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The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Nature Genetics volume 53, pages 840–860 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 × 10−8), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.

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Fig. 1: Summary of all 242 loci identified in this study.
Fig. 2: Trait variance explained by associated loci.
Fig. 3: Transferability of PGSs across ancestries.
Fig. 4: Trans-ancestry fine-mapping.
Fig. 5: Epigenomic landscape of trait-associated variants.
Fig. 6: Tissues and cell types that are significantly enriched in genes in loci associated with glycemic traits.
Fig. 7: Gene-set enrichment analyses.

Data availability

Ancestry-specific and overall meta-analysis summary level results are available through the MAGIC website (https://www.magicinvestigators.org/). Summary statistics are also available through the GWAS catalog (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/) with the following accession codes: GCST90002225, GCST90002226, GCST90002227, GCST90002228, GCST90002229, GCST90002230, GCST90002231, GCST90002232, GCST90002233, GCST90002234, GCST90002235, GCST90002236, GCST90002237, GCST90002238, GCST90002239, GCST90002240, GCST90002241, GCST90002242, GCST90002243, GCST90002244, GCST90002245, GCST90002246, GCST90002247 and GCST90002248.

Code availability

Source code implementing the methods described in the paper are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4607311.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all investigators, staff members and study participants for their contribution to all participating studies. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The authors received no specific funding for this work. A full list of funding as well as individual and study acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Anubha Mahajan & Mark I. McCarthy

    Present address: Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

  2. These authors jointly supervised this work: Stephen C. J. Parker, Karen L. Mohlke, Claudia Langenberg, Eleanor Wheeler, Andrew P. Morris, Inês Barroso.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Ji Chen, Andrew R. Wood, Timothy M. Frayling & Inês Barroso

  2. Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK

    Ji Chen, Gaëlle Marenne, Lorraine Southam, Eleftheria Zeggini, Eleanor Wheeler & Inês Barroso

  3. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Cassandra N. Spracklen, Ying Wu, Chelsea K. Raulerson, Qing Duan, Laura Raffield & Karen L. Mohlke

  4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

    Cassandra N. Spracklen

  5. Inserm, Univ Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France

    Gaëlle Marenne

  6. Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Arushi Varshney & Stephen C. J. Parker

  7. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Laura J. Corbin, Fernando P. Hartwig, Deborah A. Lawlor, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen & Nicholas J. Timpson

  8. Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Laura J. Corbin, Deborah A. Lawlor, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen & Nicholas J. Timpson

  9. MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Jian’an Luan, Sara M. Willems, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Isobel D. Stewart, Ken K. Ong, Nick J. Wareham, Robert A. Scott, Claudia Langenberg, Eleanor Wheeler & Inês Barroso

  10. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Xiaoshuai Zhang

  11. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Momoko Horikoshi, Neil R. Robertson, Matt J. Neville, Anna L. Gloyn & Mark I. McCarthy

  12. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Momoko Horikoshi, Anne Ndungu, Abhishek Nag, Neil R. Robertson, Anuj Goel, Cecilia Lindgren, Anubha Mahajan, Hugh Watkins, Anna L. Gloyn, Mark I. McCarthy & Andrew P. Morris

  13. Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan

    Momoko Horikoshi

  14. Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, UK

    Thibaud S. Boutin

  15. Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Reedik Mägi, Kristi Läll, Mari Nelis & Andres Metspalu

  16. COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Johannes Waage, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia, Hans Bisgaard & Klaus Bønnelykke

  17. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Ruifang Li-Gao, Hugoline G. de Haan, Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg, Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori, Frits R. Rosendaal, Hugoline G. de Haan & Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg

  18. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Kei Hang Katie Chan, Jung Ho Gong, Shuiqing Lai & Simin Liu

  19. Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Kei Hang Katie Chan

  20. Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Kei Hang Katie Chan

  21. The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

    Jie Yao, Marie Lauzon, Jingyi Tan, Zorayr Arzumanyan, Kelvin Lam, Kathryn Roll, Kevin Sandow, Kent D. Taylor, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Xiuqing Guo & Jerome I. Rotter

  22. Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Mila D. Anasanti, Jani Heikkinen, Marika A. Kaakinen & Inga Prokopenko

  23. Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Audrey Y. Chu, Franco Giulianini, Daniel I. Chasman & Paul M. Ridker

  24. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Annique Claringbould, Serena Sanna, Pim van der Harst & Pim van der Harst

