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Local proliferation maintains a stable pool of tissue-resident memory T cells after antiviral recall responses

Nature Immunology volume 19, pages 183–191 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Although tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are critical in fighting infection, their fate after local pathogen re-encounter is unknown. Here we found that skin TRM cells engaged virus-infected cells, proliferated in situ in response to local antigen encounter and did not migrate out of the epidermis, where they exclusively reside. As a consequence, secondary TRM cells formed from pre-existing TRM cells, as well as from precursors recruited from the circulation. Newly recruited antigen-specific or bystander TRM cells were generated in the skin without displacement of the pre-existing TRM cell pool. Thus, pre-existing skin TRM cell populations are not displaced after subsequent infections, which enables multiple TRM cell specificities to be stably maintained within the tissue.

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Fig. 1: Antiviral protection by skin TRM cells correlates with TRM cell density.
Fig. 2: TRM cells respond in an antigen-specific manner after HSV challenge.
Fig. 3: Skin TRM cells remain localized to the epidermis after virus rechallenge.
Fig. 4: TRM cells proliferate after antigenic challenge.
Fig. 5: TCIRCM cells and bystander TEFF cells generate de novo TRM cells after viral challenge.
Fig. 6: De novo–generated TRM cells do not displace pre-existing TRM cells in skin.

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Acknowledgements

We thank C. Jones, G. Davey, M. Damtsis and N. Zamudio for technical assistance. S.L.P. was supported by the University of Melbourne (Elizabeth and Vernon Puzey Postgraduate Scholarship). T.G. was supported by a fellowship from the Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation. This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (to S.N.M. and L.K.M.) and the Australian Research Council (to S.N.M.).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Simone L. Park and Ali Zaid contributed equally to this work.

  2. Scott N. Mueller and Laura K. Mackay jointly supervised this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Simone L. Park, Ali Zaid, Jyh Liang Hor, Susan N. Christo, Julia E. Prier, Brooke Davies, Yannick O. Alexandre, Julia L. Gregory, Thomas Gebhardt, Francis R. Carbone, William R. Heath, Scott N. Mueller & Laura K. Mackay

  2. John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    Tiffany A. Russell & David C. Tscharke

  3. The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    William R. Heath, Scott N. Mueller & Laura K. Mackay

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Contributions

S.L.P., A.Z., J.L.H., S.N.C., J.E.P., B.D., Y.O.A., J.L.G., S.N.M. and L.K.M. performed experiments and analyzed data. T.A.R. and D.C.T. provided reagents. S.L.P., A.Z., T.G., F.R.C., W.R.H., S.N.M. and L.K.M. contributed to experimental design. S.L.P., S.N.M. and L.K.M. prepared the manuscript. S.N.M. and L.K.M. led the research program.

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Correspondence to Scott N. Mueller or Laura K. Mackay.

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Integrated supplementary information

Figure Supplementary 1 Skin TRM cells mediate local antiviral protection.

Frequency a and CD69 and CD103 expression b of CD45.1+ gBT-I T cells isolated from DNFB-treated skin (upper panel) or non-treated contralateral flank skin (lower panel). Data are representative of 2 experiments with n = 5 group. c Schematic depicting “patch” protection model. Mice were seeded with effector gBT-I cells and treated with DNFB on the lower left skin flank to lodge TRM cells. >30 d post DNFB treatment, mice were infected with HSV on the upper left skin flank so that infection could be initiated in the absence of TRM, leading to primary (1°) infection of the upper skin region and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Viral emergence from the DRG results in secondary (2°) lesion formation, which is interrupted in DNFB-treated skin patch containing TRM cells. d Photographs depicting 1° and 2° lesion formation in DNFB-treated skin possessing a “patch” of TRM cells on the lower left flank (DNFB + TRM, left panel) or on the non-treated contralateral flank (right panel) 6d after HSV infection. Data are representative of 2 experiments with n = 5 group.

