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Structure of Hsp90–Hsp70–Hop–GR reveals the Hsp90 client-loading mechanism

Nature volume 601, pages 460–464 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Maintaining a healthy proteome is fundamental for the survival of all organisms1. Integral to this are Hsp90 and Hsp70, molecular chaperones that together facilitate the folding, remodelling and maturation of the many ‘client proteins’ of Hsp902. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a model client protein that is strictly dependent on Hsp90 and Hsp70 for activity3,4,5,6,7. Chaperoning GR involves a cycle of inactivation by Hsp70; formation of an inactive GR–Hsp90–Hsp70–Hop ‘loading’ complex; conversion to an active GR–Hsp90–p23 ‘maturation’ complex; and subsequent GR release8. However, to our knowledge, a molecular understanding of this intricate chaperone cycle is lacking for any client protein. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the GR-loading complex, in which Hsp70 loads GR onto Hsp90, uncovering the molecular basis of direct coordination by Hsp90 and Hsp70. The structure reveals two Hsp70 proteins, one of which delivers GR and the other scaffolds the Hop cochaperone. Hop interacts with all components of the complex, including GR, and poises Hsp90 for subsequent ATP hydrolysis. GR is partially unfolded and recognized through an extended binding pocket composed of Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hop, revealing the mechanism of GR loading and inactivation. Together with the GR-maturation complex structure9, we present a complete molecular mechanism of chaperone-dependent client remodelling, and establish general principles of client recognition, inhibition, transfer and activation.

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Fig. 1: GR-loading complex and the molecular basis of Hsp90–Hsp70 interactions.
Fig. 2: Hop interacts closely with all components in the loading complex.
Fig. 3: GR is unfolded and threaded through the Hsp90 lumen, binding HopDP2 and Hsp70CSBD-β.
Fig. 4: Model of how Hsp70 loads GR onto Hsp90.

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Data availability

The electron microscopy maps and atomic model have been deposited into the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) and the PDB. The accession codes for the GR-loading complex are EMD-23050 and 7KW7. Focused maps used for model refinements were also deposited with accession codes denoted in Supplementary Table 2 (EMD-23051, EMD-23053, EMD-23054, EMD-23055 and EMD-23056).

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Acknowledgements

We thank members of the Agard laboratory for discussions; T. W. Owens for advising on the photoreactive cross-linking experiment; D. Bulkley, G. Gilbert, E. Tse and Z. Yu from the W.M. Keck Foundation Advanced Microscopy Laboratory at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) for maintaining the electron microscopy facility and helping with data collection; and M. Harrington and J. Baker-LePain for computational support with the UCSF Wynton cluster. R.Y.-R.W. thanks D. Elnatan for various support in biochemistry at the initial stage of the project. R.Y.-R.W. was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Fellow of the Life Sciences Research Foundation. C.M.N. is a National Cancer Institute Ruth L. Kirschstein Predoctoral Individual NRSA Fellow. The work was supported by funding from Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.A.A.) and NIH grants R35GM118099 (D.A.A.), S10OD020054 (D.A.A.), S10OD021741 (D.A.A.), P20GM104420 (J.L.J.) and R01GM127675 (J.L.J.).

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Author notes

  1. Alexander G. Myasnikov

    Present address: Dubochet Center for Imaging (DCI) at EPFL, EPFL SB IPHYS DCI, Lausanne, Switzerland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Ray Yu-Ruei Wang, Chari M. Noddings, Elaine Kirschke, Alexander G. Myasnikov & David A. Agard

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

    Jill L. Johnson

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Contributions

R.Y.-R.W. performed the research and drafted the manuscript. D.A.A. supervised the research. C.M.N. performed pBpa-GR construct design and purification, and helped analyse data. J.L.J. carried out all in vivo yeast experiments. E.K. trained R.Y.-R.W. for the biochemistry of the GR reconstitution system. A.G.M. trained R.Y.-R.W. for cryo-EM operation and data acquisition. R.Y.-R.W., C.M.N. and D.A.A. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.

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Correspondence to David A. Agard.