  25. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Jaeyoung Hong, Denis Rybin, Peitao Wu, Josée Dupuis & Ching-Ti Liu

  26. Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Eco J. C. de Geus, D. I. Boomsma, Gonneke Willemsen & Eco J. C. de Geus

  27. Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Eco J. C. de Geus, D. I. Boomsma, Gonneke Willemsen & Eco J. C. de Geus

  28. CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Shaofeng Huo, Huaixing Li, Xu Lin & Liang Sun

  29. Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    Marika A. Kaakinen, Ayse Demirkan & Inga Prokopenko

  30. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Tin Louie, Sarah C. Nelson & W. Craig Johnson

  31. SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany

    Winfried März

  32. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria

    Winfried März

  33. Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Winfried März, Graciela E. Delgado & Marcus E. Kleber

  34. Department of Economics, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico

    Hortensia Moreno-Macias

  35. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Ilja M. Nolte, Peter J. van der Most, Tian Xie, Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Harold Snieder & Peter J. van der Most

  36. CVD Genetic Epidemiology Computational Laboratory, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Kari E. North, Rebecca Rohde & Yujie Wang

  37. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Debashree Ray & Elizabeth Selvin

  38. The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Claudia Schurmann, Michael Preuss, Girish N. Nadkarni, Erwin P. Bottinger & Ruth J. F. Loos

  39. HPI Digital Health Center, Digital Health and Personalized Medicine, Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany

    Claudia Schurmann

  40. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National Univeristy of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

    Xueling Sim, Jin Fang Chai, Rob M. van Dam, E. Shyong Tai & Rob M. van Dam

  41. Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Xueling Sim, Heather M. Stringham, Michael Boehnke & Laura J. Scott

  42. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Xueling Sim, Heather M. Stringham, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Michael Boehnke & Laura J. Scott

  43. Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Lorraine Southam & Eleftheria Zeggini

  44. School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

    Carol A. Wang & Craig E. Pennell

  45. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Weihua Zhang, Marie Loh & John C. Chambers

  46. Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

    Weihua Zhang, Ishminder K. Kooner, John C. Chambers & Jaspal S. Kooner

  47. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

    Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia & Marit E. Jørgensen

  48. The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia

  49. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Emil V. R. Appel, Thomas Sparsø, Anette P. Gjesing, Henrik Vestergaard, Niels Grarup, Torben Hansen, Oluf Pedersen & Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

  50. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Lawrence F. Bielak, Wei Zhao, Patricia A. Peyser & Sharon L. R. Kardia

  51. Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Jennifer A. Brody, Richard A. Jensen, Rozenn N. Lemaitre & Bruce M. Psaty

  52. Metabolism Program, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Noël P. Burtt

  53. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Claudia P. Cabrera, Helen R. Warren, Mark J. Caulfield & Patricia B. Munroe

  54. NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Claudia P. Cabrera, Helen R. Warren, Mark J. Caulfield & Patricia B. Munroe

  55. Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Brian E. Cade, Heming Wang & Susan Redline

  56. Department of Medicine, Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Brian E. Cade, Heming Wang & Susan Redline

  57. Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaoran Chai, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Ching-Yu Cheng & Tien-Yin Wong

  58. Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaoran Chai

  59. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Li-Ching Chang, Chien-Hsiun Chen, Yi Cheng Chang & Jer-Yuarn Wu

  60. Department of Epidemiology, The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Brian H. Chen

  61. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala, Lenore J. Launer & Alan B. Zonderman

  62. Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Yen-Feng Chiu

  63. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Ayse Demirkan, Symen Ligthart, Jun Liu, Najaf Amin, Abbas Dehghan, M. Arfan Ikram, Cornelia van Duijn & Cornelia van Duijn

  64. Department of Statistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Qing Duan

  65. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK

    Jorgen Engmann

  66. Uganda Medical Informatics Centre (UMIC), MRC/UVRI and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda

    Segun A. Fatumo

  67. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Segun A. Fatumo

  68. H3Africa Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet) Node, Centre for Genomics Research and Innovation, NABDA/FMST, Abuja, Nigeria

    Segun A. Fatumo

  69. Bioinfosol, Sevilla, Spain

    Javier Gayán

  70. Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Stefan Gustafsson

  71. Department of Statistics, The University of Auckland, Science Center, Auckland, New Zealand

    Yang Hai

  72. Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

    Fernando P. Hartwig & Bernardo L. Horta

  73. Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Jing He & Qiuyin Cai

  74. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Obesity Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Yoriko Heianza

