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# Entropic evidence for a Pomeranchuk effect in magic-angle graphene

## Abstract

In the 1950s, Pomeranchuk1 predicted that, counterintuitively, liquid 3He may solidify on heating. This effect arises owing to high excess nuclear spin entropy in the solid phase, where the atoms are spatially localized. Here we find that an analogous effect occurs in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene2,3,4,5,6. Using both local and global electronic entropy measurements, we show that near a filling of one electron per moiré unit cell, there is a marked increase in the electronic entropy to about 1kB per unit cell (kB is the Boltzmann constant). This large excess entropy is quenched by an in-plane magnetic field, pointing to its magnetic origin. A sharp drop in the compressibility as a function of the electron density, associated with a reset of the Fermi level back to the vicinity of the Dirac point, marks a clear boundary between two phases. We map this jump as a function of electron density, temperature and magnetic field. This reveals a phase diagram that is consistent with a Pomeranchuk-like temperature- and field-driven transition from a low-entropy electronic liquid to a high-entropy correlated state with nearly free magnetic moments. The correlated state features an unusual combination of seemingly contradictory properties, some associated with itinerant electrons—such as the absence of a thermodynamic gap, metallicity and a Dirac-like compressibility—and others associated with localized moments, such as a large entropy and its disappearance under a magnetic field. Moreover, the energy scales characterizing these two sets of properties are very different: whereas the compressibility jump has an onset at a temperature of about 30 kelvin, the bandwidth of magnetic excitations is about 3 kelvin or smaller. The hybrid nature of the present correlated state and the large separation of energy scales have implications for the thermodynamic and transport properties of the correlated states in twisted bilayer graphene.

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## Data availability

The data in the main text are available at https://github.com/uzondi/MA_Pomeranchuk.

## Code availability

The code used in this work is available at https://github.com/erezberg/pomeranchuk_tblg_theory.

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## Acknowledgements

We thank E. Altman, E. Andrei, E. Khalaf, S. Kivelson, S. Das Sarma, G. Shavit, J. Sulpizio, S. Todadri, A. Uri, A. Vishwanath, M. Zaletel and E. Zeldov for suggestions. E.B. is grateful to A. Young for drawing his attention to the unusual physics near ν = ±1, sharing his unpublished data, and for a collaboration on related experimental and theoretical work, proposing that a similar effect to the one discussed here occurs near ν = −1, based on transport measurements. In this work, in contrast, we measured the entropy directly, and mapped the entire phase diagram near ν = ±1 using compressibility measurements. Work at Weizmann was supported by a Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust grant, ISF grants (numbers 712539 and 13335/16), a Deloro award, the Sagol Weizmann-MIT Bridge programme, the ERC-Cog (See-1D-Qmatter, grant number 647413), the ISF Research Grants in Quantum Technologies and Science Program (grant numbers 994/19 and 2074/19), the DFG (CRC/Transregio 183), the ERC-Cog (HQMAT, grant number 817799), EU Horizon 2020 (LEGOTOP 788715) and the Binational Science Foundation (NSF/BMR-BSF grant number 2018643). Work at MIT was primarily supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under award DE-SC0001819 (J.M.P.). Help with transport measurements and with data analysis was supported by the National Science Foundation (grant number DMR-1809802), and the STC Center for Integrated Quantum Materials (NSF grant number DMR-1231319) (Y.C.). P.J.-H. acknowledges support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative through grant GBMF9643 and partial support by the Fundación Ramón Areces. The development of new nanofabrication and characterization techniques enabling this work has been supported by the US DOE Office of Science, BES, under award DE-SC0019300. K.W. and T.T. acknowledge support from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan (grant number JPMXP0112101001), JSPS KAKENHI grant number JP20H00354, and the CREST (JPMJCR15F3), JST. This work made use of the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Shared Experimental Facilities supported by the National Science Foundation (grant number DMR-0819762) and of Harvard’s Center for Nanoscale Systems, supported by the NSF (grant number ECS-0335765).

## Author information

Authors

### Contributions

A.R., J.M.P, U.Z., Y.C., P.J.-H. and S.I. designed the experiment. A.R. and U.Z. performed the scanning SET experiments, and J.M.P. and Y.C. performed the monolayer graphene sensing experiments. D.R.-L. and Y.C. fabricated the twisted bilayer graphene devices. A.R., J.M.P, U.Z., Y.C., P.J.-H. and S.I. analysed the data. E.B., Y.O. and A.S. developed the theoretical model. K.W. and T.T. supplied the hBN crystals. A.R., J.M.P, U.Z., Y.C., Y.O., A.S., E.B., P.J.-H. and S.I. wrote the manuscript.

### Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Erez Berg, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero or Shahal Ilani.

## Ethics declarations

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review information Nature thanks Emanuel Tutuc and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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## Supplementary information

### Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Sections 1-11, including Supplementary Figs 1-9 and Supplementary References.

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Rozen, A., Park, J.M., Zondiner, U. et al. Entropic evidence for a Pomeranchuk effect in magic-angle graphene. Nature 592, 214–219 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03319-3

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• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03319-3

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