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Nature thanks Oscar Llorca, Matthias Mayer and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Purification of the GR-loading complex and the cryo-EM single-particle image processing pipeline.

a, Domain organization of the chaperone proteins in the GR-loading complex. b, Top, elution profile of gel filtration using SEC-MALS to confirm the homogeneity of the GR-loading complex. The apparent molecular weight of the eluent estimated by SEC-MALS is ~370 kDa, although the two-Hsp70 client-loading complex is ~440 kDa. The discrepancy may be a result of multiple species co-eluted. Bottom, SDS–PAGE stained with Coomassie blue of the eluted fractions marked in (top). c, SDS–PAGE stained with Coomassie blue of the fractions treated with 0.02% (w/v) glutaraldehyde cross-linking for 20 min at room temperature, followed by quenching with 20 mM Tris buffer at pH 7.5. Data in (b-c) are representative data of at least two independent experiments. d, Initial model generation for the GR-loading complex. The 60 Å low-pass filtered initial model used to reconstruct the 3D model was adopted from the Hsp90 semi-open conformation structure from the Hsp90:Hop cryo-EM structure34. e, Schematic workflow of the global cryo-EM map reconstruction. Yellow boxes indicate the selected class to move forward. Blue box indicates one-Hsp70 loading complex. Purple box indicates the final high-resolution global reconstruction. f, Flow chart of focused classification/refinement using the signal subtraction approach from RELION. Final reconstructions for individual masked classifications/refinements were selected based on the resolution intercepted with the FSC 0.143 from 3D auto-refine. K=number of classes; T=regularization factor, Tau.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Resolution estimates for cryo-EM reconstructions, atomic B-factor refinement and model-map FSC.

a, Local resolution estimates for the GR-loading complex global reconstruction were calculated using RELION with front view (left) and back view (right). b, Euler angle distribution in the final reconstruction. Orthogonal views of the reconstruction are shown with front view (top) and side view (bottom) c, Gold-standard FSC for the global cryo-EM reconstruction. d, Atomic model with B-factors refined with colour key shown on the left. e, Histogram of the B-factor values of all non-hydrogen atoms in the atomic model, coloured by the same colour key in d. f, Model-map FSC. g, Focused classification and refinement of the GR-loading complex. Masks were created at various regions of the GR-loading complex (left) and its corresponding gold-standard FSC (right) after 3D auto-refine. The nominal resolution for each reconstruction is labelled and indicated in the FSC plots.

Extended Data Fig. 3 The Hsp90 in both two-Hsp70 and one-Hsp70 GR-loading complexes adopts a semi-closed conformation.

a, Close-up view of the novel dimerization interface of the symmetric Hsp90 dimer with residues at the interface in transparent surface representation. The interface is composed of two molecular switches of Hsp90, the first helix and the lid motif. b, c, The Hsp90 in the loading complex (b) is one step away from the fully closed ATP state (c). Front (left) and side (right) views of the Hsp90 in the two-Hsp90 GR-loading complex (b) and the Hsp90 in the GR-maturation complex9 (c). Arrows indicate displacements from the Hsp90 in the loading state, in which a large twisting motion is apparent from the side view. d, Comparison of cryo-EM reconstructions of the one-Hsp70 and two-Hsp70 GR-loading complexes. Schematic model of the two-Hsp70 loading complex (left). Front views of cryo-EM maps of the two-Hsp70 (middle; grey colour) and one-Hsp70 (right; salmon colour) GR-loading complexes. Right, the one-Hsp70 reconstruction has lost density for Hsp70CNBD (dashed circle) and Hsp70CSBD-α (red arrows); however, density for GRpre-Helix 1 and GRHelix 1 (black arrows) is in the same location as it is in the two-Hsp70 GR-loading complex. e, Rigid-body fitting of the two Hsp90 protomers individually in the one- or two-Hsp70 loading complexes cryo-EM reconstructions shows both of the Hsp90s share a similar semi-closed conformation. The Hsp90 in the one-Hsp70 loading complex (middle panel) has a slightly wider opening angle (right panel) than the Hsp90 in the two-Hsp70 loading complex (left panel). f, The lumen of the semi-closed Hsp90 presented in the loading complex can fit a helix72. A helix (magenta) can be accommodated in the semi-closed Hsp90. Front view (left) and top view (right).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Interfaces I and II are both crucial for Hsp90–Hsp70 interactions and client activation.