  75. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Tao Huang

  76. Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Unit, National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico

    Alicia Huerta-Chagoya

  77. Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico

    Alicia Huerta-Chagoya & Teresa Tusie

  78. Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea

    Mi Yeong Hwang, Young Jin Kim, Sohee Han, Sanghoon Moon & Bong-Jo Kim

  79. Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Takahisa Kawaguchi, Kazuya Setoh, Fumihiko Matsuda & Yasuharu Tabara

  80. Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Katherine A. Kentistou, Katharina E. Schraut, Harry Campbell, Peter K. Joshi, Paul R. H. J. Timmers & James F. Wilson

  81. Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Katherine A. Kentistou & Katharina E. Schraut

  82. Department of Medicine, Divison of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA

    Leslie A. Lange

  83. Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Carl D. Langefeld

  84. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Man Li

  85. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Jun Liu, Najaf Amin, Cornelia van Duijn & Cornelia van Duijn

  86. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Marie Loh & John C. Chambers

  87. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Jirong Long, Wanqing Wen, Xiao-ou Shu & Wei Zheng

  88. Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Valeriya Lyssenko

  89. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

    Valeriya Lyssenko & Paul W. Franks

  90. Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

    Massimo Mangino, Kerrin S. Small, Tim D. Spector & Claire J. Steves

  91. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Massimo Mangino

  92. Institute of Epidemiology, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Carola Marzi & Harald Grallert

  93. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

    Carola Marzi, Annette Peters, Annette Schürmann, Harald Grallert & Peter Schwarz

  94. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    May E. Montasser, Kathleen Ryan & Jeffrey R. O’Connell

  95. Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

    Masahiro Nakatochi

  96. Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy

    Damia Noce, Christian Fuchsberger, Andrew A. Hicks & Peter P. Pramstaller

  97. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Raymond Noordam, Stella Trompet, Simon Mooijaart, Diana van Heemst & Diana van Heemst

  98. Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy

    Giorgio Pistis, Serena Sanna & Francesco Cucca

  99. The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Michael Preuss & Ruth J. F. Loos

  100. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik

  101. Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Stephen S. Rich

  102. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Stephen S. Rich

  103. Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Rico Rueedi & Sven Bergmann

  104. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Rico Rueedi, Sven Bergmann & Zoltan Kutalik

  105. Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Richa Saxena

  106. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Richa Saxena

  107. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Richa Saxena, Jose C. Florez & James B. Meigs

  108. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Bengt Sennblad

  109. Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Albert V. Smith

  110. Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland

    Albert V. Smith, Gudny Eiriksdottir & Vilmundur Gudnason

  111. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Rona J. Strawbridge

  112. Department of Medicine Solna, Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rona J. Strawbridge, Mattias Frånberg & Anders Hamsten

  113. National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Fumihiko Takeuchi & Norihiro Kato

  114. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Stella Trompet & J. Wouter Jukema

  115. Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Erik van den Akker, Marian Beekman, P. Eline Slagboom & Erik van den Akker

  116. Department of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands

    Erik van den Akker & Erik van den Akker

  117. Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Erik van den Akker & Erik van den Akker

  118. Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Niek Verweij, Pim van der Harst & Pim van der Harst

  119. Genomics PLC, Oxford, UK

    Niek Verweij

  120. Center of Pediatric Research, University Children’s Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

    Mandy Vogel, Wieland Kiess & Antje Körner

  121. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Chaolong Wang

  122. Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

    Chaolong Wang, Chiea Chuen Khor & Jianjun Liu

  123. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Nan Wang & Richard M. Watanabe

  124. University of Southern California Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Nan Wang, Thomas A. Buchanan & Richard M. Watanabe

  125. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Tom Wilsgaard, Sameline Grimsgaard & Inger Njølstad

  126. MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK

    Andrew Wong & Diana Kuh

  127. Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Mohammad Hadi Zafarmand & Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte

  128. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Mohammad Hadi Zafarmand

  129. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Jing-Hua Zhao

  130. Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Astrup

  131. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Stephan J. L. Bakker

  132. Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Damiano Baldassarre

  133. Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

    Damiano Baldassarre & Elena Tremoli

  134. Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Richard N. Bergman

  135. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Alain Bertoni

  136. Medical Department III–Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

    Matthias Blüher, Peter Kovacs, Michael Stumvoll & Anke Tönjes

  137. Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Lori L. Bonnycastle & Francis S. Collins