Figure Supplementary 2 TRM cell behavior after virus challenge.

a IV-2PM images of HSV-mCherry+ cells in the same region of skin 92 or 96h after HSV infection on the upper flank. Scale bar; 50μm. Data are representative of 4 experiments. b IV-2PM image of EGFP+ gBT-I T cells in a region of skin 94h after infection. Scale bar; 200μm. Data are representative of 4 experiments. c IV-2PM images showing responding EGFP+ gBT-I T cells amongst HSV-infected cells at the dermal-epidermal border (right panel), and DsRed+ P14 TRM cells in the epidermis (left panel) from the same region of skin 84h after infection. Data are representative of 2 experiments. Scale bar; 40 μm.

Figure Supplementary 3 Expression of inhibitory receptors by skin TRM cells.

a Surface expression of inhibitory markers on DNFB-lodged skin Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells (blue) compared to splenic Thy1.1+ gBT-I T cells (grey) >30 d post DNFB treatment. b Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of inhibitory markers on Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells in HSV-infected or DNFB-treated skin compared to splenic Thy1.1+ gBT-I T cells >30 d post-HSV or DNFB treatment. n.s.; not significant, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test. Data are representative of 2 experiments with n=3 mice per group. Bars represent the mean.

Figure Supplementary 4 Skin TRM cells undergo local proliferation and cell death after rechallenge.

a Experimental schematic. Mice were seeded with effector Thy1.1+ gBT-I (TEFF) cells and treated with DNFB, or were seeded with naïve Thy1.1+ gBT-I (TN) cells and infected with VV-gB. >30d after treatment or infection mice were administered Thy1.1 antibody to deplete Thy1.1+ gBT-I TCIRCM cells. Mice were then challenged with HSV infection or transcutaneous peptide application and treated daily with BrdU i.p. post-challenge. b, c Ki67 expression by b DNFB-lodged skin Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells or c splenic Thy1.1+ gBT-I TCIRCM cells 7d after HSV challenge. Data are representative of 2 experiments with n=2, 3 or 6 in b or n=5 or 6 mice per group in c. **p=0.0072, Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons in b and **p=0.0043, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test in c. d Proportion of BrdU+ or BrdU- DNFB-induced skin Thy1.1+ gBT-I cells expressing CD103 in Thy1.1 antibody treated mice 7d post-HSV challenge. Data are pooled from 3 experiments, n=6 mice. n.s.; non-significant, p=0.2835, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test. e Mice were seeded with either Thy1.1+ gBT-I TN cells and infected with HSV or Thy1.1+ gBT-I TEFF cells and treated with DNFB. >30 d later mice were treated with Thy1.1 antibody. Shown is proportion of CD103+ Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells in DNFB-treated or previously HSV infected skin incorporating BrdU 2d following topical application of gB peptide. Data are pooled from 3 experiments with n=3 or 4 mice per group. n.s.; p=0.5137 and p=0.6070, ***p=0.0001, ****p<0.0001, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test. f Number of DNFB-lodged Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells in DNFB treated skin (left panel) of Thy1.1 antibody treated mice, and AnnexinV and PI expression by these cells at the indicated time points following HSV infection above the DNFB patch. Data are representative of 1 or 3 experiments with n =3 or 4 mice per time point per experiment. *p=0.0435 (middle panel) or 0.0291 (right panel), Kruskal Wallis test. g AnnexinV and PI staining of DNFB-lodged Thy1.1+ gBT-I skin TRM cells 7d post-HSV infection above the DNFB patch or at steady state. Data are pooled from 3 experiments with n=11 or 13 mice per group. ***p=0.0002, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test. Bars represent the mean.

Figure Supplementary 5 The stability of pre-existing skin TRM cell populations after viral challenge.