a, b, The Hsp70 cleft (dashed circles), formed by Hsp70NBD-IA and Hsp70NBD-IIA (a), which Hsp90MD interacts with, is used by the Hsp70 interdomain linker in the Hsp70 ATP state and Hsp40’s J-domain (b). Hsp90A:Hsp70C in the loading complex are shown as cartoon (a, left) and surface (a, right) representation. The E. coli Hsp70 (eHsp70):J-protein complex in the ATP state (PDB ID: 5NRO73) are shown as cartoon (b, left) and surface (b, right) representation. The two subdomains of eHsp70 are coloured in green for eHsp70ATPNBD and in pink for eHsp70ATPSBD. The E.coli Hsp40 J-domain (eHsp40J-domain) is coloured in purple. c, d, Mapping Hsp90/Hsp70 residues previously characterized by the Wickner group on the loading complex. Five yeast Hsp90 (Hsp82P281,G313,K394,K398,K399)23 and four yeast Hsp70 (Ssa1R169,N172,E210,T219)24 mutations previously characterized by the Wickner group23,24 are all located at Interface I. These ‘Wickner residues’ are shown with stick and transparent sphere representation, whereas residues that interact with the Wickner residues are shown with only stick representation. Polar interactions are highlighted with green dashed lines. Residue numbers of the Wickner residues in yeast Hsp90/Hsp70 are shown as the labels within parentheses. Based on the proximity of the Wickner residue positions to Interface I residues, our structure can readily explain why Hsp82P281C (P301, Hsp90) and Ssa1T219C(T222, Hsp70) (d) showed no effect, whereas the other four Hsp90 mutants (Hsp82G313S(G333, Hsp90), Hsp82K394C(K414, Hsp90), Hsp82K398E(K418, Hsp90), Hsp82K399C(K419, Hsp90)) and the other three Hsp70 mutants (Ssa1N172D(N174, Hsp70), Ssa1R169H(R171, Hsp70), Ssa1E210R(D213, Hsp70)) (c) disrupted Hsp90:Hsp70 interaction significantly. e–h, In vivo validation of Interface I and II of the Hsp90:Hsp70 interactions in the GR-loading complex. Mapping the positions of the three mutations (arrows and yellow surface representation in e) used for in vivo validation on the atomic structure of Hsp90:Hsp70 (dark blue:dark orange; surface representation in e) in the GR-loading complex. The Interface I residues used, Hsp90G333 (Hsc82G309) and Hsp90K418 (Hsc82K394), are indicated by arrows (e, left panel). The Interface II residue, Hsp90R60 (Hsc82R46), is indicated by an arrow (e, right panel). Residue numbers of the residues in yeast Hsc82 are shown as the labels within parentheses in e. In f, His-Hsc82 complexes were isolated from yeast and analysed by SDS–PAGE and visualized by Coomassie staining and immunoblot analysis (see also Supplementary Fig. 10 for the uncropped gels/blots). Yeast proteins: Sti1=Hop; Ssa1/2=Hsp70; Hsc82=Hsp90β. In g, plasmids expressing wild-type or mutant Hsc82 were expressed as the sole Hsp90 in JJ816 (hsc82hsp82) cells. Growth was examined by spotting 10-fold serial dilutions of yeast cultures on rich media, followed by incubation for two days at 30 °C or 37 °C. In h, strains expressing wild-type (WT) or mutant HSC82 were transformed with a multicopy plasmid expressing GAL1-v-src (pBv-src) or the control plasmid (pB656)74. Yeast cultures were grown overnight at 30 °C in raffinose-uracil drop-out medium until mid-log phase. Galactose (20%) was added to a final concentration of 2%. After six hours, cultures were serially diluted 10-fold onto uracil drop-out plates containing galactose. Plates were grown for 2-3 days at 30 °C.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Both the Hsp90ATP and the Hsp70ATP conformations are incompatible with the GR-loading complex.