  138. Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Stefan R. Bornstein & Peter Schwarz

  139. Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Donald W. Bowden & Nicholette D. Palmer

  140. Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Archie Campbell & David J. Porteous

  141. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Archie Campbell

  142. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yi Cheng Chang

  143. Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yi Cheng Chang

  144. Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Shufa Du, Linda S. Adair & Penny Gordon-Larsen

  145. Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK

    Aliki Eleni Farmaki

  146. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Aliki Eleni Farmaki

  147. Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China

    Yutang Gao

  148. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Anuj Goel & Hugh Watkins

  149. Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathy and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Catharina A. Hartman, Dennis Raven & Albertine J. Oldehinkel

  150. Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Christian Herder

  151. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Christian Herder

  152. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Düsseldorf, Germany

    Christian Herder

  153. Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chang-Hsun Hsieh

  154. School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chang-Hsun Hsieh

  155. Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

    Willa A. Hsueh

  156. Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan

    Sahoko Ichihara

  157. Department of Anti-aging Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan

    Michiya Igase

  158. National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Marit E. Jørgensen

  159. Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Rita R. Kalyani

  160. Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA

    Fouad R. Kandeel

  161. Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Tomohiro Katsuya

  162. Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Tomohiro Katsuya

  163. Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia

    Ivana Kolcic & Ozren Polasek

  164. Institute of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Center, Univeristy of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Teemu Kuulasmaa

  165. Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Johanna Kuusisto & Markku Laakso

  166. USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, the Philippines

    Nanette R. Lee

  167. Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, the Philippines

    Nanette R. Lee

  168. State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Honglan Li

  169. Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

    Shih-Yi Lin

  170. National Defense Medical Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Shih-Yi Lin

  171. Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaana Lindström

  172. Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Allan Linneberg & Betina Thuesen

  173. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Allan Linneberg

  174. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

    Jianjun Liu, Rob M. van Dam, E. Shyong Tai & Rob M. van Dam

  175. Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Carlos Lorenzo

  176. Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan

    Tatsuaki Matsubara

  177. Department of Diabetes, Diabetes, and Nutritional Sciences, James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, UK

    Geltrude Mingrone

  178. Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan

    Toru Nabika

  179. Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA

    Jerry L. Nadler

  180. Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

    Matt J. Neville, Anna L. Gloyn & Mark I. McCarthy

  181. Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

    Jill M. Norris

  182. Department of Geriatric Medicine and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan

    Yasumasa Ohyagi

  183. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

    Annette Peters

  184. Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Annette Peters

  185. Gen-Info, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ozren Polasek

  186. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Qibin Qi, Tao Wang & Robert Kaplan

  187. Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, USA

    Dermot F. Reilly

  188. Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    Alex Reiner & Robert Kaplan

  189. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Fernando Rivideneira & Andre Uitterlinden

  190. Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Igor Rudan

  191. Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

    Charumathi Sabanayagam, Ching-Yu Cheng & Tien-Yin Wong

  192. BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Naveed Sattar

  193. Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany

    Annette Schürmann

  194. Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Academy of Science & Technology (SAST), Shanghai, China

    Jinxiu Shi & Wei Huang

  195. Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Tanya M. Teslovich

  196. Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Paul R. H. J. Timmers, Caroline Hayward, Veronique Vitart & James F. Wilson

  197. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Michael Y. Tsai

  198. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Rob M. van Dam & Rob M. van Dam

  199. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Jagadish Vangipurapu

  200. Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark

    Henrik Vestergaard

  201. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Ko Willems van Dijk & Ko van Willems van Dijk

  202. Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Ko Willems van Dijk & Ko van Willems van Dijk

  203. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Ko Willems van Dijk & Ko van Willems van Dijk

  204. Department of Human Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia

    Tatijana Zemunik

  205. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Linda S. Adair & Penny Gordon-Larsen

  206. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico

    Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas

  207. Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición and Tec Salud, Mexico City, Mexico

    Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas

  208. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico

    Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas

  209. Department of Medical Genomics, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain

    Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme

  210. Institute for Environmental Medicine, Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden

    Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme

  211. Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA

    Ping An & Michael A. Province

  212. Clinical and Health Services Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Larissa Aviles-Santa

  213. Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Diane M. Becker & Lisa R. Yanek

  214. Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Lawrence J. Beilin & Trevor A. Mori

