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Suppression of black-hole growth by strong outflows at redshifts 5.8–6.6

Nature volume 605, pages 244–247 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Bright quasars, powered by accretion onto billion-solar-mass black holes, already existed at the epoch of reionization, when the Universe was 0.5–1 billion years old1. How these black holes formed in such a short time is the subject of debate, particularly as they lie above the correlation between black-hole mass and galaxy dynamical mass2,3 in the local Universe. What slowed down black-hole growth, leading towards the symbiotic growth observed in the local Universe, and when this process started, has hitherto not been known, although black-hole feedback is a likely driver4. Here we report optical and near-infrared observations of a sample of quasars at redshifts 5.8 ≲ z ≲ 6.6. About half of the quasar spectra reveal broad, blueshifted absorption line troughs, tracing black-hole-driven winds with extreme outflow velocities, up to 17% of the speed of light. The fraction of quasars with such outflow winds at z ≳ 5.8 is ≈2.4 times higher than at z ≈ 2–4. We infer that outflows at z ≳ 5.8 inject large amounts of energy into the interstellar medium and suppress nuclear gas accretion, slowing down black-hole growth. The outflow phase may then mark the beginning of substantial black-hole feedback. The red optical colours of outflow quasars at z ≳ 5.8 indeed suggest that these systems are dusty and may be caught during an initial quenching phase of obscured accretion5.

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Fig. 1: X-shooter data, composite templates and normalized spectra.
Fig. 2: Properties of C iv BAL quasars.
Fig. 3: Nuclear quasar properties.

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Data availability

X-shooter raw data used in this work are publicly available on the ESO Science Archive (http://archive.eso.org/cms.html). Reduced data are available upon request at the date of writing and will be released by the XQR-30 collaboration once observations are completed.

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Acknowledgements

This work is based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO large programme 1104.A-0026(A) and ESO programme 0102.A-0233(A). Funding for SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the US Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The SDSS website is http://www.sdss.org/. The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions. The Participating Institutions are the American Museum of Natural History, the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, the University of Basel, the University of Cambridge, Case Western Reserve University, the University of Chicago, Drexel University, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, the Korean Scientist Group, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMOST), Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics, New Mexico State University, Ohio State University, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. M.B., C.F., F.F. and E.P. acknowledge support from the PRIN MIUR project ‘Black hole winds and the baryon life cycle of galaxies: the stone-guest at the galaxy evolution supper’, contract number 2017PH3WAT. R.D. is supported by a Gruber Foundation Fellowship grant. G.B. was supported by NSF grant AST-1751404. S.E.I.B. and R.A.M. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 740246 ‘Cosmic gas’. R.M. acknowledges support by the Science and Technology Facilities Council and European Research Council Advanced Grant 695671 ‘QUENCH’. R.M. also acknowledges funding from a research professorship from the Royal Society. A.C.E. acknowledges support by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant number HF2-51434 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. This research was conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE170100013. This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5-m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

    M. Bischetti, C. Feruglio, V. D’Odorico, S. Cristiani, G. Cupani & F. Fiore

  2. IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy

    C. Feruglio, V. D’Odorico & F. Fiore

  3. Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy

    V. D’Odorico, S. Carniani, A. Ferrara & A. Mesinger

  4. Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    N. Arav

  5. Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany

    E. Bañados, S. E. I. Bosman, R. A. Meyer, M. Onoue & J.-T. Schindler

  6. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    G. Becker & Y. Zhu

  7. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia

    R. Davies & E. Ryan-Weber

  8. ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    R. Davies & E. Ryan-Weber

  9. MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

    A. C. Eilers

  10. Max Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Garching bei München, Germany

    E. P. Farina

  11. Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    R. Maiolino

  12. European Southern Observatory, Vitacura, Chile

    C. Mazzucchelli

  13. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

    E. Piconcelli

  14. Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    F. Wang

  15. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    J. Yang

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  1. M. Bischetti
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Contributions

M.B. led the analysis and writing presented in this paper. V.D’O. is the principal investigator of the ESO/Very Large Telescope X-shooter large programme that led to our findings and contributed to the data analysis. V.D’O., C.F. and F.F. had a central role in project design and implementation. N.A. provided expertise in the topic of BAL identification and analysis methodology. E.B. provided new photometric points based on ESO observations. G.B. and G.C. carried out the reduction of the spectra. All authors are part of the XQR-30 collaboration and have reviewed, discussed and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Bischetti.

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Extended data

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Normalized spectra of BAL quasars in the XQR-30 sample, smoothed to 500 km/s.

The velocity axis in each panel is relative to the rest-frame wavelength of C IV. Vertical solid, dashed, and dotted lines indicate the position of C IV, Si IV and N V, respectively. The horizontal solid (dashed) line represents a flux level of 1.0(0.9). C IV BALs, corresponding to a flux level of less than 0.9 (equation 1), are highlighted as green shaded areas. We note that the C IV optical depth typically dominates that of Si IV in BAL quasars. This implies that, for example, the BAL feature at v~45000 km/s in PSOJ009-10 cannot be ascribed to a low velocity Si IV BAL because no low velocity C IV BAL with similar velocity is observed in the X-shooter spectrum. The shaded magenta areas indicate the overlapping spectral region between the X-shooter Vis and NIR arms, while orange areas indicate the spectral region affected by substantial intergalactic medium absorption.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Normalized spectra of BAL quasars in the XQR-30 sample, smoothed to 500 km/s.

Same as Extended Data Figure 1.

Extended Data Table 1 The XQR-30 sample properties and BAL system parameters
Full size table

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Bischetti, M., Feruglio, C., D’Odorico, V. et al. Suppression of black-hole growth by strong outflows at redshifts 5.8–6.6. Nature 605, 244–247 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04608-1

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