a, Overlay of the crystal structure of Apo Hsp90 fragment (purple; PDB ID: 3T0H54) to the Hsp90ANTD (dark blue). Green circle highlights the open ATP pocket lid. b, Closure of the ATP pocket lid in the ATP state of Hsp90NTD (the Hsp90α structure from the GR-maturation complex9 is in yellow, ribbon representation) clashes (magenta circle) with the Hsp70NBD (orange, surface and ribbon representation) in the loading complex. The NTD fragment of Hsp90ATP is aligned with the Hsp90NTD in the loading complex. c, Superimposition of the ATP state of Hsp90NTD-MD fragment (yellow) to the Hsp90A (dark blue) at the MD. Magenta circles indicate steric clashes of the ATP state of the Hsp90NTD to the Hsp70NBD (orange; surface/ribbon representation). d, Superposition of the Hsp70ATP conformation (green; PDB ID: 4B9Q75) to the Hsp70CNBD (dark orange). Arrows indicate the two subdomains of Hsp70ATPSBD, which cause serious steric clashes with the Hsp90 in the loading complex shown in e. e, The superimposed Hsp70ATP shown in e is fixed from d and the Hsp90 (dark blue; surface/ribbon representation) of the GR-loading complex is present. Magenta circles highlight steric clashes caused by the two subdomains of Hsp70ATPSBD (green) to the Hsp90ANTD-MD.

Extended Data Fig. 6 The Hsp70–Hop interface in the GR-loading complex is crucial for cellular functions and client maturation.

a–f, The atomic interactions of Hsp70SNBD:HopTRP2A:Hsp90BMEEVD in the GR-loading complex. The cryo-EM map from focused classification and refinement is shown in (a and d, left). The atomic model with the corresponding view from (a and d, left) is shown in the right panels of (a, d). Close-up views of the Hsp70SNTD:HopTPR2A interface with the atomic model fit into the density (b). Two key residues (HopY296 and HopA328) are buried in the surface with their sidechain density indicated by the arrows (b, top and bottom). Density of the interface residues highlighted in Fig. 2b is shown in (b, bottom). Sequence alignments of Hop with key residues at the Hsp70NBD:HopTPR2A interface highlighted by the red triangles in (c), in which the colour scheme is BLOSUM62. Close-up view of the atomic model of HopTPR2A:Hsp90BMEEVD fit with the cryo-EM map is shown in (e). Close-up view of the atomic interactions of the MEEVD fragment from Hsp90B (light blue) and HopTPR2A (pink) from e is shown in f, in which polar interactions are depicted with dashed lines. g–j, In vivo validation of the Hsp70SNBD:HopTPR2A interface in the loading complex. The two buried residues in Hsp70SNBD-IIA:HopTPR2A interface, which were chosen for the mutational studies, are shown in g. Components of the GR-loading complex (g, top left) are coloured as in other figures and as labelled. Hsp70SNBD is shown in surface-charge representation (blue: positive; red: negative) calculated using PyMOL. Note that the corresponding residue numbering of the two positions in yeast Hop (Sti1) are shown in parentheses of the labels of the bottom panels in g. In h, Sti1Y332A-T364H accumulates at levels similar to WT Sti1 (see also Supplementary Fig. 10 for the uncropped gels/blots); data in h are representative of two independent experiments. Extracts from WT cells (JJ762), sti1 cells (JJ623), or sti1 cells transformed with a plasmid that expresses WT Sti1 or Sti1Y332A-T364H were analysed by SDS–PAGE and immunoblotted with a polyclonal antisera specific for Sti1. Loading control is antibody against mitochondrial protein Tim44. In i, sti1-Y332A-T364H is inviable in hsc82hsp82 cells expressing hsc82-G309S. hsc82hsp82 (JJ117) or sti1hsc82hsp82 (JJ1443) strains harbouring YEp24-HSP82 were transformed with plasmids expressing WT HSC82 or hsc82-G309S. Strains that lacked STI1 were also transformed with an empty plasmid or a plasmid expressing WT STI1 or sti1-Y332A-T364H. Transformants were grown in the presence of 5-FOA for 3 days to counter-select for the YEp24-HSP82 plasmid. STI1 is essential under these conditions and the growth of cells expressing sti1-Y332A-T364H was indistinguishable from those expressing the empty plasmid. In j, WT cells, sti1 cells or sti1 cells transformed with a plasmid that expresses WT Sti1 or Sti1-Y332A-T364H were transformed with an empty plasmid or a plasmid that expresses GAL-v-src. v-src induction in the presence of galactose sharply reduces the growth of WT cells, but not cells lacking STI1. The growth of cells expressing sti1-Y332A-T364H was very similar to those expressing the empty plasmid, indicating that sti1-Y332A-T364H is unable to support v-src function. The growth of cells in the presence of glucose was indistinguishable. 10-fold serial dilutions of cultures were grown for 3 days in the presence of galactose or glucose.