a Experimental schematic related to Fig. 5a-c. Mice received Thy1.1+ gBT-I TEFF cells and were treated with DNFB. After >30d Thy1.1+ gBT-I TCIRCM cells were depleted using Thy1.1 antibody. A separate cohort received CD45.1+ gBT-I TN cells and was infected with HSV. >30 d post-infection, splenic CD45.1+ TCIRCM cells from these donors were transferred into mice containing DNFB-lodged Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells and these recipients were then infected with HSV above DNFB-treated skin, which was analysed >30 d post-infection. b Experimental schematic related to Fig. 5d-f. Mice received Thy1.1+ P14 TEFF cells and were treated with DNFB. After >30d Thy1.1+ P14 TCIRCM cells were depleted using Thy1.1 antibody. >7 d later mice were infected with HSV above DNFB-treated skin and transferred CD45.1+ OT-I TEFF cells. DNFB-treated skin was analyzed >30 d post-HSV infection. c Experimental schematic related to Fig. 5g-i. Mice received Thy1.1+ gBT-I (TN) cells and were infected with VV-gB on the lower skin flank e.c. >30 d post-infection Thy1.1+ gBT-I TCIRCM cells were depleted using Thy1.1 antibody. >7 d later mice were challenged with HSV above VV-challenged skin and CD45.1+ OT-I TEFF cells were transferred 2d later. VV-challenged skin was analysed >20 d post HSV-infection. d Experimental schematic related to Supplementary Fig. S5e. μMT mice received Thy1.1+ gBT-I (TN) cells and were infected with HSV on the lower left flank. >25 d post-infection, mice were treated with Thy1.1 antibody to remove Thy1.1+ gBT-I TCIRCM cells. 10d post-antibody treatment mice were challenged with HSV on the upper left flank and transferred CD45.1+ OT-I TEFF cells i.v. 2d post-infection. e Number of Thy1.1+ gBT-I and CD45.1+ OT-I TRM cells in HSV-challenged skin >20 d post-HSV infection. Data are pooled from 2 experiments with n = 7 or 8 mice per group. **p=0.0059, two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test. Bars represent the mean.

Figure Supplementary 6 Multiple challenges generate de novo TRM cells without displacing pre-existing TRM cells in skin.

a Experimental schematic related to Fig. 6b. Mice were transferred EGFP+ OT-I TEFF cells i.v. and treated with DNFB to establish a population of (‘old’) TRM cells. One cohort of mice was left untreated whereas a second cohort was adoptively transferred CD45.1+ gBT-I TN cells followed by i.v. injection of gB-pulsed dendritic cells (DC gB). >20 d following priming mice were boosted with WSN-gB s.c. and left to rest another >30 d before boosting with X31-gB i.n to generate ‘new’ CD45.1+ gBT-I skin TRM cells. DNFB-treated skin was analysed >30 d following final immunization. b Experimental schematic related to Fig. 6c. Mice were transferred CD45.1+ gBT-I TEFF cells and treated with DNFB to establish a population of (‘old’) TRM cells. Mice were transferred EGFP+ OT-I TN cells then infected with VV-OVA e.c. contralateral to DNFB-treated skin. >30 d following primary VV-OVA infection mice were re-challenged with VV-OVA e.c. at an unrelated site to generate ‘new’ TRM cells. DNFB-treated skin was analysed >25 d following secondary VV-OVA challenge.

Supplementary information

Videos

Supplementary Video 1

Transcutaneous delivery of soluble peptide. IV-2PM of EGFP+gBT-I TRM cells in DNFB-treated skin from 3 h after transcutaneous application of OVA or gB peptide

Supplementary Video 2

gBT-I recall with HSV–mCherry. IV-2PM of EGFP+ gBT-I TRM cells in DNFB-treated skin of mice infected with HSV–mCherry above the DNFB patch 3.5 d previously

Supplementary Video 3

OT-I recall with HSV–mCherry. IV-2PM of EGFP+ OT-I TRM cells in DNFB-treated skin of mice infected with HSV–mCherry above the DNFB patch 3.5 d previously

Supplementary Video 4

gBT-I Thy1.1 TRM recall with HSV–mCherry after Thy1.1 antibody depletion. IV-2PM of EGFP+Thy1.1+ gBT-I TRM cells in DNFB-treated skin of Thy1.1 antibody-treated mice infected with HSV–mCherry 4 d previously

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Park, S.L., Zaid, A., Hor, J.L. et al. Local proliferation maintains a stable pool of tissue-resident memory T cells after antiviral recall responses. Nat Immunol 19, 183–191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-017-0027-5

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