Access options
Subscribe to Journal
Get full journal access for 1 year
77,35 €
only 6,45 € per issue
All prices include VAT for Portugal.
Rent or Buy article
Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube.
from$8.99
All prices are NET prices.

References
- 1.
Laestadius, L. I., Rich, J. R. & Auer, P. L. Genet. Med. 19, 513–520 (2017).
- 2.
Ducharme, J. A major drug company now has access to 23andMe’s genetic data. Should you be concerned? Time (26 July 2018).
- 3.
Kolata, G. & Murphy, H. The Golden State Killer is tracked through a thicket of DNA, and experts shudder. The New York Times (27 April 2018).
- 4.
Wee S. L. China uses DNA to track its people, with the help of American expertise. The New York Times (21 February 2019).
- 5.
Winkler, R. 23andMe’s growth slows. WSJ Online (8 February 2019).
- 6.
Nakamoto, S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf (2009).
- 7.
Goldwasser, S., Micali, S. & Rackoff, C. The knowledge complexity of interactive proof-systems. in Proc. Seventeenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing 291–304 (ACM, 1985).
- 8.
Erlich, Y., Shor, T., Pe’er, I. & Carmi, S. Science 362, 690–694 (2018).
- 9.
Shaban, H. DNA testing service MyHeritage says 92 million customer email addresses were exposed. Washington Post (5 June 2018).
- 10.
Haag, M. FamilyTreeDNA admits to sharing genetic data with F.B.I. The New York Times (4 February 2019).
- 11.
Sawers, P. How ProtonMail is pushing email privacy standards. VentureBeat https://venturebeat.com/2018/05/13/how-protonmail-is-pushing-email-privacy-standards/ (2018).
- 12.
Shamir, A. Commun. ACM 22, 612–613 (1979).
- 13.
Armstrong, S. BMJ 361, k1996 (2018).
- 14.
Heston, T. F. Int. J. Curr. Res. 9, 60587–60588 (2017).
- 15.
Ali, M., Nelson, J., Blankstein, A., Shea, R. & Freedman, M. J. Blockstack technical whitepaper v 2.0. https://blockstack.org/whitepaper.pdf (2019).
- 16.
Global Alliance for Genomics and Health. Science 352, 1278–1280 (2016).
- 17.
Raisaro, J. L. et al. IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform. 16, 1328–1341 (2018).
- 18.
Cho, H., Wu, D. J. & Berger, B. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 547–551 (2018).
- 19.
Zuckerberg, M. A privacy-focused vision for social networking. Facebook https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/a-privacy-focused-vision-for-social-networking/10156700570096634/ (2019; accessed 27 June 2019).
- 20.
Etherington, D. Apple is now the privacy-as-a-service company. TechCrunch (3 June 2019).
- 21.
Evangelho, J. Why you should ditch Google search and use DuckDuckGo. Forbes Magazine (3 October 2018).
Author information
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
D.G. and K.O. are employees of Nebula Genomics, Inc., and G.M.C. is a cofounder.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Published
Issue Date
DOI