Extended Data Fig. 7 The cryo-EM density and atomic model of GRHelix 1 motif interacting with Hsp90 and HopDP2.

a, The focused map of the Hsp90ABCTD:Hsp70CSBD-β:HopDP2:GRHelix 1 (top) and the atomic model shown in ribbon representation (bottom). b, The top view of the reconstruction and model shown in a. c, The density (mesh) for the GRHelix 1 motif (residues 528-551) gripped by Hsp90 and HopDP2. d, The atomic interactions of the GRHelix 1 motif with Hsp90 and HopDP2 corresponding to b, cyan box in bottom). Residues in contact with the GR motif are shown in stick representation. The types of molecular interaction Hsp90 and HopDP2 provide are indicated at the top; H and P denote hydrophobic and polar interactions, respectively. e, The 7Å low-pass filtered cryo-EM map shows that the lumen density (yellow shade) of GR connects to the globular part of GR on the other side of Hsp90. f, Docking of the GRLBD to the 10Å low-pass filtered map shows that the low-resolution GR density can fit the rest of the GRLBD. g, The low-pass filtered map shows that W320 and F349 (arrows) of Hsp90A in the loading complex are in contact with GRLBD.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Validations of HopDP2 binding to GR and of the in vivo importance of the client-binding pocket in HopDP2.

a–d, Using photoreactive, site-directed cross-linking to validate the HopDP2:GR interaction (a, the pink box) and (b, left). In a, HopDP2 is loosely packed and uses surface-exposed hydrophobic residues, shown in sticks, to interact with Hsp90Aamphi-α (shown in transparent surface and with hydrophobic residues in sticks) and Hsp90BW320,F349. Suggested by modelling of the photoreactive cross-linker p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (pBpa) on various positions of HopDP2 to search for the position which is at the closest proximity to the GRHelix1 density (b, right), the pBpa was placed at HopQ512 (b, left). The blue arrow on the right panel in b points at the selected position, Q512 (right panel, b). A time course of UV-exposed GR-loading complex analysed by SDS–PAGE and visualized by Coomassie staining (c). Whole fractions of GR-loading complex eluted from the size-exclusion column were exposed to UV using a gel imager (see also Methods). In c, arrows at 0 and 60 min indicate a reduced intensity of the GR band over the time course. Western blot of the SDS–PAGE gel after a 60 min UV exposure, using anti-MBP antibody to detect the MBP-tagged GR is shown in (d). Data in (c, d) are from one experiment. e–h, HopDP2’s client-binding/transfer function is crucial for cellular functions and client maturation. HopL508 (L553 in Sti1) is located on the hydrophobic palm (Fig. 2d) of HopDP2, interacting closely with the LXXLL motif of GRHelix 1 through hydrophobic interactions (e, left, middle and right). Mutations of HopL508 completely abrogated GR function in vivo (Sti1L553A in Schmid et al. 201233), lead to growth defects (g), and failed to promote v-src maturation (h). The mutant Sti1L553D accumulates at levels similar to WT Sti1 (f); data in f are from two independent experiments (see also Supplementary Fig. 10 for the uncropped gels/blots). Extracts from WT cells (JJ762), sti1 cells (JJ623) or sti1 cells transformed with a plasmid that expresses WT Sti1 or Sti1L553D were analysed by SDS–PAGE and immunoblotted with a polyclonal antisera specific for Sti1. Loading control is antibody against mitochondrial protein Tim44. In g, sti1-L553D is inviable in hsc82hsp82 cells expressing hsc82-G309S. hsc82hsp82 (JJ117) or sti1hsc82hsp82 (JJ1443) strains harbouring YEp24-HSP82 were transformed with plasmids expressing WT HSC82 or hsc82-G309S. Strains that lacked STI1 were also transformed with an empty plasmid or a plasmid expressing WT STI1 or sti1-L553D. Transformants were grown in the presence of 5-FOA for 3 days to counter-select for the YEp24-HSP82 plasmid. STI1 is essential under these conditions and the growth of cells expressing sti1-L553D was indistinguishable from those expressing the empty plasmid. In h, WT cells, sti1 cells or sti1 cells transformed with a plasmid that expresses WT Sti1 or Sti1-L553D were transformed with an empty plasmid or a plasmid that expresses GAL-v-src. v-src induction in the presence of galactose sharply reduces the growth of WT cells, but not cells lacking STI1. The growth of cells expressing sti1-L553D was very similar to those expressing the empty plasmid, indicating that sti1-L553D is unable to support v-src function. The growth of cells in the presence of glucose was indistinguishable. 10-fold serial dilutions of cultures were grown for 3 days in the presence of galactose or glucose.