  215. Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Sven Bergmann

  216. Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Corri Black

  217. Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  218. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  219. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School of Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Bernhard O. Böhm

  220. LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College London, UK, Singapore, Singapore

    Bernhard O. Böhm

  221. Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Erwin P. Bottinger

  222. Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institut, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Erwin P. Bottinger

  223. Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Thomas A. Buchanan

  224. Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Thomas A. Buchanan & Richard M. Watanabe

  225. INSERM UMR 1283/CNRS UMR 8199, European Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Université de Lille, Lille, France

    Mickaël Canouil & Philippe Froguel

  226. INSERM UMR 1283/CNRS UMR 8199, European Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France

    Mickaël Canouil & Philippe Froguel

  227. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK

    John C. Chambers & Jaspal S. Kooner

  228. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    John C. Chambers & Jaspal S. Kooner

  229. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Daniel I. Chasman & Aaron Leong

  230. Department of Medicine, Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

    Adolfo Correa

  231. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    H. Janaka de Silva & H. Janaka de Silva

  232. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece

    George Dedoussis

  233. Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Sölve Elmståhl

  234. Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michele K. Evans

  235. CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy

    Ele Ferrannini

  236. Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Luigi Ferrucci

  237. Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jose C. Florez

  238. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jose C. Florez, Tamar Sofer & James B. Meigs

  239. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Paul W. Franks

  240. Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Philippe Froguel

  241. Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Bruna Gigante

  242. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Mark O. Goodarzi

  243. Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Leif Groop

  244. Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland

    Leif Groop

  245. Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Vilmundur Gudnason

  246. Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Susan R. Heckbert & Bruce M. Psaty

  247. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Erik Ingelsson

  248. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Pankow S. James

  249. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin

  250. Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin

  251. Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu Univerisity Hospital, OYS, Oulu, Finland

    Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin

  252. Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK

    Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin

  253. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    Jost B. Jonas

  254. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Jost B. Jonas & Ya X. Wang

  255. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel IOB, Basel, Switzerland

    Jost B. Jonas

  256. Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    J. Wouter Jukema

  257. MRC/UVRI and LSHTM (Uganda Research Unit), Entebbe, Uganda

    Pontiano Kaleebu

  258. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  259. Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi

  260. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK

    Mika Kivimaki

  261. Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen

  262. Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen

  263. Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Heikki A. Koistinen

  264. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Jaspal S. Kooner & Peter Sever

  265. IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany

    Peter Kovacs

  266. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK

    Meena Kumari

  267. University Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Zoltan Kutalik

  268. Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Timo A. Lakka

  269. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

    Timo A. Lakka

  270. Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland

    Timo A. Lakka & Rainer Rauramaa

  271. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Karin Leander

  272. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

    Lars Lind

  273. Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Cecilia Lindgren

  274. Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Cecilia Lindgren

  275. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Swedish Twin Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Patrik K. E. Magnusson

  276. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori

  277. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Sandosh Padmanabhan

  278. Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK

    Colin N. A. Palmer

  279. Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    David J. Porteous

  280. Department of Health Services, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Bruce M. Psaty

  281. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Lu Qi

  282. Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    Leslie J. Raffel

  283. Havard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Paul M. Ridker

  284. Tampere, Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland

    Timo E. Saaristo

  285. Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland

    Timo E. Saaristo

  286. Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Manjinder Sandhu

  287. South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland

    Jouko Saramies

  288. Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Neil Schneiderman

  289. Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany

    Peter Schwarz

  290. Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

    Blair H. Smith

  291. Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Tamar Sofer

  292. Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

  293. Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Alice Stanton

  294. Department of Ageing and Health, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Claire J. Steves

  295. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

    E. Shyong Tai

  296. Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  297. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  298. Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  299. Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

    Teresa Tusie

  300. Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Matti Uusitupa

  301. Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland

    Peter Vollenweider

  302. Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Lynne E. Wagenknecht

  303. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Mark Walker

  304. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Wen B. Wei

  305. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

    Ananda R. Wickremasinghe

  306. Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Anny H. Xiang

  307. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

    Loïc Yengo

  308. Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan

    Mitsuhiro Yokota

  309. TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany

    Eleftheria Zeggini

  310. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Anna L. Gloyn

  311. Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Mark I. McCarthy

  312. Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    James B. Meigs

  313. Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Aaron Leong

  314. Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Aaron Leong

  315. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Stephen C. J. Parker

  316. Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Andrew P. Morris

  317. Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Andrew P. Morris

  318. Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Andrew P. Morris

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  124. Helen R. Warren
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  125. Wanqing Wen