Author Correction: Training the trainable cells of the immune system and beyond

Correction to: Nature Immunology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0583-y, published online 10 January 2020.

In the version of this article initially published, the subjects of Ramnik Xavier’s and Michael Vierboom’s research were switched; Xavier’s research area was incorrectly identified as non-human primate trained immunity, and Vierboom’s research area was incorrectly identified as human trained immunity. The article incorrectly stated “Ramnik Xavier (Harvard University) extended the discussion and shared his data on non-human primates. BCG vaccination induces the production of cytokines linked to trained immunity (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β) 2 weeks after vaccination. Xavier and colleagues also observed that MTBVAC (a novel TB-vaccine candidate generated by genetically attenuating an M. tuberculosis clinical isolate) is equally potent as BCG in establishing trained immunity. The authors are investigating whether MTBVAC leads to metabolic rewiring and genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. Given the literature on trained immunity, genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming in innate immune cells will certainly be expected. Michel Vierboom (Biomedical Primate Research Centre) shared results on immune mechanisms responsible for M. tuberculosis infection. Vierboom and colleagues carried out pulmonary infection in two animal models, Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis, and observed anti-inflammatory skewing of peripheral monocytes in M. mulatta and a more prominent local proinflammatory cytokine release profile in M. fascicularis (a well-known manifestation of trained immunity) associated with divergent TB disease outcomes¹⁵.” The article should say “Ramnik Xavier (Harvard University) extended the discussion and shared his data on trained immunity. Subsequently, Michel Vierboom (Biomedical Primate Research Centre) presented research on non-human primates, showing the increased production of cytokines linked to trained immunity (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1β) 2 weeks after intravenous BCG vaccination. Moreover, the work from Vierboom and colleagues demonstrates that mucosal vaccination with either MTBVAC (a genetically attenuated M. tuberculosis–derived TB vaccine candidate) or BCG is superior to standard intradermal vaccination in the induction of trained immunity. For mucosal BCG vaccination, they have recently shown improved protection and prevention of infection relative to standard intradermal delivery. They are now investigating whether mucosal vaccination also leads to metabolic rewiring and genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. Given the literature on trained immunity, genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming in innate immune cells is expected. Previous work from the same group has already demonstrated an association between innate immune responses and reduced TB disease severity in the non-human primate species. In a publication by Dijkman et al., they have shown that disease-susceptible rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) present a skewed anti-inflammatory profile of peripheral monocytes, while disease-resistant cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) display a more prominent local proinflammatory innate cytokine release profile (a well-known manifestation of trained immunity)¹⁵.” The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.