Extended Data Fig. 9 Hsp70 inhibits GR by binding the pre-Helix 1 region of GR.

a, After engaging with Hsp70/Hsp40, the GRpre-Helix 1 region exhibits protection from deuterium incorporation in a HD-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiment8. In the GRpre-Helix 1 region, there are Hsp70-binding sites predicted by two state-of-the-art algorithms (BiP Pred58 and ChaperISM59). b, Left, GRLBD crystal structure (PDB ID: 1M2Z) coloured by the change of deuterium uptake (HDX-MS data was retrieved from a previous study)8; green: protection from deuterium incorporation; yellow: positive deuterium uptake. Right, the detachment of the entire GRHelix 1 motif explains the positive deuterium uptake around the ligand-binding pocket. c, The protection from deuterium incorporation of the GRpre-Helix 1 region can be explained by the binding of Hsp70. Together b and c provide a molecular mechanism describing how Hsp70 can inhibit GR ligand binding. d, GR’s pre-Helix 1 remains bound to Hsp70CSBD-β (red circles) in the loading complex. Left, the 6Å low-pass filtered cryo-EM map of the loading complex. Right, atomic model with ribbon presentation.

Extended Data Fig. 10 The GRpre-Helix1 strand is engaged with the client-loading Hsp70 (Hsp70C) in the GR-loading complex.

a, The photoreactive cross-linker (pBpa) was placed at two positions in the GRpre-Helix 1 strand, residues before (GRP517, sphere presentation) and after (GRQ527, sphere representation) the predicted Hsp70-binding site (GR519–526, stick representation). b, c, Whole fractions of GR-loading complex eluted from the size-exclusion column were exposed to UV using a gel imager (see also Methods). As expected, at both positions, cross-links between GR and Hsp70 were formed in the GR-loading complex, indicated by high molecular weight species. Left, SDS–PAGE stained with Coomassie blue. Middle, anti-Hsp70 Western blot. Right, anti-Hop Western blot. Data from (b, c) are from one experiment. Hsp70 cross-linking efficiency was higher for the GRpBpa517position (b, middle) than for the GRpBpa527 position (c, middle). It is likely because 1) the C-terminal end of the Hsp70-bound substrate tends to be flexible in the reverse binding mode, as indicated by high atomic B-factors and missing density from previously determined Hsp70 crystal structures with a reverse peptide bound (PDB ID: 4EZZ, 4EZQ, 4EZT, and 4EZY)60, and 2) GR527 is closer to Hop543 than Hsp70. In addition, the two positions were able to cross-link with Hop (b, c, right), indicating it is the client-loading Hsp70 that the GRpre-Helix 1 strand cross-linked with, rather than the scaffolding Hsp70. Note that although the GR517position is not adjacent to Hop in the GR-loading complex model, we reasoned that the cross-link may be formed in the one-Hsp70 loading complex (b, right). These results demonstrate that it is the GRpre-Helix 1 strand bound to Hsp70C, supporting our structural model. d, e, Raw western blots from middle and right panels in b, c. Red pixels in the western blots shown indicate overexposure.

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Wang, R.YR., Noddings, C.M., Kirschke, E. et al. Structure of Hsp90–Hsp70–Hop–GR reveals the Hsp90 client-loading mechanism. Nature 601, 460–464 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04252-1

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