Cells were enriched for CD90.2 negative cells to eliminate thymocytes. Macrophages were identified by the expression of CD64. Neutrophils were identified by the expression of CD11b and Ly6g. Eosinophils were gated as CD11b+ SiglecF+. B cells were identified as CD11c−B220+ and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) as CD11c+ B220+. Monocytes were gated as Ly6c+ CD11c− CD11b+ and cDCs as MHCII+ CD11c+. (b) Quantification of cell numbers of thymic populations (gated as in a) from diphtheria toxin (DTx) treated Mgl2WT (gray dots) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (green dots) (n = 9). (c) Quantification of thymic cDC numbers (gated as in Supplementary Figure 1) and thymic cDC subpopulations (gate as in Fig. 1h) from diphtheria toxin (DTx) treated Mgl2WT (gray dots) (n = 9) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (green dots) (n = 9). Six to ten-week-old male and female mice were used. Small horizontal lines indicate mean, and error bars represent s.d. Data are representative of at least 3 independent experiments (b) or are pooled from at least 3 independent experiments (c, d). ns=not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. One-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used.
Extended Data Fig. 7 scRNA sequencing analysis of thymic myeloid cell depletion in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice.
(a) Experimental strategy for selective depletion of cells in Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice. (b) The CD11c+ and CD11b+ cells (gated as in Supplementary figure 4) from diphtheria toxin (DTx) treated Mgl2WT (left plot) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (right plot) were FACS-sorted, captured with a 3’ Single Cell V5 chemistry platform, and sequenced. Cell hashing was used to distinguish the genotypes of origin. The non-myeloid and granulocyte populations was bioinformatically depleted from the analysis. UMAP plots showing the analysis of 13,129 transcriptome events (Mgl2WT = 8,175, Mgl2DTR-eGFP = 4,959) and identified 8 major clusters marked by dashed lines. The clusters showing the most diffence in abundance of events between the genotypes (cDC2 and mDC2) are marked by bold navy and yellow lines. (c) Enumeration of clusters frequencies from CD11c/CD11b+ cells identified in b. (d) Feature plots showing normalized expression of Mgl2, Mki67 and Ccr7 genes in clusters identified in b. (e) Feature plots comparing the Mgl2 expression between Mgl2WT and Mgl2DTR-eGFPmice. Seven-week-old male mice were used.
Extended Data Fig. 8 Clonal deletion gating strategy.
Flow cytometry gating strategy for identifying thymocytes undergoing clonal deletion or death by neglect. Signaled and non-signaled cells were identified based on expression of CD5 and TCRb (middle, left; green gate (signaled), gray gate (non-signaled). Thymocytes undergoing death by neglect were identified from non-signaled cells based on expression of cleaved caspase-3 (bottom, left; gray gate). Cortical and medullary thymocytes were identified based on expression of CCR7 (middle, middle). Medullary CD4 thymocytes undergoing clonal deletion were identified from signaled CCR7+ CD4+ cells based on expression of cleaved caspase-3+ (bottom, right; red gate). Numbers adjacent to outlined areas represent percent cells in each.
Extended Data Fig. 9 Frequencies of thymic T cell populations.
(a–c) Total CD4 T cells in mice with selective deficiencies. The administration of DTx into Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice was done as in Fig. 5d. (d and e) Frequency of CD5+ TCRb+ cleaved caspase 3+ thymocytes among CCR7+ CD4 T cells in in mice with selective deficiencies (gated as in Extended Data Fig. 8). (f) Frequency of CD5+ TCR+ cleaved caspase 3+ thymocytes among DP T cells in Mgl2WT (n = 9) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (n = 8). The administration of DTx into Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice was done as in Fig. 5d. (a-e) AireWT (n = 5) or AireKO (n = 6), Batf3WT (n = 9) or Batf3KO (n = 11) and Mgl2WT (n = 8) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (n = 6) mice were used. (g) Frequency of CD25+FOXP3− and CD25−FOXP3+ Treg cell progenitors (TRP) and (h) nascent CD25+ FOXP3+ CD73−and recirculating CD25+ FOXP3+ CD73+ Treg cells in Mgl2WT (n = 9) or Mgl2DTR-eGFP (n = 8) mice following 9 days of diphtheria toxin treatment. The administration of DTx into Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice was done as in Fig. 5d. Each symbol represents an individual mouse. Six to twelve-week-old male and female mice were used. Small horizontal lines indicate the mean and error bars represent s.d. ns=not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Data are pooled from at least three independent experiments. Unpaired Mann-Whitney test was used.
Extended Data Fig. 10 RNA sequencing of TCRs from Mgl2DTR-eGFP mice.
(a) Heatmap analysis of CPM (counts per million reads mapped) of CDR3 peptides that were deferentially expressed between CD4+ Tconv thymocytes from Mgl2WTTcra+/−TclibTgFoxp3eGFP and Mgl2DTR-eGFPTcra+/−TclibTgFoxp3eGFP mice (n = 4 mice per genotype). The plot also displays the expression of those CDR3 peptides in CD4+ Treg thymocytes from the same mice. The Log10 FDR (False discovery rate) of for each CDR3 peptide CPM is shown.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Data 1
Comparison of gene expression profiles from bulk RNA-seq among thymic DC subsets.
Supplementary Table 1
List of antibodies used.
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Breed, E.R., Vobořil, M., Ashby, K.M. et al. Type 2 cytokines in the thymus activate Sirpα+ dendritic cells to promote clonal deletion. Nat Immunol 23, 1042–1051 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01218-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01218-x
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